纳米氮化硼和二氧化铈的高压溶剂热合成
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摘要
以高压溶剂热方法为基础,我们探索了BN以及以Ce02为代表的氧化物纳米材料的可控合成方法。我们将BN的高压苯热合成以260℃为界分为低温和高温两部分,在低温部分我们合成了BN纳米地毯,并探讨了它的合成条件、生成机理和应用价值；在高温部分我们首先通过引入硫化物添加剂解决了苯的碳化问题,然后制备了多孔-中空BN纳米棒,我们探讨了这种形貌独特的BN纳米材料的生成机理,并以此为指导延伸合成出一系列的一维BN纳米材料。通过向Ce02的溶剂热合成反应中引入恒定加压和分步加压我们制备出了具有优良催化性质的形貌可控的多孔Ce02纳米球和中空Ce02纳米球,初步了解了高压对氧化物溶剂热合成反应的作用模式,并成功将高压应用到其他氧化物体系中实现了可控合成。具体结果如下：
高压苯热法合成的BN纳米地毯结构是由BN薄片基底与生长在薄片上的的BN纳米棒组合而成。合成的BN纳米地毯的比表面积较大,同时有较多的结构缺陷,提高反应温度对产率和结晶质量有促进作用,但过高的温度会导致溶剂的碳化。提高压力在低温时有明显正面作用,但在高温时作用不明显。通过对反应粗产物及副产物的仔细分析,我们认为NH4N3与NaBF4是重要的反应中间产物,NaBF4在不同的分解速度下分别与NH4N3反应生成BN基底与纳米棒,在反应过程中存在气—液—固机理,其中高压和溶剂苯起了关键作用。BN纳米地毯这种多级结构可对有机芳香族污染物亚甲基蓝进行快速吸附和选择性吸附,最大吸附量为272.4mgL-1,并且BN纳米地毯吸附剂可以通过热处理方便地循环使用。
经过对反应体系中的原料、中间产物以及产物相互关系的仔细研究,我们查明苯的碳化是由过量的中间产物NH4N3引起的。之后我们通过引入可以促进叠氮化物分解的噻吩成功抑制了高温反应中苯的碳化,并在280℃150MPa下合成了多孔-中空BN纳米棒,这种纳米结构与纳米地毯不同,它不具备单独的薄片基底。通过对使用噻吩添加剂的不同温度反应的结果的分析,我们认为多孔-中空结构是在高温晶化以及近超临界苯的扩散作用下形成的。另外添加剂用量不同时反应速率不同,样品的形貌会从短棒连续变化到线状。随后我们通过追加更多的添加剂、增加原料量、换用效率更高的添加剂等方式提高反应速率,最后成功制备了一系列一维BN纳米材料。
通过在恒温阶段引入恒定45MPa外压,我们改良了硝酸铈—丙酸—乙二醇反应体系,制备了粒径小于原方法的Ce02多孔纳米球。连续提高压力至150MPa的过程中Ce02多孔纳米球的粒径从80nm被连续地压缩至45nm,最后Ce02形成晶面定向排列、类似介孔晶体的结构。我们仔细分析了压力对Ce02均相成核过程中各参数的影响,提出了通过压力变化调控Ce02纳米聚集体形貌的机理。用催化氧化CO的性能作为比较基准,我们发现Ce02多孔纳米球催化性能随着粒径的下降而提高,催化性能150MPa样品>45MPa样品>无外压样品,最多降低96℃。之后我们将恒定加压改为分步加压,向溶剂热体系中引入压力差这一参数,成功地实现了Ce02纳米空心球的可控合成,并讨论了压力差在反应过程中的作用机制,指出压力差驱动的不同溶剂扩散强度决定了Ce02的空心尺寸。具有最大空心尺寸的45—150MPa分步加压样品的乃T90较无外压样品降低了113℃,优于已知的所有纯Ce02催化剂的催化性能。
With the foundation of the high pressure solvent thermal method, we explored the controllable synthesis method of BN and a representative of oxide nanometer material CeO2. We divided high pressure benzene heating method of BN into two parts of low temperature and high temperature. In the low temperature part, we synthesized the BN nano-carpets, and discussed its synthetic conditions, formation mechanism and application value. In high temperature part, we firstly solved the solvent carbonization problem by introducing sulfide additives. Then we prepared hollow-porous BN nanotubes, and discussed the forming mechanism of this unique morphology of BN nanomaterials. Following on these, we successfully synthesized a series of one dimensional BN nanomaterials. Through introducing constant pressure and section pressure into CeO2solvent thermal synthetic reaction, we also prepared porous CeO2nanoball and hollow CeO2nanoball with controllable morphology and good catalytic property. And by these work, we preliminarily understood of the mode of high pressure impressing on solvent thermal synthetic reaction of oxide. After this, we successfully applied high pressure into other oxide system and realized the controllable synthesis. The results are as follows:
BN nano-carpets synthesized by high benzene thermal synthesis was composed by BN nanosheets and BN nanorods grew on them. Those BN nano-carpets structures have a larger BET surface area and more structure defects. To improve the reaction temperature on the yield and crystallization quality have a promote role, but too high temperature will lead to solvent carbonization. Improving the pressure in low temperature has an obvious positive effect, but not as in high temperature. Based on careful analysis of reaction coarse products and by-products, we thought NH4N3and NaBF4are important intermediate products. The reaction of NH4N3and NaBF4in different decomposition speed produces BN nanosheets and BN nanorods, respectively. There is a gas-liquid-solid mechanism in the reaction where high pressure and solvent benzene play a key role. The multistage structure of BN nano-carpets can absorb organic aromatic pollutants methylene blue quickly and selectively. The maximum adsorption is272.4mgL-1. In addition, BN nano-carpets adsorbent can be conveniently circularly used by heat treatment.
After careful study on raw materials, intermediate products in the reaction system and the relationship of products, we found the problem of Benzene carbonation was caused of excessive amounts of intermediate product NH4N3. Then we successfully solved benzene carbonization in high temperature reaction by introducing thiophene which could promote decomposition of azide and synthesized the hollow-porous BN nanorods which had no individual chip basement in280℃,150MPa. Through the analysis of the different temperature reaction results of using thiophene, we thought the hollow-porous structure was formed because of the effect of high temperature crystallization and nearly supercritical benzene diffusion. In addition, we found that reaction would be accelerated by additive. At the same time, the morphology of samples will continuously change from short rod to linear fibrous. Then by improving the reaction rate through the additional more additives, increasing the amount of raw materials and changing higher efficiency additive, we finally prepared a series of one dimensional BN nanomaterials.
Through introducing external constant45MPa pressure in the constant temperature stage, we improved the cerium nitrate-acrylic acid-glycol reaction system and prepared much smaller CeO2porous nanoball than the original. The size of CeO2porous nanoball continuously changes from80nm to45nm in the process of continuously improving pressure to150150MPa. At last, we got a crystal orientation arrangement and similar mesoporous crystal structure. We carefully analyzed the influence of the pressure on each parameter in the process of CeO2homogeneous nucleation. Then we put forward the mechanism of regulating and controlling CeO2nano-aggregation morphology by changing the pressure. Using the catalytic oxidation CO performance as a benchmark, we found that CeO2porous nanoball catalytic performance improved with the decline of particle size (Catalytic performance150MPa>45MPa> no external pressure). The biggest temperature decreasing amplitude was96℃. After that we introduced a pressure differential parameter by changing the constant pressure to sectionalized pressure, we successfully realized the controllable synthesis of CeO2nanoball. We also discussed the mechanism of pressure differential and pointed that the strength brought by diffusion of different solvent determined the size of hollow structure in CeO2nanoball. With the maximum hollow structure size, T90of the fractional pressure sample (45—150MPa) reduces113℃, which is superior to the most known pure CeO2catalyst.
高压苯热法合成的BN纳米地毯结构是由BN薄片基底与生长在薄片上的的BN纳米棒组合而成。合成的BN纳米地毯的比表面积较大,同时有较多的结构缺陷,提高反应温度对产率和结晶质量有促进作用,但过高的温度会导致溶剂的碳化。提高压力在低温时有明显正面作用,但在高温时作用不明显。通过对反应粗产物及副产物的仔细分析,我们认为NH4N3与NaBF4是重要的反应中间产物,NaBF4在不同的分解速度下分别与NH4N3反应生成BN基底与纳米棒,在反应过程中存在气—液—固机理,其中高压和溶剂苯起了关键作用。BN纳米地毯这种多级结构可对有机芳香族污染物亚甲基蓝进行快速吸附和选择性吸附,最大吸附量为272.4mgL-1,并且BN纳米地毯吸附剂可以通过热处理方便地循环使用。
经过对反应体系中的原料、中间产物以及产物相互关系的仔细研究,我们查明苯的碳化是由过量的中间产物NH4N3引起的。之后我们通过引入可以促进叠氮化物分解的噻吩成功抑制了高温反应中苯的碳化,并在280℃150MPa下合成了多孔-中空BN纳米棒,这种纳米结构与纳米地毯不同,它不具备单独的薄片基底。通过对使用噻吩添加剂的不同温度反应的结果的分析,我们认为多孔-中空结构是在高温晶化以及近超临界苯的扩散作用下形成的。另外添加剂用量不同时反应速率不同,样品的形貌会从短棒连续变化到线状。随后我们通过追加更多的添加剂、增加原料量、换用效率更高的添加剂等方式提高反应速率,最后成功制备了一系列一维BN纳米材料。
通过在恒温阶段引入恒定45MPa外压,我们改良了硝酸铈—丙酸—乙二醇反应体系,制备了粒径小于原方法的Ce02多孔纳米球。连续提高压力至150MPa的过程中Ce02多孔纳米球的粒径从80nm被连续地压缩至45nm,最后Ce02形成晶面定向排列、类似介孔晶体的结构。我们仔细分析了压力对Ce02均相成核过程中各参数的影响,提出了通过压力变化调控Ce02纳米聚集体形貌的机理。用催化氧化CO的性能作为比较基准,我们发现Ce02多孔纳米球催化性能随着粒径的下降而提高,催化性能150MPa样品>45MPa样品>无外压样品,最多降低96℃。之后我们将恒定加压改为分步加压,向溶剂热体系中引入压力差这一参数,成功地实现了Ce02纳米空心球的可控合成,并讨论了压力差在反应过程中的作用机制,指出压力差驱动的不同溶剂扩散强度决定了Ce02的空心尺寸。具有最大空心尺寸的45—150MPa分步加压样品的乃T90较无外压样品降低了113℃,优于已知的所有纯Ce02催化剂的催化性能。
With the foundation of the high pressure solvent thermal method, we explored the controllable synthesis method of BN and a representative of oxide nanometer material CeO2. We divided high pressure benzene heating method of BN into two parts of low temperature and high temperature. In the low temperature part, we synthesized the BN nano-carpets, and discussed its synthetic conditions, formation mechanism and application value. In high temperature part, we firstly solved the solvent carbonization problem by introducing sulfide additives. Then we prepared hollow-porous BN nanotubes, and discussed the forming mechanism of this unique morphology of BN nanomaterials. Following on these, we successfully synthesized a series of one dimensional BN nanomaterials. Through introducing constant pressure and section pressure into CeO2solvent thermal synthetic reaction, we also prepared porous CeO2nanoball and hollow CeO2nanoball with controllable morphology and good catalytic property. And by these work, we preliminarily understood of the mode of high pressure impressing on solvent thermal synthetic reaction of oxide. After this, we successfully applied high pressure into other oxide system and realized the controllable synthesis. The results are as follows:
BN nano-carpets synthesized by high benzene thermal synthesis was composed by BN nanosheets and BN nanorods grew on them. Those BN nano-carpets structures have a larger BET surface area and more structure defects. To improve the reaction temperature on the yield and crystallization quality have a promote role, but too high temperature will lead to solvent carbonization. Improving the pressure in low temperature has an obvious positive effect, but not as in high temperature. Based on careful analysis of reaction coarse products and by-products, we thought NH4N3and NaBF4are important intermediate products. The reaction of NH4N3and NaBF4in different decomposition speed produces BN nanosheets and BN nanorods, respectively. There is a gas-liquid-solid mechanism in the reaction where high pressure and solvent benzene play a key role. The multistage structure of BN nano-carpets can absorb organic aromatic pollutants methylene blue quickly and selectively. The maximum adsorption is272.4mgL-1. In addition, BN nano-carpets adsorbent can be conveniently circularly used by heat treatment.
After careful study on raw materials, intermediate products in the reaction system and the relationship of products, we found the problem of Benzene carbonation was caused of excessive amounts of intermediate product NH4N3. Then we successfully solved benzene carbonization in high temperature reaction by introducing thiophene which could promote decomposition of azide and synthesized the hollow-porous BN nanorods which had no individual chip basement in280℃,150MPa. Through the analysis of the different temperature reaction results of using thiophene, we thought the hollow-porous structure was formed because of the effect of high temperature crystallization and nearly supercritical benzene diffusion. In addition, we found that reaction would be accelerated by additive. At the same time, the morphology of samples will continuously change from short rod to linear fibrous. Then by improving the reaction rate through the additional more additives, increasing the amount of raw materials and changing higher efficiency additive, we finally prepared a series of one dimensional BN nanomaterials.
Through introducing external constant45MPa pressure in the constant temperature stage, we improved the cerium nitrate-acrylic acid-glycol reaction system and prepared much smaller CeO2porous nanoball than the original. The size of CeO2porous nanoball continuously changes from80nm to45nm in the process of continuously improving pressure to150150MPa. At last, we got a crystal orientation arrangement and similar mesoporous crystal structure. We carefully analyzed the influence of the pressure on each parameter in the process of CeO2homogeneous nucleation. Then we put forward the mechanism of regulating and controlling CeO2nano-aggregation morphology by changing the pressure. Using the catalytic oxidation CO performance as a benchmark, we found that CeO2porous nanoball catalytic performance improved with the decline of particle size (Catalytic performance150MPa>45MPa> no external pressure). The biggest temperature decreasing amplitude was96℃. After that we introduced a pressure differential parameter by changing the constant pressure to sectionalized pressure, we successfully realized the controllable synthesis of CeO2nanoball. We also discussed the mechanism of pressure differential and pointed that the strength brought by diffusion of different solvent determined the size of hollow structure in CeO2nanoball. With the maximum hollow structure size, T90of the fractional pressure sample (45—150MPa) reduces113℃, which is superior to the most known pure CeO2catalyst.
引文
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