生物质种纸材料的研制及其物理化学特性研究
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摘要
为了加快我国水稻直播种植机械化的步伐,避免育秧和插秧等一系列繁琐的劳动,本研究开发出一种可用于水稻直播种植的生物质材料,它能满足机械化铺种的条件,实现稻种的定距发芽生长,并具有自然降解转化为生态有机肥和抑制杂草生长等功能。
本文以稻草为该生物种纸的原材料,采用化学生物结合法对其预处理,来脱除其表面不利于纸张成型的蜡质等化合物。以抗张指数为纸张的表征量,采用三因素三水平的正交实验,得出最优水解试验条件为:碱度为1.2% ,水解温度115℃,水解时间20min,该条件下制备的纸张抗张指数为11.64 N.m.g-1 ,通过添加少量淀粉胶可以使纸张的机械强度达到使用要求。
对生物质胶粘剂的合成工艺进行了研究,通过对玉米淀粉进行糊化、氧化、交联等化学改性,并采用稻草作为填料,研制出具有一定粘度和初粘接力的改性淀粉胶粘剂。以胶粘剂的绝对粘度为表征量,采用四因素三水平的正交实验,得出最优合成工艺条件为:氧化温度为60℃,氧化时间为2.0h,氧化剂用量为0.6ml和交联剂用量为4.0g,该条件下合成的胶粘剂具有涂布均匀,粘度较大,初粘接力好等特点,符合使用要求。并对产物结构的红外光谱特征进行了分析。
为了考察该材料的实际使用效果,分别就其对发芽时间的影响、铺种方式对发芽的影响和它自然降解情况进行了室内铺种模拟试验,并对成本进行了估算。试验结果表明:1.开发的生物质材料不会对种子发芽有负面影响2.在水中完全自然降解的时间为70天3.材料成本约为0.09元/m2,可以为我国农民所接受。
In order to accelerate China's pace of mechanization of rice cultivation, and avoid a series of cumbersome labor such as breeding and transplanting, A kind of Bio-material used for paddy seeding sheet was prepared.It can satisfy the condition of mechanization of rice cultivation,and the seeds can germinate in a prescribed width.It will be degraded completely as fertilizer at last.Besides,it also can suppress the growth of weeds.
The straw was used as raw materials to make the paddy seeding sheet ,and the waxiness on the surface of straw which is going agaist the sheet making can be removed by the method of chemical and biological pretreatment.And the straw hydrolysis process was optimized by Orthogonal design experiment ,the results shew that when temperature was 121℃,alkalinity was 1.2% and the hydrolyzed time was 20min,the tensile index was 11.64 N.m.g-1.
The method of synthesize of bio-based adhesive used for making the paddy seeding sheet was studied . It can satisfy the design with starting material corn starch which was first modified by cooking with alkaline Pulps,then oxidation and cross-linking. And the method of synthesize was optimized by Orthogonal design experiment ,the results shew that when oxidized at 60℃about 1.5h by adding 0.6ml oxidizer and 5g cross-linkier,its Viscosity and Cohesive force is the best. And the structure of adhesive was characterized with IR.
Its applying feasibility is evaluated by the tests in the lab.The result shew that, 1. there is no negative impact on the germination of seeds by using the sheet 2. The seeding sheet will be degraded completely as fertilizer in the 70 days .3. Its cost is about 0.09$/m2and can be accepted by the Farmers in our Country .
本文以稻草为该生物种纸的原材料,采用化学生物结合法对其预处理,来脱除其表面不利于纸张成型的蜡质等化合物。以抗张指数为纸张的表征量,采用三因素三水平的正交实验,得出最优水解试验条件为:碱度为1.2% ,水解温度115℃,水解时间20min,该条件下制备的纸张抗张指数为11.64 N.m.g-1 ,通过添加少量淀粉胶可以使纸张的机械强度达到使用要求。
对生物质胶粘剂的合成工艺进行了研究,通过对玉米淀粉进行糊化、氧化、交联等化学改性,并采用稻草作为填料,研制出具有一定粘度和初粘接力的改性淀粉胶粘剂。以胶粘剂的绝对粘度为表征量,采用四因素三水平的正交实验,得出最优合成工艺条件为:氧化温度为60℃,氧化时间为2.0h,氧化剂用量为0.6ml和交联剂用量为4.0g,该条件下合成的胶粘剂具有涂布均匀,粘度较大,初粘接力好等特点,符合使用要求。并对产物结构的红外光谱特征进行了分析。
为了考察该材料的实际使用效果,分别就其对发芽时间的影响、铺种方式对发芽的影响和它自然降解情况进行了室内铺种模拟试验,并对成本进行了估算。试验结果表明:1.开发的生物质材料不会对种子发芽有负面影响2.在水中完全自然降解的时间为70天3.材料成本约为0.09元/m2,可以为我国农民所接受。
In order to accelerate China's pace of mechanization of rice cultivation, and avoid a series of cumbersome labor such as breeding and transplanting, A kind of Bio-material used for paddy seeding sheet was prepared.It can satisfy the condition of mechanization of rice cultivation,and the seeds can germinate in a prescribed width.It will be degraded completely as fertilizer at last.Besides,it also can suppress the growth of weeds.
The straw was used as raw materials to make the paddy seeding sheet ,and the waxiness on the surface of straw which is going agaist the sheet making can be removed by the method of chemical and biological pretreatment.And the straw hydrolysis process was optimized by Orthogonal design experiment ,the results shew that when temperature was 121℃,alkalinity was 1.2% and the hydrolyzed time was 20min,the tensile index was 11.64 N.m.g-1.
The method of synthesize of bio-based adhesive used for making the paddy seeding sheet was studied . It can satisfy the design with starting material corn starch which was first modified by cooking with alkaline Pulps,then oxidation and cross-linking. And the method of synthesize was optimized by Orthogonal design experiment ,the results shew that when oxidized at 60℃about 1.5h by adding 0.6ml oxidizer and 5g cross-linkier,its Viscosity and Cohesive force is the best. And the structure of adhesive was characterized with IR.
Its applying feasibility is evaluated by the tests in the lab.The result shew that, 1. there is no negative impact on the germination of seeds by using the sheet 2. The seeding sheet will be degraded completely as fertilizer in the 70 days .3. Its cost is about 0.09$/m2and can be accepted by the Farmers in our Country .
引文
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[3]朱德峰.水稻强化栽培技术[M].北京:中国农业科学技术出版社,2006.
[4]夏萍,张国平,杨青树.浅探水稻栽培机械化对农艺技术的要求[J].中国农机化,2000,(6): 42～43.
[5]袁月明,马旭.水稻种植机械化的现状及芽播机械化的展望[J].农机化研究, 2004,(1):41～43.
[6]袁国保.水稻种纸复合体及其种植方式[P].中国,CN200610019719.5,2007.
[7]曹德明.室内工业化生产直播种子地毯及其制作方法[P].中国,CN1695432A, 2005.11.
[8] ShinJeong-Joo(KR).Degradadable mulching mat and method of preparing the same[P] . China,TW229104B,2005.3.
[9]李家琼.膜纸折叠膜纸折叠育秧铺植种稻技术:中国,CN92104922.6[P].1994.1.
[10]李耀明,徐立章,向忠平等.日本水稻种植机械化技术的最新研究进展[J].农业工程学报,2005,21( 11) :182～185.
[11] Direct sowing paddy rice seed cultivation method using paper:Japanese, JP2005192431[P].2005.7.
[12] Nanba Taka Yuki.Seed contsined in zeolite paper prepared by utilizing wastepaper :Japanese,JP8023714[P].1996.1.
[13] Honda Rikio.Roll Paper with sealed seed and device for producing the same: Japanese, JP2000157007[P].2000.4.
[14] Ueno Hideto.Direct sowing mulching sheet or regenerated paper and its use: Japanese, JP10052176[P].,1998.2.
[15] Okuyama Yoshihiro.Production of seeding sheet:Japanese, JP5000005[P].1993.11.
[16] Takahashi Shiro.Method for directly sowing paddy rice on submerged paddy field[P].Japanese,JP6030605,1994.2
[17] Method for direct sowing on paddy field working machine there for and sheet for direct sowing on paddy field:Japanese,JP2167006[P].1990.6.
[18] Sakano Kazukiyo. Direct sowing sheet for paddy rice and sowing method using the same direct sowing sheet for paddy rice :Japanese,JP19990265656[P].1999.09.
[19]罗连成.综合利用秸秆资源的思考[J].西南科技报,1997.10(21):138～141.
[20]韩鲁佳,闰巧娟.中国农作物秸秆资源及其利用现状明[J].农业工程学报,2002,8(3):16～25.
[21]卢庆萍.秸秆处理技术研究进展[J].中国饲料,1999,(2):7～9.
[22]曾木详.制定秸秆直接还田技术规程的研究[J].土壤肥料,1995,8(4):28～33.
[23]郭庭双.农作物秸秆用作牲畜饲料[J].国外畜牧学,1989,(3):22～24.
[24] Crawford R L.Biodegradation and transformation[M],New York: John Wiley & Sons. Inc, 1981,15～31.
[25]邬义明主编.植物纤维学[M].北京:轻工业出版社,1990,202～224.
[26] J.A布赖德森.塑料材料[M].北京:化学工业出版社,1990,638～664.
[27] Betts W B,Mocarthy A J. Degradation of lignin-related compounds by actinomycetes[J].Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 1989,55(6):1642～1647.
[28] Biely P, Mislovicova D,Toman R. Chromogenic substrates for the assay of Endo-1,4-β-xylanases and Endo-1, 4-β-glucanases[J].Anal Biochem,1985,144.
[29]邓良伟.纤维素类物质生产燃料酒精研究进展[J].食品与发酵工业,1995 (6): 69～72.
[30]王仁振.碱化秸秆的工业化生产技术[J].饲料工业,1997(3):1～3.
[31] Butter D A. Methylation of membrane proteins in human erythrocyte ghosts[J]. Anim Sci,1982,(54):173～178.
[32]王仁振.青贮技术及其添加剂的选用[J].中国饲料,1997(24):10～11.
[33] Abdullah A L. Optimization of solid substrate fermentation of wheat straw [J]. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 1985,(27):20～27.
[34] Kornelia Zetelaki-Horrath. Protein of lignocellulosic agricultural wastes by mashrooms [J].Biotechnology and Bioengineerong,1984, (26):389～391.
[35]李汉泉.微生物处理秸秆的进展[J].饲料博览,1992,(2):46～49.
[36]罗立新.淀粉氧化改性粘合剂发展现状及展望[J].包装工程,2002, 23(5):65～69.
[37]杨光,范太炳.玉米淀粉胶粘剂的改性研究[J].中国胶粘剂,2003, 12(3):34～37.
[38] SyedH .Hmam, Peoria. Wood adhesive from cross-linked poly(vinylalcohol) and partially gelatinized starch[J].Preparation and Properties starch ,1999 (51):225～229.
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