精喹禾灵的土壤微生物降解
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摘要
本研究建立了除草剂精喹禾灵((RS)-2-[4-(6-氯-2-喹啞啉氧基)苯氧基]丙酸乙酯)及其代谢物残留的HPLC分析方法。在同一色谱分析条件下,可同步检测精喹禾灵及其代谢物,土壤、芝麻植株和芝麻籽粒样品进行方法添加回收率试验,均得到了较高的回收率及良好的重现性。所建立的分析方法快速简便、准确可靠。
     土壤微生物对精喹禾灵在土壤环境中的降解发挥了重要的作用。起始浓度为50mg/kg的精喹禾灵在未灭菌、灭菌处理青紫泥中的降解半衰期(T1c2)分别为9.9和29.8d,在红壤中降解半衰期分别为15.7和37.5d。
     供试土样(青紫泥)经精喹禾灵处理(2~50mg/kg)后培养,微生物的种群数量发生了明显改变。土壤中的细菌(Bacteria)种群数量在70d培养期内与对照组相比均有不同程度增加,其中芽孢杆菌(Bacillus)、假单胞杆菌(Pseudomonas)的生长最快,弧菌属(Staphylococcus)、埃希氏菌属(Hibrio)和葡萄球菌属(Escherichia)的生长速度次之。放线菌(Actinomyce)和真菌(Fungi)的生长均受到一定的抑制,真菌受抑制的作用尤其明显。
     试验筛选了对精喹禾灵具有降解作用的优势菌株NYA2(鲍氏不动杆菌Acinetobacter lcoaceticus-baumanni complex)、NYB1(巨大芽孢杆菌Bacillus megaterium)NYB4(坚实芽孢杆菌Bacillus cereus)3个。在精喹禾灵添加浓度为50mg/L的基础培养基中,分别加入液量为总体积5~20%NYB1和NYB4菌株的培养液,降解试验结果表明两种菌株均对精哇禾灵的降解作用明显。并将菌株NYB1和NYB4培养液各以2mL的菌液量(OD460=0.40)分别添加到20g未灭菌的青紫泥样品中,其降解速度较未加菌液的对照处理为快。表明通过增加土壤中优势降解菌可加速精喹禾灵的代谢和分解。
     田间残留试验结果显示:精喹禾灵在芝麻地土壤和芝麻植株中降解迅速,半衰期分别为1.35和1.18d,其主要降解产物精喹禾灵丙酸在土壤和植株中的半衰期则较长。芝麻收获时,精喹禾灵在芝麻籽粒中的最终残留量低于0.02mg/kg(FA0颁布的精喹禾灵在花生中的MPL值)。表明在芝麻作物上使用精喹禾灵对芝麻的食用是安全的。
A analytical method was established for determining residues of quizalofop-p-ethyl (ethyl(RS)-2-[4-(6-cororo-2-quinoxalinoxalinyloxy)phenoxy]propanoate)and its main metabolite, by the high performance liquid chromatography under the condition optimized. It was applicable to determine residues of the herbicide and the metabolite in soil, sesame plant and sesame seed, and satisfied to meet the requirement of fortified recovery.
    It seems that micro-organism in soil played a very important role to decompose the herbicide with the results of microbial degradation, which the half-lifves of quizalofop-p-ethyl with a level of 50 mg/kg in clay and red soil were 9.9 and 15.7 days comparing with that in the two types of soil sterilized, 29.8 and 37.5 days, respectively.
    It was observed that micro-organisms in soil treated with the herbicide at a range of 2-50 mg/kg grown greatly different from those in control. The results showed that Bacteria, such as Bacillus and Pseudomonas were grown most fast; and then Staphylococcus, Vibrio and Escherichia were increased obviously; but that Actinomyce and Fungi were seemed to be inhibited by quizalofop-p-ethyl.
    Three dominant strains of bacteria in clay soil were obtained by the screening experiments, which were Acinetobacter Icoaceticus-baumanni c0//ex(NYA2), Bacillus megaterium(NYB\) and Bacillus cereus(NYB4). The results of microbial degradation of the herbicide showed that NYB1 and NYB4 had special ability to degrade the chemical from those bacteria tested in cultured media added a series volumes(5-20% in total volume) of bacteria suspension while the concentration of the herbicide at 50 mg/L in the media. And the results showed that NYB1 and NYB4 also promote the degradation process of quizalofop-p-ethyl in clay soil(20g) after added 2 mL of the bacteria suspension(OD46o=0.40), respectively.
    The filed trial results indicated that quizalofop-p-ethyl was degraded quickly in sesame plant and soil, and its half-lifves were 1.35 and 1.18 day, respectively. But the main metabolite of quizalofop-p-ethyl was decomposed much more slowly both in sesame plant and soil. The total residue of quizalofop-p-ethyl and its metabolite in sesame seeds after harvested was less than 0.02 mg/kg(the recommended MRL of FAO is 0.02 mg/kg in peanut seed). It could be suggested that there be safety or no obvious toxicity to human health while sesame seed be consumed as a food for people if the herbicide be applied by the way of the filed trial.
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