温度对小菜蛾咬食后菜心释放挥发物及其功能的影响
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摘要
植物次生物质在植物的化学防御和植食性昆虫行为的协同进化上起着非常重要的作用,对害虫具有成虫趋避、产卵趋避、幼虫拒食或毒杀等活性。温度作为植物生长发育过程重要的环境因子,可以调节植物的次生代谢。因此,本文从温度的角度研究十字花科蔬菜—四九菜心挥发性物质释放及其对小菜蛾生物学特性的影响,对全球气候变化情况下的害虫控制具有理论指导的意义。
研究结果表明,除15℃外,正常菜心和虫害菜心释放挥发物的量总的趋势是随着温度的升高而增加;虫害菜心释放挥发物的量与正常菜心比较都有所降低,尤其是在20℃和25℃下有显著性下降。在不同温度下虫害后烷烃类、萜烯类、酯类、醇类、酚类物质的总量都显著下降,但是虫害后烷烃类和酯类物质的含量却是增加的。除了在35℃下虫害菜心有少量的醛类物质出现,其余温度下仅在正常菜心出现且在25℃含量最高。在15℃下菜心受害前后酚类物质尤其是2,6-二叔丁基-4-甲基苯酚的峰面积和含量较高,而其余温度下则都很低。在不同温度下菜心虫害后释放邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯的量都显著下降,但是虫害后其百分含量却是增加的。在30℃下虫害后萜烯类物质量和含量都显著增加,其余温度下均有所减少。根据文献报道大多数萜烯类物质具有生物活性,而本研究结果是在不同温度下正常菜心和虫害菜心释放的萜烯类物质较烷烃类物质不仅种类少而且含量低。此外,萜烯类物质的峰面积和含量也呈现出无规律变化。
虫害菜心挥发物对小菜蛾雄虫的引诱量较正常菜心有所减少,雌虫也是如此。说明虫害菜心营养物质的改变对小菜蛾产生了微弱的拒避作用。从虫害菜心对小菜蛾的拒避作用来看,雌虫的敏感性要高于雄虫。而虫害菜心挥发物对盘绒茧蜂雄蜂的引诱量较正常菜心显著增大,雌蜂也是如此。说明虫害菜心挥发物对盘绒茧蜂有了显著的引诱作用。从虫害菜心气味对盘绒茧蜂的引诱作用来看,雌蜂敏感性要高于雄蜂。正常菜心对小菜蛾的引诱量在25℃达到最大;虫害菜心挥发物对盘绒茧蜂的引诱量在30℃时达到最大。
本研究有助于了解挥发性物质的活性成分,明确温度胁迫下蔬菜、小菜蛾和盘绒茧蜂之间的协同进化,进一步揭示植物-害虫-天敌之间相互作用的机理,为在全球气候变暖情况下的害虫综合治理提供新的思路。
Semiochemicals(SC) of plants play an important role on the co-evolution between chemical defence of plants and behavior of phytophagous insects. SC could protect cruciferous vegetables, including different ways, repelling of insect pests away from the plant, deterring egg laying of adults, hamperring feeding of larvae, and insect death after feed toxicity. Temperature is an important environment factor in growth and development of plants which effecting could regulate the secondary metabolism of plants. We studied on the release of volatiles of cruciferous vegetable Brassica parachinensis Bariley and their impact on biological characteristics of Plutella xylostella Linnaeus to optimize integrated control of the pest in the view of warming-up of the global climate.
The result showed that the overall trend of volatile compounds increased in amount with the increase of temperature in intact and herbivored B. parachinensis except at 15℃. Plants damaged by diamondback moth larvae produced less volatiles in amount than the intact plants at all test temperatures between 15℃and 35℃, especially decreased significantly at 20℃and 25℃. The total amount of hydrocarbon, terpene, ester, alcohol and hydroxybenzene were all decreased significantly in herbivored plants at different temperatures, but only the percentages of hydrocarbon and ester were increased in herbivored plants. The aldehyde appeared only in herbivored plants at 35℃, but in control at all temperatures, with the content most at 25℃. The peak area and content of hydroxybenzene especially 2,6-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-methyl-phenol were obviously high in intact and herbivored leaves at 15℃, and all lower at other temperatures. The amount of 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, bis (2-methylpropyl) ester was decreased significantly in herbivored plants at different temperatures, but the percentage was increased. The amount and percentage of terpene was increased significantly in herbivored plant at 30℃and decreased at other temperatures. It is reported that terpene had biological activity according to the literatures, and the result of our study showed that not only were the species of terpene fewer in intact and herbivored plants than hydrocarbon , but also the content was quite lower. Moreover, the changes of peak area and content of terpene presented no regularity.
The numbers of male and female diamondback moth attracted to volatiles from herbivored plants were smaller than for the control. This result suggested that the nutrient change of herbivored plants showed a faint repellent effect on diamondback moth. From the repellent effect of moth herbivored plants, the susceptibility of female was attracted higher than male. The numbers of male and female Cotesia plutellae Kurdjumov attracted to herbivored plants were increased more significantly than for the intact plants, which suggested that the volatiles of herbivored plants showed a significant attractive effect on wasp. From the attractive effect of herbivored plants to wasp, the susceptibility of female wasp was higher to volatiles than for male wasp. The numbers of the control attracted to P. xylostella were most at 25℃. The numbers of herbivored plants attracted to C. plutellae were most at 30℃.
This research helps to identify plant volatiles with biological activity, clarify the coevolution among plants, pests and natural enemies, and disclose the mechanisms of tritrophic interaction to develop a new strategy of integrated pest management in the circumstance of warm-up of global climate.
研究结果表明,除15℃外,正常菜心和虫害菜心释放挥发物的量总的趋势是随着温度的升高而增加;虫害菜心释放挥发物的量与正常菜心比较都有所降低,尤其是在20℃和25℃下有显著性下降。在不同温度下虫害后烷烃类、萜烯类、酯类、醇类、酚类物质的总量都显著下降,但是虫害后烷烃类和酯类物质的含量却是增加的。除了在35℃下虫害菜心有少量的醛类物质出现,其余温度下仅在正常菜心出现且在25℃含量最高。在15℃下菜心受害前后酚类物质尤其是2,6-二叔丁基-4-甲基苯酚的峰面积和含量较高,而其余温度下则都很低。在不同温度下菜心虫害后释放邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯的量都显著下降,但是虫害后其百分含量却是增加的。在30℃下虫害后萜烯类物质量和含量都显著增加,其余温度下均有所减少。根据文献报道大多数萜烯类物质具有生物活性,而本研究结果是在不同温度下正常菜心和虫害菜心释放的萜烯类物质较烷烃类物质不仅种类少而且含量低。此外,萜烯类物质的峰面积和含量也呈现出无规律变化。
虫害菜心挥发物对小菜蛾雄虫的引诱量较正常菜心有所减少,雌虫也是如此。说明虫害菜心营养物质的改变对小菜蛾产生了微弱的拒避作用。从虫害菜心对小菜蛾的拒避作用来看,雌虫的敏感性要高于雄虫。而虫害菜心挥发物对盘绒茧蜂雄蜂的引诱量较正常菜心显著增大,雌蜂也是如此。说明虫害菜心挥发物对盘绒茧蜂有了显著的引诱作用。从虫害菜心气味对盘绒茧蜂的引诱作用来看,雌蜂敏感性要高于雄蜂。正常菜心对小菜蛾的引诱量在25℃达到最大;虫害菜心挥发物对盘绒茧蜂的引诱量在30℃时达到最大。
本研究有助于了解挥发性物质的活性成分,明确温度胁迫下蔬菜、小菜蛾和盘绒茧蜂之间的协同进化,进一步揭示植物-害虫-天敌之间相互作用的机理,为在全球气候变暖情况下的害虫综合治理提供新的思路。
Semiochemicals(SC) of plants play an important role on the co-evolution between chemical defence of plants and behavior of phytophagous insects. SC could protect cruciferous vegetables, including different ways, repelling of insect pests away from the plant, deterring egg laying of adults, hamperring feeding of larvae, and insect death after feed toxicity. Temperature is an important environment factor in growth and development of plants which effecting could regulate the secondary metabolism of plants. We studied on the release of volatiles of cruciferous vegetable Brassica parachinensis Bariley and their impact on biological characteristics of Plutella xylostella Linnaeus to optimize integrated control of the pest in the view of warming-up of the global climate.
The result showed that the overall trend of volatile compounds increased in amount with the increase of temperature in intact and herbivored B. parachinensis except at 15℃. Plants damaged by diamondback moth larvae produced less volatiles in amount than the intact plants at all test temperatures between 15℃and 35℃, especially decreased significantly at 20℃and 25℃. The total amount of hydrocarbon, terpene, ester, alcohol and hydroxybenzene were all decreased significantly in herbivored plants at different temperatures, but only the percentages of hydrocarbon and ester were increased in herbivored plants. The aldehyde appeared only in herbivored plants at 35℃, but in control at all temperatures, with the content most at 25℃. The peak area and content of hydroxybenzene especially 2,6-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-methyl-phenol were obviously high in intact and herbivored leaves at 15℃, and all lower at other temperatures. The amount of 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, bis (2-methylpropyl) ester was decreased significantly in herbivored plants at different temperatures, but the percentage was increased. The amount and percentage of terpene was increased significantly in herbivored plant at 30℃and decreased at other temperatures. It is reported that terpene had biological activity according to the literatures, and the result of our study showed that not only were the species of terpene fewer in intact and herbivored plants than hydrocarbon , but also the content was quite lower. Moreover, the changes of peak area and content of terpene presented no regularity.
The numbers of male and female diamondback moth attracted to volatiles from herbivored plants were smaller than for the control. This result suggested that the nutrient change of herbivored plants showed a faint repellent effect on diamondback moth. From the repellent effect of moth herbivored plants, the susceptibility of female was attracted higher than male. The numbers of male and female Cotesia plutellae Kurdjumov attracted to herbivored plants were increased more significantly than for the intact plants, which suggested that the volatiles of herbivored plants showed a significant attractive effect on wasp. From the attractive effect of herbivored plants to wasp, the susceptibility of female wasp was higher to volatiles than for male wasp. The numbers of the control attracted to P. xylostella were most at 25℃. The numbers of herbivored plants attracted to C. plutellae were most at 30℃.
This research helps to identify plant volatiles with biological activity, clarify the coevolution among plants, pests and natural enemies, and disclose the mechanisms of tritrophic interaction to develop a new strategy of integrated pest management in the circumstance of warm-up of global climate.
引文
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