基于图像处理的氧乙炔火焰热流密度检测技术研究
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摘要
绝热材料广泛应用于航天、弹箭发动机、推进剂生产等领域，用氧乙炔法进行烧蚀试验，测量绝热材料的线烧蚀率、质量烧蚀率、绝热指数、透烧率等参数是进行质量检测的基本手段，也是进行科研优化筛选和生产质量控制不可替代的方法。氧乙炔烧蚀试验机作为检测的基本设备，它的热源是点燃的氧乙炔混合气体，由于氧乙炔火焰温度和热流密度与烧蚀测试结果间存在着极其密切的关系，因而准确和实时测量火焰温度和热流密度显得尤为重要。因此，本文提出了基于CCD和图像处理技术相结合的火焰温度测量系统，通过火焰温度可以得到热流密度，为氧乙炔火焰热流密度测量提供了新的方法。
首先，本文根据YS-2型氧乙炔烧蚀实验机不同截面的火焰温度及热流密度测量的要求，分析了氧乙炔烧蚀热流密度检测技术现状和存在的问题，提出了非接触式热流密度测量方法。
其次，利用热电偶、氧乙炔烧蚀机、三维平移台、CCD摄像机、计算机等搭建一套火焰温度测量系统，建立了温度测量的数学模型，分析了测量系统误差，并针对该系统提出了火焰温度辐射测量方法．用热电偶测量氧乙炔火焰固定区域的温度，同时CCD拍摄火焰图像，通过双比色法、双比色改进算法、三比色法分别计算所拍摄火焰图像的固定区域的温度，并与热电偶测量的火焰固定区域的温度进行比较，分析误差大小，选择最优的火焰温度计算处理方法。
最后，采用最优计算处理方法得到火焰的温度伪彩色图和等温线图，通过火焰温度得出相对喷嘴不同位置的热流密度，实验结果表明，此处理方法对氧乙炔火焰温度及热流密度测量是可行的。
The heat-insulation material is abroad adapted for the field in spaceflight, ballistic missile of engine, production of pusher etc. Measuring the parameter of line erosion rate, quality erosion rate, adiabatic index, erosion rate etc of those heat-insulation material by the oxyacetylene ablation experiment sever as the essential method to detect quality and the method is impossible to substituted in scientific research optimizing filter and production quality control. The testing device of oxyacetylene ablation is the basic equipment as measuring the heat-insulation material. Its resource of heat is the burning mixture of oxyacetylene. The oxyacetylene flame temperature is closely connected with heat flux density. It is important to measure the flame temperature and heat flux density precisely and real-timely. Therefore, this paper presents a measurement system of the flame temperature based on CCD and image processing technology. The heat flux density is obtained by the flame temperature. It is a new method for measuring the oxyacetylene of the heat flux density.
Firstly, based on the demand of measuring the flame temperature and the heat flux density of different section in the YS-2 testing device of oxyacetylene ablation This paper analyzes the status and the subsistent problem on the measurement technology of oxyacetylene of the heat flux density, presents a non-touchable measurement method of the heat flux density.
Secondly, this paper founds a system for measuring temperature which uses a thermocouple, a device of oxyacetylene ablation, a three-dimensional moving platform, a CCD camera, a computer etc. After founding the mathematics model of the temperature measurement and analyzing the measurement system error, this paper presents a radiating measurement means for the flame temperature. The temperature of the fixed area of the flame is measured by thermocouple and the flame image is recorded by CCD camera. The temperature of fixed area in the flame is measured using thermocouple and the flame image is recorded by CCD camera at the same time. The temperature of fixed area in the flame which is separately computed and treated with by double colorimetric temperature-measurement methods, its improved measurement and three colorimetric temperature-measurement methods is compared with the temperature of fixed area of the flame which is measured by thermocouple. After analyzing measured error, the most excellent methods of computing and treating with the flame temperature is selected.
Finally, the false colored image and isothermal image using the most excellent methods is gained. The heat flux density is obtained by the flame temperature in the different position opposite the muzzle. The result of experiment indicated the feasibility of the method for measuring the oxyacetylene flame temperature and heat flux density.
首先，本文根据YS-2型氧乙炔烧蚀实验机不同截面的火焰温度及热流密度测量的要求，分析了氧乙炔烧蚀热流密度检测技术现状和存在的问题，提出了非接触式热流密度测量方法。
其次，利用热电偶、氧乙炔烧蚀机、三维平移台、CCD摄像机、计算机等搭建一套火焰温度测量系统，建立了温度测量的数学模型，分析了测量系统误差，并针对该系统提出了火焰温度辐射测量方法．用热电偶测量氧乙炔火焰固定区域的温度，同时CCD拍摄火焰图像，通过双比色法、双比色改进算法、三比色法分别计算所拍摄火焰图像的固定区域的温度，并与热电偶测量的火焰固定区域的温度进行比较，分析误差大小，选择最优的火焰温度计算处理方法。
最后，采用最优计算处理方法得到火焰的温度伪彩色图和等温线图，通过火焰温度得出相对喷嘴不同位置的热流密度，实验结果表明，此处理方法对氧乙炔火焰温度及热流密度测量是可行的。
The heat-insulation material is abroad adapted for the field in spaceflight, ballistic missile of engine, production of pusher etc. Measuring the parameter of line erosion rate, quality erosion rate, adiabatic index, erosion rate etc of those heat-insulation material by the oxyacetylene ablation experiment sever as the essential method to detect quality and the method is impossible to substituted in scientific research optimizing filter and production quality control. The testing device of oxyacetylene ablation is the basic equipment as measuring the heat-insulation material. Its resource of heat is the burning mixture of oxyacetylene. The oxyacetylene flame temperature is closely connected with heat flux density. It is important to measure the flame temperature and heat flux density precisely and real-timely. Therefore, this paper presents a measurement system of the flame temperature based on CCD and image processing technology. The heat flux density is obtained by the flame temperature. It is a new method for measuring the oxyacetylene of the heat flux density.
Firstly, based on the demand of measuring the flame temperature and the heat flux density of different section in the YS-2 testing device of oxyacetylene ablation This paper analyzes the status and the subsistent problem on the measurement technology of oxyacetylene of the heat flux density, presents a non-touchable measurement method of the heat flux density.
Secondly, this paper founds a system for measuring temperature which uses a thermocouple, a device of oxyacetylene ablation, a three-dimensional moving platform, a CCD camera, a computer etc. After founding the mathematics model of the temperature measurement and analyzing the measurement system error, this paper presents a radiating measurement means for the flame temperature. The temperature of the fixed area of the flame is measured by thermocouple and the flame image is recorded by CCD camera. The temperature of fixed area in the flame is measured using thermocouple and the flame image is recorded by CCD camera at the same time. The temperature of fixed area in the flame which is separately computed and treated with by double colorimetric temperature-measurement methods, its improved measurement and three colorimetric temperature-measurement methods is compared with the temperature of fixed area of the flame which is measured by thermocouple. After analyzing measured error, the most excellent methods of computing and treating with the flame temperature is selected.
Finally, the false colored image and isothermal image using the most excellent methods is gained. The heat flux density is obtained by the flame temperature in the different position opposite the muzzle. The result of experiment indicated the feasibility of the method for measuring the oxyacetylene flame temperature and heat flux density.
引文
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[2]俞继军，马志强，姜贵庆等．C/C复合材料烧蚀形貌测量及烧蚀机理分析．宇航材料工艺，2003．28(1)：36—39
[3]GJB 323A-1996烧蚀材料烧蚀试验方法．北京：国防科工委军标出版社，1996
[4]GJB/J 5228-2003绝热层、包覆层氧-乙炔烧蚀率标准物质规范．北京：国防科工委军标出版社，2003
[5]何振邦．氧一乙炔焰流热流量的自动测量．西安工业学院学报，1997．17(2)149—152
[6]何振邦，王拉贤，张安荣，王连芙．计算机控制、测量氧一乙炔烧蚀试验装置的研制．西安工业学院学报，1997．17(1)50-53
[7]尹福炎．热流传感器及其应用概况．传感器世界，2000(11)：7—13
[8]戴景民，金钊．火焰温度测量技术研究．计量学报，2003．24(4)：297—302
[9]罗涛．简述几种国际上先进的测温技术．计量与测试技术,2001,(4)：8—9
[10]赖学江．热电偶高温测量应注意的问题．化学装备技术，2001，(4)：45-47
[11]李晓英．影响红外测温的主要因素及对策．山西机械,2001,(2)：47-48
[12]H.B.Chi,A.Bai,Y.J.Ramesh.A Band Processing Imaging Library for a TriCore Based Digital Still Camera.Real-Tune Imaging,2001,7(4):327-337
[13]B.Chen,S.Tojo,K.Watanabc.Machine Vision for a Micro Weeding Robot in a Paddy Field.Biosystems Engineering,2003,85(4):393-404
[14]S.C.Jiang,C.X.Chen.Temperature Measurement in the Oil Fired Tunnel Klin by Means of Infrared Radiation Thermometry.Proceedings of Tempmeko'99,Delft Netherlands,1999:637-641
[15]V.V.Nagarker,S.Vasile,E Gothoskar.CCD Based High Resolution Non-destructive Testing System for Industrial Applications.Apply Radiat,1997,48(10):1459-1465
[16]苏红雨，杨华元，卜翠英．数字图象处理技术应用于温场分布在线测量．光电工程．2000，27(1)：64-68
[17]E.Bompiani,E.Majorana,E Riccc.Single Devicetelemetric Alogrithm for Absolute Position Measurement Using a CCD Camera.Physics Letter A,2002,295(2):92-100
[18]D.Brydqes,E Deppner,H.Kunzli.Application of a 3-CCD Color Camera for Colorimetric and Densitometric Measurements.Proceedings of SPIE The Intema-tional Society for Optical Engineering,1998,3300:292-301
[19]Kimoto,Takayoshi,Takeda.A Method to Determine Long-range Order Para- meters from Eletron Diffraction Intensities Detected by a CCD camera.Utramicroscopy,2003,96(1):105-116
[20]姜学东，韦穗．基于彩色CCD的三色法测量炉膛火焰温度场分布．安徽大学学报，2002．26(2)：24—28
[21]郑辉．彩色面阵CCD在物体表面温度检测中的应用：(硕士学位论文)．北京：北京科技大学．2005．
[22]程晓舫，周洲．彩色三基色温度测量原理的研究．中国科学E辑，1997．13(1)：44—49
[23]王飞，薛飞，严建华等．运用彩色CCD双色信息测量燃烧火焰的温度场．发电设备，1998．(6)：2—5
[24]王飞，薛飞等．运用彩色CCD测量火焰温度场的试验研究及误差分析．热能动力工程，1998．13(2)：81—84
[25]王补宣．图像处理技术用于发光火焰温度分布测量的研究．工程热物理学报，1989，10(4)：446-448
[26]徐雁．非对成火焰三维温度场分布测量的重构算法．清华大学学报(自然科学版)，1996,36(10)：30-34
[27]厨怀春．煤粉燃烧火焰颜色定量分析试验研究．中国电机工程学报，1993,12(1)：44-49
[28]周怀春．炉膛火焰温度场图像处理试验研究．中国电机工程学报，1995,15(5)：295-300
[29]周怀春．单色火焰图像处理技术在锅炉燃烧监控中的应用研究。中国电机工程学报，1996,20(10)：18-22
[30]周怀春等．基于辐射图像处理的炉膛燃烧三维温度分布检测原理及分析．中国电机工程学报，1997,17(1)，1-4
[31]R.G Keanini,C.A.Allgood.Measurement of Time Varying Temperature FieldsUsing Visible Imaging CCD Cameras.Heat Mass Transfer,1996,23(3):305-314
[32]U.A.Tamburini.A Two-color Spatial Scanning Pyrometer for the Determination of Temperature Profiles in Combustion Synthesis Reation.Rev.Scientific Instruments, 1995,66(10):5006-5014
[33]Mumzhiu,Alex.Basic Design Principles of Colorimetric Vision Systems.Proceed-ings of SPIE The International Society for Optical Engineering,1998,3521:179-183
[34]李少辉，高丘，高稚允．图像比色法在炉膛火焰温度场实时监测的研究．光学技术．2002．28(2)：145-147
[35]D.Manta,M.Rovaglio.Infrared Thermographic Image Processing for the Operat-uon and Control o Heterogeneous Combustion Chambers.Combustion and Flame, 2002,130(4):277-297
[36]朱景伟，攀印海，赵宏革．循环流化床锅炉炉膛温度场检测系统．仪器仪表学报，2002，23(3)：157-158
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