东特提斯北支晚白垩世—古新世古海水沉积演化及成钾条件分析
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摘要
中生代晚期至新生代早期,全球大规模盐类聚集以及钾盐成矿集中发生在特提斯域。在特提斯南支,该事件以老挝—泰国钾盐盆地以及我国兰坪-思茅钾盐盆地的形成为显著标志,而在其北支则表现为中亚侏罗纪广泛成钾及塔里木盆地新生代广泛成盐。莎车盆地属于塔里木盆地西南部的次级盆地,晚白垩世-古新世处于新特提斯的北支,并作为当时连接中亚盐盆与塔里木盆地的通道,记录了这一时期古环境的演化过程。盆地上白垩统—古新统发育多套蒸发岩沉积,其是否具备找钾前景一直为地质学家所关注。那么,晚白垩世—古近纪莎车盆地究竟处于什么样的构造—古地理背景、其成盐物质来源、盐类聚集机理以及当时的古气候状况如何?其成钾条件又如何?这些问题的厘清,无疑对盆地下一步的钾盐勘探工作具有重要的理论和找钾实践意义。
本文以“构造—气候—物源”的耦合为主线,通过对莎车盆地上白垩统—古新统地层格架、岩性特征以及岩石组合类型的研究,对盆地这一时期不同阶段的岩相古地理面貌进行重建；同时基于孢粉组合、氧同位素温度指标以及石盐流体包裹体均一温度,对特提斯南支的老挝万象盆地以及特提斯北支的莎车盆地这一时期的古气候条件进行定量和定性的研究；结合硫同位素地球化学分析对成盐物质来源进行厘清。在上述研究的基础上,通过盐类物质聚集过程以及机理的研究,对莎车盆地上白垩统—古新统成钾条件进行系统分析,提出盆地内这一时期有利的找钾层位和区域。
运用石盐流体包裹体均一温度(Th),首次定量揭示了晚白垩世老挝万象盆地成钾过程中的古温度状况,并对数据的有效性和代表性进行细致讨论。石盐流体包裹体均一温度集中分布在30℃～55℃,表明晚白垩世该区处于高温大气条件,这与全球这一时期处于普遍高温的气候背景相一致；包裹体最高均一温度为62.1℃,则可能反映了老挝万象盆地处于更加极端的气候环境,盆地内大规模的钾盐富集可能正是始于对这种极端气候的沉积响应。不同层段包裹体均一温度在纵向上的变化可能暗示了在成盐成钾过程中,气候曾出现过短期、快速的波动,这为白垩纪古气候重建工作提供了又一数据支撑。
石膏／硬石膏硫同位素组成分析表明,莎车盆地及老挝万象钾盐盆地成盐成钾物质皆来源于当时的特提斯古海水,但在成盐成钾过程中可能遭受了周缘淡水的侵入,从而导致盆地内硫同位素组成特征上具有海—陆混合的特征。与此同时,两盆地含盐序列中普遍缺乏盐湖演化早期阶段的产物,表明两盆地在盐类物质的聚集过程中,存在海侵方向上的预备盆地对盐类物质提起进行分异,从而导致高浓度卤水直接进入盆地。中亚各盆地在西部间歇性海侵过程中,可能充当了莎车含盐盆地的预备盆地。
莎车盆地晚白垩世—古近纪一共经历了5次大规模的海侵—海退旋回,其大致可以和全球海平面的变化进行对比。在这5次大规模的海侵—海退旋回中,晚白垩世依格孜牙期—吐依洛克期的海侵—海退旋回造成了盆地内以石盐岩为主体的蒸发岩沉积,上白垩统吐依洛克组为盆地下一步找钾的重点层位。
依据莎车盆地盐岩钾离子含量分布特征,同时结合吐依洛克组岩相古地理面貌,提出莎车盆地吐依洛克组‘中间洼地’成盐模式,认为近海次级洼地在海侵过程中以及近陆次级洼地在海退过程中,容易受到正常海水和大陆淡水的侵入,不利于盐湖蒸发浓缩,而处于中间部位的次级洼地更有利于接受高浓度卤水等物质来源以及不容易受到周缘大陆水的淡化影响,为有利成钾区域。基于上述理论,初步推测乌帕尔-塔什米力克一带为莎车盆地成钾远景区。
Large-scale accumulation of salt and formation of potash concentrated in Tethys domain during late Mesozoic to early Cenozoic. These events were typified by the formation of Laos-Thailand and Lanping-Simao potash basin in the southern branch of Tethys and characterized by Central Asian Jurassic potash deposit and Cenozoic deposition of salt in Tarim basin in the northern branch of Tethys. The Yarkand basin which is a sub-basin of southwestern Tarim basin has located in the northern branch of Tethys since late Cretaceous and recorded the paleo-environmental evolution process as the channel between Tarim basin and Central Asian salt basin during this interval. Several sets of evaporates in upper Cretaceous-Paleocene occurred in Yarkand basin and whose perspective for potash prospecting has attracted attentions of geoscientists in the past decades. Thus what things are: what was the tectonic-paleogeographic background of evaporite deposition in Yarkand basin? Where are the salt material sourced? What is the accumaltion mechanism of salt? What are the paleo-climate conditions and the potash formation condition. Answers to these things would have important theoretic practical significance in the next phase of potash exploration.
This paper following the coupling among tectonics, climate and material sources, reconstructs lithofacies paleogeograph at differet stages of Yarkand basin through stratigraphic framework, lithologic character and rock association of formations in upper Cretaceous and Paleocene, reveals paleoclimatic conditions quantificationally and qualitatively in both Yarkand basin and Vientiane basin in Laos based on palynological assemblage, tempreture proxies of Oxygen isotope and homogenization temperature of halite fluid inclusion, clarifies salt sources by sulfur isotopes. On the basis of study aboved, systemic analysis on potash formation conditions are conducted and proposed favorable beds and area in Yarkand basin, combining with study of the accumulation process and mechanism of salt.
The late Cretaceous climatic condition is firstly revealed by homogenization temperature (Th) of halite fluid inclusions and the representive and valid of data are also dicussed in detail in this paper. The Th concentrated between30℃～55℃indicates a high temperature conditions in Laos that are consistented with the global high temperature background during late Cretaceous. The highest temperature of62.1℃shows a more extreme climatic environment in Vientiane basin, Laos that was responsed by the large-scale of potash deposits there. The changes of Th from different beds imply that a short-term and fast fluctuation could be occurred during potash deposition.
Sulfur isotopic composition of gypsum or anhydrites indicates that the salt materials in both Yarkand basin and Vientiane basin sourced from Tethys seawater with the influxion of fresh water from surroundings which resulted in the sulfur isotopic composition similar to that of water from both land and sea. The absence of early-stage products in saline lake evolution, indicates preparatory basin exsited in transgressive direction during the salt accumulation, which make the salt differentiation happened in advanced that led the brine with high concentration inflow into these basin directly. During the transgression, basins from Central Asian may play as a role of preparatory basin to Yarkand salt basin at the interval of late Cretaceous.
Five cycles of transgression-regressions between Late Cretaceous and Paleogene were distinguished, which is corresponding with the global sea level changes. During these five cycles, transgression-regression happened between Yigeziya Formation and Tuyiluoke Formation resulted in the devolpments of evaporates dominated by halite. The key bed in the next-phase potash exploration is the upper Cretaceous Tuyiluoke Formation.
Potassium ion content distribution of salt rocks and combining with lithofacies paleogeography at the time of Tuyiluoke Formation, an type of'middle sag'salt-formation model was suggested here that the saline lakes in both the sags located close to sea and land are fragile with the normal sea water and fresh water invading that is not good for saline lake concentration, while the sag located at the middle part is easier to received the brine with high concentration and less vulnerable to dissolution from surrounding fresh water and is a favourable area of potash formation. Therefore, Wupaer-Tashimilike areas are suggested as the areas of potash deposit-prospecting.
本文以“构造—气候—物源”的耦合为主线,通过对莎车盆地上白垩统—古新统地层格架、岩性特征以及岩石组合类型的研究,对盆地这一时期不同阶段的岩相古地理面貌进行重建；同时基于孢粉组合、氧同位素温度指标以及石盐流体包裹体均一温度,对特提斯南支的老挝万象盆地以及特提斯北支的莎车盆地这一时期的古气候条件进行定量和定性的研究；结合硫同位素地球化学分析对成盐物质来源进行厘清。在上述研究的基础上,通过盐类物质聚集过程以及机理的研究,对莎车盆地上白垩统—古新统成钾条件进行系统分析,提出盆地内这一时期有利的找钾层位和区域。
运用石盐流体包裹体均一温度(Th),首次定量揭示了晚白垩世老挝万象盆地成钾过程中的古温度状况,并对数据的有效性和代表性进行细致讨论。石盐流体包裹体均一温度集中分布在30℃～55℃,表明晚白垩世该区处于高温大气条件,这与全球这一时期处于普遍高温的气候背景相一致；包裹体最高均一温度为62.1℃,则可能反映了老挝万象盆地处于更加极端的气候环境,盆地内大规模的钾盐富集可能正是始于对这种极端气候的沉积响应。不同层段包裹体均一温度在纵向上的变化可能暗示了在成盐成钾过程中,气候曾出现过短期、快速的波动,这为白垩纪古气候重建工作提供了又一数据支撑。
石膏／硬石膏硫同位素组成分析表明,莎车盆地及老挝万象钾盐盆地成盐成钾物质皆来源于当时的特提斯古海水,但在成盐成钾过程中可能遭受了周缘淡水的侵入,从而导致盆地内硫同位素组成特征上具有海—陆混合的特征。与此同时,两盆地含盐序列中普遍缺乏盐湖演化早期阶段的产物,表明两盆地在盐类物质的聚集过程中,存在海侵方向上的预备盆地对盐类物质提起进行分异,从而导致高浓度卤水直接进入盆地。中亚各盆地在西部间歇性海侵过程中,可能充当了莎车含盐盆地的预备盆地。
莎车盆地晚白垩世—古近纪一共经历了5次大规模的海侵—海退旋回,其大致可以和全球海平面的变化进行对比。在这5次大规模的海侵—海退旋回中,晚白垩世依格孜牙期—吐依洛克期的海侵—海退旋回造成了盆地内以石盐岩为主体的蒸发岩沉积,上白垩统吐依洛克组为盆地下一步找钾的重点层位。
依据莎车盆地盐岩钾离子含量分布特征,同时结合吐依洛克组岩相古地理面貌,提出莎车盆地吐依洛克组‘中间洼地’成盐模式,认为近海次级洼地在海侵过程中以及近陆次级洼地在海退过程中,容易受到正常海水和大陆淡水的侵入,不利于盐湖蒸发浓缩,而处于中间部位的次级洼地更有利于接受高浓度卤水等物质来源以及不容易受到周缘大陆水的淡化影响,为有利成钾区域。基于上述理论,初步推测乌帕尔-塔什米力克一带为莎车盆地成钾远景区。
Large-scale accumulation of salt and formation of potash concentrated in Tethys domain during late Mesozoic to early Cenozoic. These events were typified by the formation of Laos-Thailand and Lanping-Simao potash basin in the southern branch of Tethys and characterized by Central Asian Jurassic potash deposit and Cenozoic deposition of salt in Tarim basin in the northern branch of Tethys. The Yarkand basin which is a sub-basin of southwestern Tarim basin has located in the northern branch of Tethys since late Cretaceous and recorded the paleo-environmental evolution process as the channel between Tarim basin and Central Asian salt basin during this interval. Several sets of evaporates in upper Cretaceous-Paleocene occurred in Yarkand basin and whose perspective for potash prospecting has attracted attentions of geoscientists in the past decades. Thus what things are: what was the tectonic-paleogeographic background of evaporite deposition in Yarkand basin? Where are the salt material sourced? What is the accumaltion mechanism of salt? What are the paleo-climate conditions and the potash formation condition. Answers to these things would have important theoretic practical significance in the next phase of potash exploration.
This paper following the coupling among tectonics, climate and material sources, reconstructs lithofacies paleogeograph at differet stages of Yarkand basin through stratigraphic framework, lithologic character and rock association of formations in upper Cretaceous and Paleocene, reveals paleoclimatic conditions quantificationally and qualitatively in both Yarkand basin and Vientiane basin in Laos based on palynological assemblage, tempreture proxies of Oxygen isotope and homogenization temperature of halite fluid inclusion, clarifies salt sources by sulfur isotopes. On the basis of study aboved, systemic analysis on potash formation conditions are conducted and proposed favorable beds and area in Yarkand basin, combining with study of the accumulation process and mechanism of salt.
The late Cretaceous climatic condition is firstly revealed by homogenization temperature (Th) of halite fluid inclusions and the representive and valid of data are also dicussed in detail in this paper. The Th concentrated between30℃～55℃indicates a high temperature conditions in Laos that are consistented with the global high temperature background during late Cretaceous. The highest temperature of62.1℃shows a more extreme climatic environment in Vientiane basin, Laos that was responsed by the large-scale of potash deposits there. The changes of Th from different beds imply that a short-term and fast fluctuation could be occurred during potash deposition.
Sulfur isotopic composition of gypsum or anhydrites indicates that the salt materials in both Yarkand basin and Vientiane basin sourced from Tethys seawater with the influxion of fresh water from surroundings which resulted in the sulfur isotopic composition similar to that of water from both land and sea. The absence of early-stage products in saline lake evolution, indicates preparatory basin exsited in transgressive direction during the salt accumulation, which make the salt differentiation happened in advanced that led the brine with high concentration inflow into these basin directly. During the transgression, basins from Central Asian may play as a role of preparatory basin to Yarkand salt basin at the interval of late Cretaceous.
Five cycles of transgression-regressions between Late Cretaceous and Paleogene were distinguished, which is corresponding with the global sea level changes. During these five cycles, transgression-regression happened between Yigeziya Formation and Tuyiluoke Formation resulted in the devolpments of evaporates dominated by halite. The key bed in the next-phase potash exploration is the upper Cretaceous Tuyiluoke Formation.
Potassium ion content distribution of salt rocks and combining with lithofacies paleogeography at the time of Tuyiluoke Formation, an type of'middle sag'salt-formation model was suggested here that the saline lakes in both the sags located close to sea and land are fragile with the normal sea water and fresh water invading that is not good for saline lake concentration, while the sag located at the middle part is easier to received the brine with high concentration and less vulnerable to dissolution from surrounding fresh water and is a favourable area of potash formation. Therefore, Wupaer-Tashimilike areas are suggested as the areas of potash deposit-prospecting.
引文
1 据国家重点基础研究计划973项目《中国陆块海相成钾规律及预测研究》2012年中期报告
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