大豆田普施特应用技术研究
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摘要
普施特是由德国巴斯夫公司(原美国氰胺公司)开发的大豆田除草剂，可以有效的
防除禾本科杂草和阔叶杂草，为高效、低毒的播前、播后苗前土壤处理剂和苗后茎叶处
理除草剂。为进一步完善普施特在我国大豆田的施用技术及减轻普施特的残留药害问题，
本论文对如下内容进行了试验研究：普施特的杀草谱，普施特的除草效果，普施特对作
物的安全性，普施特对后作的影响，保护剂对普施特残留的解毒效果，普施特与其它除
草剂的混用情况等。
通过盆栽试验研究了普施特的杀草谱。普施特可以有效的防除稗草、狗尾草、金狗
尾草、野燕麦、马唐、柳叶刺蓼、酸膜叶蓼、苍耳、香薷、苘麻、龙葵、藜、小藜、荠
菜、鸭跖草等一年生禾本科和阔叶杂草，对多年生刺儿菜、蓟、苣荬菜有抑制作用。普
施特比其它大豆田常用除草剂乙草胺、豆磺隆、广灭灵、拿捕净、氟磺胺草醚等的杀草
谱宽。作为土壤处理剂施用，土壤湿度越大，药效发挥越好；反之，土壤湿度越低，药
效也越低；作为茎叶处理剂施用，最佳施药温度为5-15℃；超过15℃后，随温度升高，
除草效果降低。
通过田间小区试验，确定普施特在大豆田施用的最佳施药量范围为75-105g a.i.
／hm~2。在此施药量范围内，普施特对供试美国大豆非常安全，对日本大豆药害较重，对
供试国产大豆东农42、合丰39、黑农40、绥农14生长无影响，不会造成减产；其中东
农42、合丰39比黑农40、绥农14对普施特的耐药性稍高。
田间小区试验研究结果表明，普施特残留对后作危害较重。普施特用量低于150g a.i.
／hm~2，施药12个月后可以种植玉米、小麦，24个月后可以种植马铃薯；普施特75-150g
a.i.／hm~2用量范围内，施药24个月后对油菜、甜菜和白菜仍有药害，依然不能种植。
通过盆栽试验初步明确了活性炭、萘二甲酐(NA)和液体有机处理复合剂(penatron)
对减轻普施特残留药害的作用。在普施特残留量低于6.25g a.i.／hm~2时，活性炭拌种、
penatron土壤处理可以减轻普施特对油菜的残留药害。NA浸种对甜菜和油菜没有保护作
用。
普施特的残留药害是亟待解决的问题，但保护剂仅在普施特较低残留量下对作物有
保护作用，由此决定解决普施特残留药害的关键是降低普施特用量。田间试验研究结果
表明，农药增效剂YZ-901和AA-921对普施特有增效作用，能够降低普施特用量；与适量
增效剂混用，能够降低普施特用量40％，其除草效果不受影响；普施特作为播前土壤处
理剂与卫农、氟乐灵混用，作为播后苗前土壤处理剂与广灭灵、乙草胺、都尔的二元或
三元混用，作为苗后茎叶处理剂与利收、拿捕净、氟磺胺草醚、广灭灵、杂草焚的二元
或三元混用，均能扩大杀草谱，降低普施特用量。
本论文通过室内试验并结合田间试验，对普施特的应用技术进行了系统、全面的研
究，完善了普施特在大豆田的施用技术，尤其是提出了解决普施特长残留问题的方法，
为普施特更好应用于北方大豆田化学除草奠定了技术理论基础，提供了科学的理论依据。
东北农业大学同等学历硕士学位论文
本研究有助于提高长残留除草剂的应用水平，对于完善长残效除草剂的施用技术、延长
老除草剂品种的使用寿命具有重要借鉴意义。
As a highly active and lowly toxic herbicide applied in soybean, Imazethapyr used in preplant and preemergence soil treatment and postemergence foliar treatment can control gramineous and broad-leaved weed efficiently. It was developed by BASF(American Cyanamid). In this paper, the weed control spectrum, control efficacy, safety to different crops, Influence on aftercrop, detoxifcation of protectants, herbicide mixtures of Imazethapyr were studied in order to improve its application technique in soybean and alleviated injury of its residue to aftercrop.
Weed control spectrum of Imazethapyr was studied by potted experiment. It controlled efficiently some annual gramineous and broad-leaved weed, such as Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) Beauv., Setaria faberii Herrm., Setaria glauca (L.) Beauv., Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop., Polygonum bungeanum Turcz., Polygonum lapathi folium L., Xanthium sibiricum Patrin., Elsholtzia ciliata (Thunb.) Hyland, Abutilon theophrasti Medic. Solanum nigrum L. , Chenopodium album L. , Chenopodium serotinum L. , Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medic., Commelina communis L.. It also inhibited growth of some perennial weeds, such as Cephalanoplos segetum (Bunge) Kitara., Sonchus brachyotus DC., and so on. Weed control spectrum of Imazethapyr was broader than other herbicides' in soybean field such as Acetochlor, chlorimuron ethyl, Clomazone, Sethoxydim and Fomesafen. Acted as soil treatment, the higher the moisture of soil, the better the control efficacy of Imazethapyr was. Contrariwise, the soil moisture was lower, the control efficacy was worse too. Applied in postemergence herbicide, the best temperature of applying Imazethapyr is 5-15. The higher the temperature, the lower the control efficacy of of Imazethapyr was when the temperature was over 15.
Through a field experiment, we made certain the best dose range of imazethapyr in soybean is 75-105g a.i. /hm2. In this range, imazethapyr is safe to tested American soybean cultivars, but the injury to tested Japanese soybean cultivars was heavy. There was no effect to the growth of tested Chinese American soybean cultivars and was no reduction in yield, including Dongnong42, Hefeng39, Heinong40, Suinong14. The resistance of Dongnong42 And Hefeng39 to imazethapyr was higher than Heinong40's and Suinongl4's.
The results of the field experiment showed that the injury of residue imazethapyr in soil
to aftercrop was serious. The dosage of imazethapyr was less than 150g a.i. /hm2, corn and wheat could be sowed after 12 months, and potato could be sowed after 24 months in the field. When the dosage range of imazethapyr was 75-150g a.i. /hm2, the injury of residue imazethapyr to rape, sugar beat and Chinese cabbage was very heavy still, they could not be sowed after 24 months.
We ascertained the mechanism elementarily that active carbon, NA and Penatron alleviated the injury of residue imazethapyr to aftercrop. When the residue dosage of imazethapyr was less than 6.25g a.i./hm2, seed treatment solution with active carbon and soil treatment with Penatron could alleviate injury of residue imazethapyr in soil, but soaking of seed with NA couldn't protect sugar beat and rape from injury.
The injury of residue imazethapyr to aftercrop is been urgent with us to settle. The protectants could protect aftercrop from injury, none but, when the residue imazethapyr was less. So reducing dosage of imazethapyr plays an important role in alleviating injury of residue imazethapyr to aftercrop. The result of field experiment indicated that there were synergism when imazethapyr mixed with YZ-901 and AA-921, and its dosage was reduced. In the same control efficacy, right amount adjuvant could reduce 40% dosage of imazethapyr. Imazethapyr mixed with Vernam7-E and Trifluralin and as preplant soil treatment, mixed with Clomazone, Acetochlor and Metolachlor as preemergence soil treatment, and mixed with Flumiclorac-pentyl, Sethoxydim, Fomesafen, Clomazone and Acifluorfen sodium as postemergence foliar treatment could broaden its weed control spectrum and redu
防除禾本科杂草和阔叶杂草，为高效、低毒的播前、播后苗前土壤处理剂和苗后茎叶处
理除草剂。为进一步完善普施特在我国大豆田的施用技术及减轻普施特的残留药害问题，
本论文对如下内容进行了试验研究：普施特的杀草谱，普施特的除草效果，普施特对作
物的安全性，普施特对后作的影响，保护剂对普施特残留的解毒效果，普施特与其它除
草剂的混用情况等。
通过盆栽试验研究了普施特的杀草谱。普施特可以有效的防除稗草、狗尾草、金狗
尾草、野燕麦、马唐、柳叶刺蓼、酸膜叶蓼、苍耳、香薷、苘麻、龙葵、藜、小藜、荠
菜、鸭跖草等一年生禾本科和阔叶杂草，对多年生刺儿菜、蓟、苣荬菜有抑制作用。普
施特比其它大豆田常用除草剂乙草胺、豆磺隆、广灭灵、拿捕净、氟磺胺草醚等的杀草
谱宽。作为土壤处理剂施用，土壤湿度越大，药效发挥越好；反之，土壤湿度越低，药
效也越低；作为茎叶处理剂施用，最佳施药温度为5-15℃；超过15℃后，随温度升高，
除草效果降低。
通过田间小区试验，确定普施特在大豆田施用的最佳施药量范围为75-105g a.i.
／hm~2。在此施药量范围内，普施特对供试美国大豆非常安全，对日本大豆药害较重，对
供试国产大豆东农42、合丰39、黑农40、绥农14生长无影响，不会造成减产；其中东
农42、合丰39比黑农40、绥农14对普施特的耐药性稍高。
田间小区试验研究结果表明，普施特残留对后作危害较重。普施特用量低于150g a.i.
／hm~2，施药12个月后可以种植玉米、小麦，24个月后可以种植马铃薯；普施特75-150g
a.i.／hm~2用量范围内，施药24个月后对油菜、甜菜和白菜仍有药害，依然不能种植。
通过盆栽试验初步明确了活性炭、萘二甲酐(NA)和液体有机处理复合剂(penatron)
对减轻普施特残留药害的作用。在普施特残留量低于6.25g a.i.／hm~2时，活性炭拌种、
penatron土壤处理可以减轻普施特对油菜的残留药害。NA浸种对甜菜和油菜没有保护作
用。
普施特的残留药害是亟待解决的问题，但保护剂仅在普施特较低残留量下对作物有
保护作用，由此决定解决普施特残留药害的关键是降低普施特用量。田间试验研究结果
表明，农药增效剂YZ-901和AA-921对普施特有增效作用，能够降低普施特用量；与适量
增效剂混用，能够降低普施特用量40％，其除草效果不受影响；普施特作为播前土壤处
理剂与卫农、氟乐灵混用，作为播后苗前土壤处理剂与广灭灵、乙草胺、都尔的二元或
三元混用，作为苗后茎叶处理剂与利收、拿捕净、氟磺胺草醚、广灭灵、杂草焚的二元
或三元混用，均能扩大杀草谱，降低普施特用量。
本论文通过室内试验并结合田间试验，对普施特的应用技术进行了系统、全面的研
究，完善了普施特在大豆田的施用技术，尤其是提出了解决普施特长残留问题的方法，
为普施特更好应用于北方大豆田化学除草奠定了技术理论基础，提供了科学的理论依据。
东北农业大学同等学历硕士学位论文
本研究有助于提高长残留除草剂的应用水平，对于完善长残效除草剂的施用技术、延长
老除草剂品种的使用寿命具有重要借鉴意义。
As a highly active and lowly toxic herbicide applied in soybean, Imazethapyr used in preplant and preemergence soil treatment and postemergence foliar treatment can control gramineous and broad-leaved weed efficiently. It was developed by BASF(American Cyanamid). In this paper, the weed control spectrum, control efficacy, safety to different crops, Influence on aftercrop, detoxifcation of protectants, herbicide mixtures of Imazethapyr were studied in order to improve its application technique in soybean and alleviated injury of its residue to aftercrop.
Weed control spectrum of Imazethapyr was studied by potted experiment. It controlled efficiently some annual gramineous and broad-leaved weed, such as Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) Beauv., Setaria faberii Herrm., Setaria glauca (L.) Beauv., Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop., Polygonum bungeanum Turcz., Polygonum lapathi folium L., Xanthium sibiricum Patrin., Elsholtzia ciliata (Thunb.) Hyland, Abutilon theophrasti Medic. Solanum nigrum L. , Chenopodium album L. , Chenopodium serotinum L. , Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medic., Commelina communis L.. It also inhibited growth of some perennial weeds, such as Cephalanoplos segetum (Bunge) Kitara., Sonchus brachyotus DC., and so on. Weed control spectrum of Imazethapyr was broader than other herbicides' in soybean field such as Acetochlor, chlorimuron ethyl, Clomazone, Sethoxydim and Fomesafen. Acted as soil treatment, the higher the moisture of soil, the better the control efficacy of Imazethapyr was. Contrariwise, the soil moisture was lower, the control efficacy was worse too. Applied in postemergence herbicide, the best temperature of applying Imazethapyr is 5-15. The higher the temperature, the lower the control efficacy of of Imazethapyr was when the temperature was over 15.
Through a field experiment, we made certain the best dose range of imazethapyr in soybean is 75-105g a.i. /hm2. In this range, imazethapyr is safe to tested American soybean cultivars, but the injury to tested Japanese soybean cultivars was heavy. There was no effect to the growth of tested Chinese American soybean cultivars and was no reduction in yield, including Dongnong42, Hefeng39, Heinong40, Suinong14. The resistance of Dongnong42 And Hefeng39 to imazethapyr was higher than Heinong40's and Suinongl4's.
The results of the field experiment showed that the injury of residue imazethapyr in soil
to aftercrop was serious. The dosage of imazethapyr was less than 150g a.i. /hm2, corn and wheat could be sowed after 12 months, and potato could be sowed after 24 months in the field. When the dosage range of imazethapyr was 75-150g a.i. /hm2, the injury of residue imazethapyr to rape, sugar beat and Chinese cabbage was very heavy still, they could not be sowed after 24 months.
We ascertained the mechanism elementarily that active carbon, NA and Penatron alleviated the injury of residue imazethapyr to aftercrop. When the residue dosage of imazethapyr was less than 6.25g a.i./hm2, seed treatment solution with active carbon and soil treatment with Penatron could alleviate injury of residue imazethapyr in soil, but soaking of seed with NA couldn't protect sugar beat and rape from injury.
The injury of residue imazethapyr to aftercrop is been urgent with us to settle. The protectants could protect aftercrop from injury, none but, when the residue imazethapyr was less. So reducing dosage of imazethapyr plays an important role in alleviating injury of residue imazethapyr to aftercrop. The result of field experiment indicated that there were synergism when imazethapyr mixed with YZ-901 and AA-921, and its dosage was reduced. In the same control efficacy, right amount adjuvant could reduce 40% dosage of imazethapyr. Imazethapyr mixed with Vernam7-E and Trifluralin and as preplant soil treatment, mixed with Clomazone, Acetochlor and Metolachlor as preemergence soil treatment, and mixed with Flumiclorac-pentyl, Sethoxydim, Fomesafen, Clomazone and Acifluorfen sodium as postemergence foliar treatment could broaden its weed control spectrum and redu
引文
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35 王成菊，张文吉．助剂在除草剂应用中的作用及发展前景．农药学学报．2003，5(1)：12-20
36 王金信，李进．环境因素与油乳剂对莠去津的影响．山东农业大学学报，1996，27(2)：141-146
37 王显峰，关成宏，辛明院．新编植保实用技术，2000
38 王显峰，苏少泉，陈铁保，李森，裴林芝．豆田除草剂实用技术手册．2001
39 王险峰，关成宏．影响苗后除草剂药效的原因分析．现代化农业，2000，12：7-8
40 卫生部，农业部．农药安全性毒理学评价程序．1991：8-9
41 吴士雄，张凌．论我国农药混配现状与管理．农药科学与管理，1993，(4)：2-3
42 夏国军，杨好伟，李向林等．不同大豆品种与牛筋草竞争的研究．中国油料，1997，19(4)：66-6
43 杨秀凤．1989年以来美国助剂使用进展．农药译丛．1994，16(4)：28-33
44 叶贵标，魏福香，朱天纵．影响除草剂药效药害的因子．农药科学与管理，1998，3：20-23
45 张瑞亭．农药的混用与混剂．化学工业出版社，1987
46 赵松岭，李风民，张大勇，等．作物生产是一个种群过程．生态学报，1997，17(1)：100-104
47 中国东北地区主要杂草图谱．中国农村教育学会，中国黑龙江省农业科学院植物保护研究所 1999
48 左颖，高映红，李莹，张安国．剂型和温度对油乳剂粒度和稳定性的影响．天津农学院学报．2002，9(1)：30-33
49 Ashton, F.M.and A.S.Crafts, 1981, Mode of Action of Herbicides, 2ed ., John Wiley and Sons,Inc., New York
50 Black-ID, Dyson-CB. Fischle-AR Application of herbicide sethoxydim increase wheat yield in the absence of weeds.Anstralian-Journal-OF-Experimental-Agriculture. 1996, 36: 5, 555-561
51 Blackshaw-RE,Semach-G, Li-XiangJu,O-Donovan-JT, Harker-KN, Li-XJ. An integrated weed management approsch to managing foxtail barley(Hordeum jubatum) in conservation tillage systems.Weed-Technology. 1999, 13: 1, 94-99
52 Blair A.M., T.D. Martin. A Review of Activity, Fate and Mode of Action of Sulfonylurea Herbicides. Pestic. Sci., 22(3): 195-219
53 Bowers R C. Commercialization of microbial biological control agents. In:Charudattan,R.
and H.L. walker, eds. Biological Control of Weeds with Plant Pathogens. New York:John Wiley and Sons Inc. 1982,157-173
54 Boyette C D,Templeton G E,Oliver L R. Texas gourd (Cucurbita texana) control with Fusarium solani f. sp. cucurbitae. Weed Sci. 1984, 32:649-657
55 Breaux E.J.et al., Choroacetanilide Herbicidal Sulfonylurea Compounde with Imidazol (1,2-a)Pyridine Moiety., Pestic.Sci., 1993,18(2): 175-182
56 Buckelew LD, Pedigo LP, Mero HM, Owen MD, Tylka GL. Effects of weed management systems on canopy insects in herbicide-resistant soybeans. J Econ Entomol. 2000 Oct,93(5): 1437-43
57 Buchman R. D.N. Hamilton, Design, Synthesis, and Biological Activity of Rigid Acetanilide Herbicide, J. Agric, Food Chem., 1981, 29(6): 1285-1286
58 Burchfield HP, Wheeler RJ, Friday D, Swanson CR. Uptake of herbicides used for preemergence weed control in cotton by crops planted in rotation with cotton. Environ Qual Saf Suppl. 1995, 3:146-50
59 Callaway M.B.and Forcella, F. Crop tolerance to weeds. In: Callaway, M.B and Francis, C.A. (eds), Crop improvement for sustainable agriculture systems. University of Nebrasks press,U.S.1992
60 Charudattan R, Dcloach C J. In: Altieri, M.A., M. Liedman ed. Weed Management, in Agroecosystems: Ecological Approaches. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press, 1988, 245-246
61 Chien SH, Carmona G, Prochnow LI, Austin ER. Cadmium availability from granulated and bulk-blended phosphate-potassium fertilizers. J Environ Qual. 2002 Sep-Oct,32(5): 1911-4
62 Corkern C.B. et al. Influence of Adjuvant on Interactions of Sethoxydim with Selected Broadleaf Herbicide Used in Corn (Zea MAYS). Weed Tech., 1995, 13:821-824
63 Cornish A.B., Battersby N.S., Watkinson R.J. Environmental Fate of Mineral, Vegetable and Transesterified Vegetable Oils. Pesticide Science. 1993,37:173-178
64 Daniel J T, Templeton G E, Smith R J, et al. Biological control of northen jointvetch in rice with an endemic fungal disease. Weed Sci. 1973,21:303-307
65 David MB, Gentry LE, Starks KM, Cooke RA. Stream transport of herbicides and metabolites in a tile-drained, agricultural watershed. J Environ Qual. 2000 Sep-Oct, 32(5): 1790-801.
66 David L.J., Vidrine P.R., et al. Influence of Adjuvants on Efficacy of Clethodim. Weed Technology. 1996,10:738-743
67 Dingwall J.G., Key Chemical Inputs to New Herbicides: Intermediates, Processess and Mechanistic Investigations,Pestic.Sci.,41(3): 259-267
68 Fedltke C, Biochemestry and Physiology of Herbicide Action Springer-Verlag Berlin Fed Rep Ger.
69 Foy C.L.&H.L. Witt, Effects of Methlated Crop Oils and Other Selected Adjuvants on the Herbicidal Efficasy and Selectivity of Imazethapyr in Soybeans. Pestic.Sci. 1993, 13: 783-789
70 Gauvrit C., Cabanne F. Oils for Weed Control: Use and Mode of Action. Pesticide Science. 1993, 37:147-153
71 Gentile JM, Roneker KR, Crowe SE, Pond WG, Lei XG.. Effectiveness of an experimental consensus phytase in improving dietary phytate-phosphorus utilization by weanling pigs.J Anim Sci. 2002 Nov, 81(11): 2751-7
72 Grayson B.T.,Webb J.D. et al. Investigation of an Emulsifiable Oil Adjuvant an Its Components on the Activity of a New Grass Herbicide by Factorial Experimentation. Pesticide Science. 1993, 37:127-131
73 Hawes C, Haughton AJ, Osborne JL, Roy DB, Clark S J, Perry JN, Rothery P, Bohan DA, Brooks DR, Champion GT, Dewar AM, Heard MS, Woiwod IP, Daniels RE, Young MW, Parish AM, Scott RJ, Firbank LG, Squire GR.Responses of plants and invertebrate trophic groups to contrasting herbicide regimes in the Farm Scale Evaluations of genetically modified herbicide-tolerant crops. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 29, 358(1439): 1899-913.
74 Holloway P.J. Getting to Know How Adjuvants Really Work: some Challenges for the Next Century. Proceedingsfourth International Symposiumon Adjuvants for Agrochemicals. Melbourne, Australia: CPC Press, 1995: 167-176
75 Jacobs JM, Jacobs NJ, Borotz SE, Guerinot ML.Effects of the photobleaching herbicide, acifluorfen-methyl, on protoporphyrinogen oxidation in barley organelles, soybean root mitochondria, soybean root nodules, and bacteria. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1990 Aug 1, 280(2): 369-75.
76 Jordan, N.Peospects for weed control through crop interference. Ecological Apptication. 1993, 3(1): 84-91
77 Jordan D.L.et al. Iinfluence of Ajuvants on Efficacy of Clethodim. Weed Tech. 1996,10:738-743
78 Jordan D.L. Influence of Adjuvants on the Antagonism of Graminicides by Broadleaf Herbicides. Weed Tech. 1995,9:741-747
79 Kirkwood R.C. Use and Mode of Action of Adjuvant for Herbicides: a Review of some Current Work. Pesticede Science. 1993, 38:93-102
80 Kissmann, K.G., Phytosanitary products:tank mixtures. Weed Abstract. 1998, (47): 338
81 Mack R.E., Volgas G.C, Roberts J.R. Effects of Several Adjuvant Classes on two Herbicides for Weed Control. Proceedings Fourth international Symposiumon Adjuvants for Agrochemicals. Melbourne, Australia: CRC Press, 1995:448-453
82 Manthey F.A., Nalewaja J.D., Szwlezniak E.E Esterified Seed Oils with Herbicides. Boca Raton, FL USA: CL For. 1989: 138-148.
83 McPherson RM, Johnson WC, Mullinix BG Jr, Mills WA 3rd, Peebles FS. Influence of herbicide tolerant soybean production systems on insect pest populations and pest-induced crop damage. J Econ Entomol. 2003 Jun, 96(3): 690-8.
84 McKinley-TL, Roberts-RK,Hayes-RM, English-BC. Econmic comparison of herbicides for jpinsongrass (Sorghum halepense) control in glyphosate-tolerant soybean (Hordeum jubatum) in conservation tillage systems.Weed-Technology. 1999, 13: 2, 347-353
85 McMullan P.M. Grass Herbicide Efficacy as Influenced by Adjuvant, Spray Solution pH, and Ultraviolet Light. Weed Tech., 1996, 10:72-77
86 Mcmullan P.M.,Harker K.N., Blackshaw R.E. Effect of Methylester Composition and Phosphate Ester on Tralkoxydim and Fenoxaprop p-ethy1. Proceedings Fourth international Symposiumon Adjuvants for Agrochemicals. Melbourne, Australia: CRC Press, 1995:441-445
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90 Nakahira-K Mode of action of a herbicide, quizalofop-ethyl. Journal-of Pesticide-Science. 1998, 23:357-366
91 Nalewaja J.D., Praczyk T., Matysiak, R. Nirogen Fertilizer, Oil,and Surfactant Adjuvants, with Nicosulfuron, Weed Tech., 1998,12:585-589
92 Nandula V.K.et al. Effectiveness of Adjuvants With Nicosulfuron and Primisulfuron for Wirestem Muhly (Muhlenbergia frondosa) Control in No-Till Corn (Zea mays). Weed Tech. 1995, 9:525-530
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99 Wills G.D.,Hanks J.E.,Mack R.E. Evaluation of the Effect of a Paraffinic Petroleum Oil-Based Adjuvant and an Organosillicone-Methylated Vegetable-Oil-Based Adjuvant on the Efficasy of Imazethapyr Herbicede as Applied in Conventional and Ultra-Low Volumes. Extended Summaries-Pesticedes Group Symposium. 1993:280-282
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2 陈家钟．除草剂添加增效剂之简介．朝阳技术学院应用化学研究所，1985
3 陈铁保等．黑龙江省大豆田杂草的种群组成及其分布．大豆科学，1985，4(1)：67-74
4 陈忠新，陈培昶，池杏珍．影响除草剂药效的因子分析．中国园林，2000，4：69-71
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8 高希武．农药混用手册．北京，中国农业出版社，2000：109
9 顾宝根．中国农药如何应对WTO．世界农业，2001(2)：9-11
10 关成宏．玉米化学除草技术进展．现代化农业，1997(9)：6
11 桂昌钧，付迎春，等．稻李氏禾生物特性及化学防除初报．杂草学报，1994，8(2)：49-51
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13 黄建中等．农田杂草抗药性—产生机理、测定技术、综合治理．中国农业出版社，1995：
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15 姜德锋，赵永厚，李建彬，王桂兰，徐存谦．我国除草剂混用的发展现状．莱阳农学院学报，2001，18(1)：19-21
16 姜国宝，杜齐鸣等．稻田恶性杂草稻李氏禾的防除技术总结．盐碱地利用，1993(4)：33-36
17 李斌．除草剂工业的发展及展望．农药，1998，37(10)：1-7
18 李仁科，叶红梅，周永玉．如何提高除草剂的除草效果．农业科技通讯，2000(10)：28
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21 林长福．玉米田化学除草现状及发展趋势．植物医生，1998，11(4)：42-43
22 刘长令．农药品种开发现状与发展趋势．化工管理，2001(8)：17
23 刘乾开．新编农药使用手册．上海科学技术出版社，1993：340
24 刘忠元．自然条件与除草剂药效的关系．石河子科技，1994，4：38，28
25 农牧渔业部农垦局农业处．中国农垦农田杂草及防除．北京：农业出版社，1987：1-4
26 全国农田杂草考察组．中国大豆田主要杂草的分布和危害．杂草学报，1988，2(3)：18-26
27 苏少泉，宋顺祖．中国农田杂草化学防治．中国农业出版社，1996：287-310
28 苏少泉．长残留除草剂对后茬作物安全性问题．农药，1998，12：4-7
29 苏少泉．警惕长残留性除草剂对后茬作物的伤害．农药科学与管理，1996，2：18-20
30 苏少泉．除草剂作用靶标与新品种创制．1998
31 苏少泉．中国农田杂草化学防治．北京：中国农业出版社，1996
32 田基植，等．稻田新型恶性杂草棗稻李氏禾发生情况和防除．黑龙江农业科学，1992(2)：53
33 2002，19：91-93
34 王成菊，张文吉，李学锋，白月敏．油类助剂在除草剂中应用及开发前景．精细化工．2002，19(增刊)：91-93
35 王成菊，张文吉．助剂在除草剂应用中的作用及发展前景．农药学学报．2003，5(1)：12-20
36 王金信，李进．环境因素与油乳剂对莠去津的影响．山东农业大学学报，1996，27(2)：141-146
37 王显峰，关成宏，辛明院．新编植保实用技术，2000
38 王显峰，苏少泉，陈铁保，李森，裴林芝．豆田除草剂实用技术手册．2001
39 王险峰，关成宏．影响苗后除草剂药效的原因分析．现代化农业，2000，12：7-8
40 卫生部，农业部．农药安全性毒理学评价程序．1991：8-9
41 吴士雄，张凌．论我国农药混配现状与管理．农药科学与管理，1993，(4)：2-3
42 夏国军，杨好伟，李向林等．不同大豆品种与牛筋草竞争的研究．中国油料，1997，19(4)：66-6
43 杨秀凤．1989年以来美国助剂使用进展．农药译丛．1994，16(4)：28-33
44 叶贵标，魏福香，朱天纵．影响除草剂药效药害的因子．农药科学与管理，1998，3：20-23
45 张瑞亭．农药的混用与混剂．化学工业出版社，1987
46 赵松岭，李风民，张大勇，等．作物生产是一个种群过程．生态学报，1997，17(1)：100-104
47 中国东北地区主要杂草图谱．中国农村教育学会，中国黑龙江省农业科学院植物保护研究所 1999
48 左颖，高映红，李莹，张安国．剂型和温度对油乳剂粒度和稳定性的影响．天津农学院学报．2002，9(1)：30-33
49 Ashton, F.M.and A.S.Crafts, 1981, Mode of Action of Herbicides, 2ed ., John Wiley and Sons,Inc., New York
50 Black-ID, Dyson-CB. Fischle-AR Application of herbicide sethoxydim increase wheat yield in the absence of weeds.Anstralian-Journal-OF-Experimental-Agriculture. 1996, 36: 5, 555-561
51 Blackshaw-RE,Semach-G, Li-XiangJu,O-Donovan-JT, Harker-KN, Li-XJ. An integrated weed management approsch to managing foxtail barley(Hordeum jubatum) in conservation tillage systems.Weed-Technology. 1999, 13: 1, 94-99
52 Blair A.M., T.D. Martin. A Review of Activity, Fate and Mode of Action of Sulfonylurea Herbicides. Pestic. Sci., 22(3): 195-219
53 Bowers R C. Commercialization of microbial biological control agents. In:Charudattan,R.
and H.L. walker, eds. Biological Control of Weeds with Plant Pathogens. New York:John Wiley and Sons Inc. 1982,157-173
54 Boyette C D,Templeton G E,Oliver L R. Texas gourd (Cucurbita texana) control with Fusarium solani f. sp. cucurbitae. Weed Sci. 1984, 32:649-657
55 Breaux E.J.et al., Choroacetanilide Herbicidal Sulfonylurea Compounde with Imidazol (1,2-a)Pyridine Moiety., Pestic.Sci., 1993,18(2): 175-182
56 Buckelew LD, Pedigo LP, Mero HM, Owen MD, Tylka GL. Effects of weed management systems on canopy insects in herbicide-resistant soybeans. J Econ Entomol. 2000 Oct,93(5): 1437-43
57 Buchman R. D.N. Hamilton, Design, Synthesis, and Biological Activity of Rigid Acetanilide Herbicide, J. Agric, Food Chem., 1981, 29(6): 1285-1286
58 Burchfield HP, Wheeler RJ, Friday D, Swanson CR. Uptake of herbicides used for preemergence weed control in cotton by crops planted in rotation with cotton. Environ Qual Saf Suppl. 1995, 3:146-50
59 Callaway M.B.and Forcella, F. Crop tolerance to weeds. In: Callaway, M.B and Francis, C.A. (eds), Crop improvement for sustainable agriculture systems. University of Nebrasks press,U.S.1992
60 Charudattan R, Dcloach C J. In: Altieri, M.A., M. Liedman ed. Weed Management, in Agroecosystems: Ecological Approaches. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press, 1988, 245-246
61 Chien SH, Carmona G, Prochnow LI, Austin ER. Cadmium availability from granulated and bulk-blended phosphate-potassium fertilizers. J Environ Qual. 2002 Sep-Oct,32(5): 1911-4
62 Corkern C.B. et al. Influence of Adjuvant on Interactions of Sethoxydim with Selected Broadleaf Herbicide Used in Corn (Zea MAYS). Weed Tech., 1995, 13:821-824
63 Cornish A.B., Battersby N.S., Watkinson R.J. Environmental Fate of Mineral, Vegetable and Transesterified Vegetable Oils. Pesticide Science. 1993,37:173-178
64 Daniel J T, Templeton G E, Smith R J, et al. Biological control of northen jointvetch in rice with an endemic fungal disease. Weed Sci. 1973,21:303-307
65 David MB, Gentry LE, Starks KM, Cooke RA. Stream transport of herbicides and metabolites in a tile-drained, agricultural watershed. J Environ Qual. 2000 Sep-Oct, 32(5): 1790-801.
66 David L.J., Vidrine P.R., et al. Influence of Adjuvants on Efficacy of Clethodim. Weed Technology. 1996,10:738-743
67 Dingwall J.G., Key Chemical Inputs to New Herbicides: Intermediates, Processess and Mechanistic Investigations,Pestic.Sci.,41(3): 259-267
68 Fedltke C, Biochemestry and Physiology of Herbicide Action Springer-Verlag Berlin Fed Rep Ger.
69 Foy C.L.&H.L. Witt, Effects of Methlated Crop Oils and Other Selected Adjuvants on the Herbicidal Efficasy and Selectivity of Imazethapyr in Soybeans. Pestic.Sci. 1993, 13: 783-789
70 Gauvrit C., Cabanne F. Oils for Weed Control: Use and Mode of Action. Pesticide Science. 1993, 37:147-153
71 Gentile JM, Roneker KR, Crowe SE, Pond WG, Lei XG.. Effectiveness of an experimental consensus phytase in improving dietary phytate-phosphorus utilization by weanling pigs.J Anim Sci. 2002 Nov, 81(11): 2751-7
72 Grayson B.T.,Webb J.D. et al. Investigation of an Emulsifiable Oil Adjuvant an Its Components on the Activity of a New Grass Herbicide by Factorial Experimentation. Pesticide Science. 1993, 37:127-131
73 Hawes C, Haughton AJ, Osborne JL, Roy DB, Clark S J, Perry JN, Rothery P, Bohan DA, Brooks DR, Champion GT, Dewar AM, Heard MS, Woiwod IP, Daniels RE, Young MW, Parish AM, Scott RJ, Firbank LG, Squire GR.Responses of plants and invertebrate trophic groups to contrasting herbicide regimes in the Farm Scale Evaluations of genetically modified herbicide-tolerant crops. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 29, 358(1439): 1899-913.
74 Holloway P.J. Getting to Know How Adjuvants Really Work: some Challenges for the Next Century. Proceedingsfourth International Symposiumon Adjuvants for Agrochemicals. Melbourne, Australia: CPC Press, 1995: 167-176
75 Jacobs JM, Jacobs NJ, Borotz SE, Guerinot ML.Effects of the photobleaching herbicide, acifluorfen-methyl, on protoporphyrinogen oxidation in barley organelles, soybean root mitochondria, soybean root nodules, and bacteria. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1990 Aug 1, 280(2): 369-75.
76 Jordan, N.Peospects for weed control through crop interference. Ecological Apptication. 1993, 3(1): 84-91
77 Jordan D.L.et al. Iinfluence of Ajuvants on Efficacy of Clethodim. Weed Tech. 1996,10:738-743
78 Jordan D.L. Influence of Adjuvants on the Antagonism of Graminicides by Broadleaf Herbicides. Weed Tech. 1995,9:741-747
79 Kirkwood R.C. Use and Mode of Action of Adjuvant for Herbicides: a Review of some Current Work. Pesticede Science. 1993, 38:93-102
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