隔膜电解槽阴极区降解有机物的研究
|
摘要
本文采用隔膜电解槽法,以硝基苯和罗丹明B为研究对象,研究了电解过程中阴极区的降解过程.并分别研究了阴极区在有溶解氧和无溶解氧条件下的降解情况。另外,作为对比实验,研究了研究区降解罗丹明B的情况。用硝基苯为研究对象,研究了阴极区OH以及H与硝基苯的反应机理。研究结果表明:
通过实验表明,电解过程中硝基苯以及它的电解产物的挥发量很少,这些有机物的挥发而导致电解液中COD的减少可以忽略不计;同时,本实验采用的隔膜的隔离效果良好,在有电流的情况下,能有效地防止了有机物的滲透。在电解液罗丹明B初始浓度为50 mg/L,电解液初始pH=5.3,电解质Na_2SO_4浓度1g/L,外加电压20 V以及电解时间2 h的条件下,有溶解氧电解时,罗丹明B的脱色率和COD_(Cr)去除率分别为45%和21%,相比于无溶解氧条件下的40%和15%。在硝基苯初始浓度120 mg/L,外加电压20 V,初始pH=5.3,电解质Na_2SO_4浓度0.025 mol/L以及电解时间2 h的条件下,有溶解氧时,阴极区硝基苯COD_(Cr)去除率为36%,而无溶解时则为16%。
硝基苯和罗丹明B的电解降解基本都是准一级反应。各影响因素对有机物的降解有着不同的影响:随着外加电压的增加,有机物的去除率有显著的增加;在低浓度范围内,随着电解液初始浓度的增加,有机物的去除率也在增加;不同电解液初始pH条件下,有机物的降解效果为:强酸＞弱酸和弱碱＞强碱,并且,在弱酸或弱碱范围内,电解液初始pH对有机物的降解几乎没有影响;随着电解质浓度的增加,有机物的去除率先快速增加,然后再缓慢减少。
有机物在阴极区的电解降解机理为:电解时,水中的H~+得到电子,变成H,H原子与电解液中的氧分子快速发生反应,生成强氧化性的HO_2和OH,或H直接与硝基苯反应生成C_6H_5NO_2-H adduct;生成的OH大部分能与硝基苯发生反应生成C_6H_5NO_2-OH adduct,C_6H_5NO_2-OH adduct又能与O_2进一步作用生成C_6H_5NO_2-OHO_2,而C_6H_5NO_2-H、C_6H_5NO_2-OH和C_6H_5NO_2-OHO_2均十分不稳定,它们都将迅速发生转化。其中C_6H_5NO_2-H有可能进一步生成苯胺、联苯类还原性物质,C_6H_5NO_2-OH和C_6H_5NO_2-OHO_2的后续反应则可能生成氧化态的物质。
With the method of membrane electrolysis cell,this paper studied the electrolytic degradation of Nitrobenzene(short for NB) and Rhodamine B(short for RhB) on cathodal room.It also talked about the electrochemical deoxidization characteristics of organics on cathodal room on the present of dissolved oxygen and without the prensent of dissolved oxygen.As a contrastive experiment,it also focused on the electrochemic degradation of RhB on the room of anode.It studied the reaction mechanism of NB with OH and H on cathodal room.The results showed:
The experiment showed that,the volatilization of NB and its products during the process of eletroclysis is too little to be ignored;the membrane used in the study was so good that it can avoid the infiltration of organics during the electrolysis.On the condition of applied voltage 20 V,the original pH of the electrolyte 5.3,the concentration of electrolyte Na2SO41 g/L,concentration of RhB 50 mg/L,electrolysis time 2 h and with the present of dissolved oxygen,the removal rate of RhB and COD_(Cr) is 45%and 21%respectively,contracting to that of 40%and 15%without the prensent of dissolved oxygen.
On the condition of applied voltage 20 V,the original pH of the electrolyte 5.3, the concentration of Nitrobenzene 120 mg/L,the concentration of electrolyte Na_2SO_4 0.025 mol/L,electrolysis time 2 h,and with the present of dissolved oxygen,the removal rate of COD_(Cr) was 36%,contracting to that of 16%without the prensent of dissolved oxygen.
The electrolytic degradatons of NB and RhB belonged to pseudo-first order reaction.And different factors had different effect on the degradation of organics.
The electrolytic reaction mechanism of cathodal room was:during the courses of electrolysis,the H~+ of H_2O get an electron,become H.H and O_2 react quickly in the electrolyte,and make HO_2 and OH,which are strong active.HO_2 and OH can oxidate NB.
通过实验表明,电解过程中硝基苯以及它的电解产物的挥发量很少,这些有机物的挥发而导致电解液中COD的减少可以忽略不计;同时,本实验采用的隔膜的隔离效果良好,在有电流的情况下,能有效地防止了有机物的滲透。在电解液罗丹明B初始浓度为50 mg/L,电解液初始pH=5.3,电解质Na_2SO_4浓度1g/L,外加电压20 V以及电解时间2 h的条件下,有溶解氧电解时,罗丹明B的脱色率和COD_(Cr)去除率分别为45%和21%,相比于无溶解氧条件下的40%和15%。在硝基苯初始浓度120 mg/L,外加电压20 V,初始pH=5.3,电解质Na_2SO_4浓度0.025 mol/L以及电解时间2 h的条件下,有溶解氧时,阴极区硝基苯COD_(Cr)去除率为36%,而无溶解时则为16%。
硝基苯和罗丹明B的电解降解基本都是准一级反应。各影响因素对有机物的降解有着不同的影响:随着外加电压的增加,有机物的去除率有显著的增加;在低浓度范围内,随着电解液初始浓度的增加,有机物的去除率也在增加;不同电解液初始pH条件下,有机物的降解效果为:强酸＞弱酸和弱碱＞强碱,并且,在弱酸或弱碱范围内,电解液初始pH对有机物的降解几乎没有影响;随着电解质浓度的增加,有机物的去除率先快速增加,然后再缓慢减少。
有机物在阴极区的电解降解机理为:电解时,水中的H~+得到电子,变成H,H原子与电解液中的氧分子快速发生反应,生成强氧化性的HO_2和OH,或H直接与硝基苯反应生成C_6H_5NO_2-H adduct;生成的OH大部分能与硝基苯发生反应生成C_6H_5NO_2-OH adduct,C_6H_5NO_2-OH adduct又能与O_2进一步作用生成C_6H_5NO_2-OHO_2,而C_6H_5NO_2-H、C_6H_5NO_2-OH和C_6H_5NO_2-OHO_2均十分不稳定,它们都将迅速发生转化。其中C_6H_5NO_2-H有可能进一步生成苯胺、联苯类还原性物质,C_6H_5NO_2-OH和C_6H_5NO_2-OHO_2的后续反应则可能生成氧化态的物质。
With the method of membrane electrolysis cell,this paper studied the electrolytic degradation of Nitrobenzene(short for NB) and Rhodamine B(short for RhB) on cathodal room.It also talked about the electrochemical deoxidization characteristics of organics on cathodal room on the present of dissolved oxygen and without the prensent of dissolved oxygen.As a contrastive experiment,it also focused on the electrochemic degradation of RhB on the room of anode.It studied the reaction mechanism of NB with OH and H on cathodal room.The results showed:
The experiment showed that,the volatilization of NB and its products during the process of eletroclysis is too little to be ignored;the membrane used in the study was so good that it can avoid the infiltration of organics during the electrolysis.On the condition of applied voltage 20 V,the original pH of the electrolyte 5.3,the concentration of electrolyte Na2SO41 g/L,concentration of RhB 50 mg/L,electrolysis time 2 h and with the present of dissolved oxygen,the removal rate of RhB and COD_(Cr) is 45%and 21%respectively,contracting to that of 40%and 15%without the prensent of dissolved oxygen.
On the condition of applied voltage 20 V,the original pH of the electrolyte 5.3, the concentration of Nitrobenzene 120 mg/L,the concentration of electrolyte Na_2SO_4 0.025 mol/L,electrolysis time 2 h,and with the present of dissolved oxygen,the removal rate of COD_(Cr) was 36%,contracting to that of 16%without the prensent of dissolved oxygen.
The electrolytic degradatons of NB and RhB belonged to pseudo-first order reaction.And different factors had different effect on the degradation of organics.
The electrolytic reaction mechanism of cathodal room was:during the courses of electrolysis,the H~+ of H_2O get an electron,become H.H and O_2 react quickly in the electrolyte,and make HO_2 and OH,which are strong active.HO_2 and OH can oxidate NB.
引文
[1]蒋展鹏.环境工程学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2005:65-200.
[2]Dinesh M,Kunwar P S,Deblina G.Removal of α-picoline,β-picoline and γ-picoline from synthetic wastewater using low cost activated carbons derived from coconut shell fibers[J].Environmental Science & Technology,2005,39(13),5076-2086.
[3]魏宏斌,徐迪民.水中有机污染物物理、化学处理技术的现状及发展趋势[J].上海环境科学,1997,16(4):15-18.
[4]Zhang C Z,Yng J,Wu Z D.Electroreduction of Nitrobenzene on Titanium Electrode Implanted with Platinum[J].Materials Sci.& Eng,2000,B65:138-142.
[5]雷晓玲,张晓健.焦化废水中有机物的生物处理特性及处理工艺改进对策[J].环境科学学报,1995,15(4):385-389.
[6]王雪梅,刘燕,华志浩,郭国凉良.胞外聚合物对浸没式膜-生物反应器过滤性能的影响[J].环境科学学报,2005,25(12):1602-1607.
[7]万年升,顾继东,郝伏勤,肖翔群.Rhodococcus sp.Ns对硝基苯酚的好氧生物降解[J].环境科学,2007,28(2):431-435.
[8]邓景发,范康年。物理化学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1993:725
[9]马海玲。谈谈电解的一般规律.青海教育.2007,7:84.
[10]孙得智,环境工程中的高级氧化技术[M].2004:化学化工出版社.189-190.
[11]肖羽堂,张飞白.电化学氧化技术除去有机物的研究进展.江苏化工,2007,35(1):6-9.
[12]许文林,王雅琼,高明国.固定床电化学反应器的模型方程求解[J].扬州大学学报:自然科学版,2000,3(1):53-57.
[13]冯玉杰,崔玉虹,孙丽欣,刘峻峰,蔡伟民.电化学废水处理技术及高效电催化电机的研究与进展[J].哈尔滨工业大学学报,2004,36(4):450-455.
[14]张文博,刘发强,牛进龙.铁碳内电解法处理化工废水的研究.石化技术与应用.2007,25(1):44-47.
[15]胡志军,李友明.环境友好的电化学水处理技术[J].西南造纸,2006,35(3):13-15.
[16]周璇,刘慧.内电解预处理酵母工业废水研究.环境科学与技术,2006(11):69-71.
[17]陈国华,王光信。电化学方法应用[M].北京:化学化工出版社。2003:166-167。
[18]周抗寒,周定.用涂膜活性炭提高复极性电解槽电解效率.环境科学,1994,15(2):38-40.
[19]贾金平,申哲明,周红。电化学方法治理废水的研究与进展。上海环境科学,1999,18(1):29-32.
[20]Bechtold T,Burtscher E,Turcanu A.Direct cathodic reduction of Leuco Sulfur Black 1 and Sulfur Black 1[J].Journal of App lied Electrochem,1998,28:1243-1250.
[21]D W Kirk,H Sharifian,F R Foulkes.Anodic oxidation of aniline for wastewater treatment.Applied Electrochemistry,1985,15:285-292
[22]Comninellis,Vercesi G P.Characterization of DSA - type oxygen evolving electrodes -choice of coating.Applied Electrochemistry.1991,21(4):335-345.
[23]Comninellis Ch,Nerini A.Anodic oxidation of phenol in the presence of NaCl for wastewater treatment.Applied Electrochemistry,1995,25:23-28.
[24]陈武,李凡修,梅平.三维电极方法降解模拟废水COD机理研究,环境科学与技术.2002(01)
[25]崔艳萍,杨昌柱.电化学氧化法在难降解有机废水处理中的应用[J].工业安全与环保,2004,30(6):12-14.
[26]Comninellis Ch,pulgarin C.Anodic oxidation of phenol for waste water treatment.Applied Electrochemistry,1991,21:703-708.
[27]V Smith,De Sucre,Watkinson A P.Anodic oxidation of phenol for wastewater treatment.The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering,1981,68:997.
[28]Cominellis Ch.Electro catalysis in the electrochemical conversion/combustion of organic pollutants for waste water treatment.Applied Electrochemistry,1994,39:1857-1862.
[29]F.Beck,Hschulz.Cr - Ti - Sb oxide composite anodes:electro - organic oxidation.Applied Electrochemistry,1987,17:914-924.
[30]Proceedings of the sixth international forum on electrolysis environmental applications of electrochemical technology.Electrosynthesis Co.1992
[31]王海燕.光电协同催化氧化苯甲酸的试验研究[J].环境科学.2004,25(1):24229
[32]安太成,袁建梅.不同产地矿物对有机-钛柱撑蒙脱石复合材料光催化活性的影响.地球化学.2006,35(4):333-345.
[33]吴合进,吴鸣.增强型电场协助光催化降解有机污染物.催化学报.2000,21(5):399-403.
[34]刘静,谢英,卞华松.超声电化学法处理印染废水的实验研究.上海环境科学,2001,20(3):151-152
[35]陈卫国,熊亚,彭玉凡,等.声电催化氧化降解有机污染物的基础研究.水处理技术,2001,27(3):152-155
[36]王斌,管玉江,杨卫身,电氧化还原法处理染料废水的研究进展,印染.2005,No11.
[37]杨辉,卢文庆.应用电化学[M].北京:科学出版社,2001,23.
[38]周艳伟.恒电位和恒电流下苋菜红在ACF上的电化学脱色[K].大连理工大学硕士学位论文,2004.(ACF电极上苋菜红的恒电流电化学脱色,高校化学工程学报,2006,4第20卷第2期,No2(20) )
[39]Bechtold T,Burtscher E,Turcanu A.Cathodic decolourisation of textile waste water containing reactive dyes using a multi2cathode electrolyser[J].J.Chem.Technol.Biotechnol,2001,76:303-310.
[40]Bechtold T,Burtscher E,Turcanu A.Direct cathodic reduction of Leuco Sulfur Black 1 and Sulfur Black 1[J].Journal of App lied Electrochem,1998,28:1243-1250.
[41]Bechtold T,Mader C,Mader J.Cathodic decolourization of textile dyebaths:Tests with full-scale plant[J].Journal of Applied Electrochemistry,2002,32:943-950.
[42]Yasuki Yoshida,etal.Decoloration ofazo dye using atomic hydrogen permeating through a Pt-modified palladized Pd sheet electrode[J].Electrochimica Acta,1999,45:409
[43]Cerón-Rivera M,Dóvila-Jim énez MM,Eiizalde-Gonz ólez MP.Degradation of the textile dyes Basic yellow 28 and Reactive black 5 using diamond and metal alloys electrodes[J].Chemosphere,2004,55:1-10.
[44]于爱民,曲久辉,姜桂兰.电化学方法降解酸性红B研究[J].环境科学,2003,24(2):108-111.
[45]樊金红,徐文英,高廷耀.硝基苯在铜电极上的点还原特性研究[J].电化学,2005,11(3):341-345.
[46]李玉平,曹宏斌,张懿.硝基苯在温和条件下的电化学还原.环境科学,2005,26(1):117-121.
[47]马淳安,张文魁,黄辉等。硝基苯的点还原特性研究。电化学,1999,5(4):395-399。
[48]徐文英,樊金红,高挺耀。硝基苯类化合物在铜电极上的点还原特性和还原机理。环境化学,2005,24(1):17-21。
[49]柯水洲,胡翔.硝基苯处理技术的研究进展.给排水.2006,增刊,32:161-164.
[50]陈明,阴永光.项空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用快速测定环境水样中的硝基苯,苯和苯胺.科学通报,2006 2(1):15-19.
[51]待程云,周启星,马奇英等.染料废水处理技术的研究与进展[J].环境污染治理技术与设备.2003,4(6):56-60.
[52]胡宝珍.罗丹明B萃取光度法测定铝土矿中镓的质量保证.冶金分析.2005,25(2):95-96.
[53]盛怡,李光明,有机废水电化学氧化阳极材料的研究进展.工业废水处理,2006,26(3):4-7
[54]中国标准出版社第二编辑室.中国环境保护标准汇编水质分析方法[M].北京:中国标准出版社,2001:280-283.
[55]冷文华.张昭.光催化降解苯胺的研究--单槽与双槽光反应器对比.环境科学学报.2001,1(10):102-105.
[56]大连理工大学无机化学教研室编,无机化学(第三版)上册[M],高等教育出版社,1990
[57]刘咏,刘丹,龙炳清.电极材料对电解法处理循环式准好氧垃圾填埋场渗滤液效果的影响研究.环境污染治理技术与设备.2006,7(7):53-57.
[58]王静毅.脉冲电镀制备钛基二氧化铅电极.过程工程学报.2003,6(2):95-97.
[59]史红星,刘会娟,曲永辉.富营养化水体中微囊藻细胞碎屑对氨氮的吸附特性.2005,3(3):266-270.
[60]徐莹.新型二氧化铅电极电解处理有机染料废水的研究.复旦大学硕士学位论文.2005:20-30.
[61]深沢旭,电着二酸化铅电极の改良,电气化学をょび工业物理化学,1981,vol.49(7)
[62]Boleslaw Fleszar,Jolanta Ptoszynska,An Attempt of Define Benzene and Phenol Electrochemical Oxidation Mechanism,Electrochimica Acta.,1985,vol.30(1)
[63]R.Amadelli,A.De Battisiti,D.V.Girenko,Electrochemical Oxidation of Trans-3,4-Dihydroxycinnamic Acid at PbO2 Electrodes:Direct Electrolysis and Ozone Mediated Reaction Compared,Electroehimica.Acta.,2000,vol.46:341-347
[64]Dietrich Wabner,Clemens Grambow,Reactive Intermediates During Oxidation of Water at Lead Dioxide and Platinum Electrodes,J.Electroanal.Chem.,1985,vol.195:95-108
[65]武汉大学、吉林大学等编,无机化学(下),高等教育出版社,1983
[66]Comninellis C,Pulgarin C.Anodic oxidation of phenol for wastewater treatment[J].Applied Electrochemistry,1991,21(8):703-705.
[67]Comninellis,C.;Pulgarin,C.J.Appl.Electrochem.1991,21:703
[68]Gattrell,M.;Kirk,D.W.Canadian J.Chem.Eng..1990,68:997
[69]David R.Lide.Journal of physical chemistry reference data J].1992,21(6):1127.
[70]宋卫国,朱锡海.电催化产生H_2O_2和·OH 及去除废水中有机污染物的应用[J].中国环境科学,1998,18:148-150.
[71]朱承驻,张仁熙,郑光明,等.吸收光谱研究苯与H_2O_2水溶液的反应机理[J].物理化学学报,2004,20(9):1112-1117.
[72]Buxton G.V,Greenstock C.L,Heiman W.P,et al.tical review of rate constants for reactions of hydrated electrons,hydrogen atoms and hydroxyl radicals(OH/O-) in aqueous solution [J].J..Phys.Chem.Ref.Data,1988,17:513-886
[73]Neta P,Dorfman L.M.Pulse-radiolysis studies XIV Rate constants for the reactions of hydrogen atoms with aromatic compounds in aqueous solution[J].J.Phys.Chem.,1969,73(2):413-417.
[74]Asmus,K.D,Cercek,B,Ebert,M,et al.Pulse radiolysis ofnitrobenzene solution[J].Trans.Faraday Soc.1967,63:2435-2441.
[75]王淑惠,于勇,侯健,等.4-氯酚稀水溶液的脉冲辐解研究[J].化学学报,2001,59(2):151-157.
[76]董文博,王淑惠,姚思德,等.水相中·OH,·H和e-aq与2-氯酚反应机理研究[J].高等学校化学学报,2002,23(10):1986-1900.
[77]朱杰,张仁熙,潘循皙,等.水相中溴苯与OH自由基、H原子及水合电子e_(aq)--的反应机理[J].环境科学,2002,23:69-72.
[78]贾金平,杨骥,廖军.活性炭纤维电极法处理染料废水的探讨.上海环境科学,1997,16(4):19-22.
[79]刘华丽.印染废水的生物处理技术.环境科学与技术,1996,72(2):42.
[80]中华人民共和国环境保护部网站http://www.sepa.gov.cn/.2008,04.
[2]Dinesh M,Kunwar P S,Deblina G.Removal of α-picoline,β-picoline and γ-picoline from synthetic wastewater using low cost activated carbons derived from coconut shell fibers[J].Environmental Science & Technology,2005,39(13),5076-2086.
[3]魏宏斌,徐迪民.水中有机污染物物理、化学处理技术的现状及发展趋势[J].上海环境科学,1997,16(4):15-18.
[4]Zhang C Z,Yng J,Wu Z D.Electroreduction of Nitrobenzene on Titanium Electrode Implanted with Platinum[J].Materials Sci.& Eng,2000,B65:138-142.
[5]雷晓玲,张晓健.焦化废水中有机物的生物处理特性及处理工艺改进对策[J].环境科学学报,1995,15(4):385-389.
[6]王雪梅,刘燕,华志浩,郭国凉良.胞外聚合物对浸没式膜-生物反应器过滤性能的影响[J].环境科学学报,2005,25(12):1602-1607.
[7]万年升,顾继东,郝伏勤,肖翔群.Rhodococcus sp.Ns对硝基苯酚的好氧生物降解[J].环境科学,2007,28(2):431-435.
[8]邓景发,范康年。物理化学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1993:725
[9]马海玲。谈谈电解的一般规律.青海教育.2007,7:84.
[10]孙得智,环境工程中的高级氧化技术[M].2004:化学化工出版社.189-190.
[11]肖羽堂,张飞白.电化学氧化技术除去有机物的研究进展.江苏化工,2007,35(1):6-9.
[12]许文林,王雅琼,高明国.固定床电化学反应器的模型方程求解[J].扬州大学学报:自然科学版,2000,3(1):53-57.
[13]冯玉杰,崔玉虹,孙丽欣,刘峻峰,蔡伟民.电化学废水处理技术及高效电催化电机的研究与进展[J].哈尔滨工业大学学报,2004,36(4):450-455.
[14]张文博,刘发强,牛进龙.铁碳内电解法处理化工废水的研究.石化技术与应用.2007,25(1):44-47.
[15]胡志军,李友明.环境友好的电化学水处理技术[J].西南造纸,2006,35(3):13-15.
[16]周璇,刘慧.内电解预处理酵母工业废水研究.环境科学与技术,2006(11):69-71.
[17]陈国华,王光信。电化学方法应用[M].北京:化学化工出版社。2003:166-167。
[18]周抗寒,周定.用涂膜活性炭提高复极性电解槽电解效率.环境科学,1994,15(2):38-40.
[19]贾金平,申哲明,周红。电化学方法治理废水的研究与进展。上海环境科学,1999,18(1):29-32.
[20]Bechtold T,Burtscher E,Turcanu A.Direct cathodic reduction of Leuco Sulfur Black 1 and Sulfur Black 1[J].Journal of App lied Electrochem,1998,28:1243-1250.
[21]D W Kirk,H Sharifian,F R Foulkes.Anodic oxidation of aniline for wastewater treatment.Applied Electrochemistry,1985,15:285-292
[22]Comninellis,Vercesi G P.Characterization of DSA - type oxygen evolving electrodes -choice of coating.Applied Electrochemistry.1991,21(4):335-345.
[23]Comninellis Ch,Nerini A.Anodic oxidation of phenol in the presence of NaCl for wastewater treatment.Applied Electrochemistry,1995,25:23-28.
[24]陈武,李凡修,梅平.三维电极方法降解模拟废水COD机理研究,环境科学与技术.2002(01)
[25]崔艳萍,杨昌柱.电化学氧化法在难降解有机废水处理中的应用[J].工业安全与环保,2004,30(6):12-14.
[26]Comninellis Ch,pulgarin C.Anodic oxidation of phenol for waste water treatment.Applied Electrochemistry,1991,21:703-708.
[27]V Smith,De Sucre,Watkinson A P.Anodic oxidation of phenol for wastewater treatment.The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering,1981,68:997.
[28]Cominellis Ch.Electro catalysis in the electrochemical conversion/combustion of organic pollutants for waste water treatment.Applied Electrochemistry,1994,39:1857-1862.
[29]F.Beck,Hschulz.Cr - Ti - Sb oxide composite anodes:electro - organic oxidation.Applied Electrochemistry,1987,17:914-924.
[30]Proceedings of the sixth international forum on electrolysis environmental applications of electrochemical technology.Electrosynthesis Co.1992
[31]王海燕.光电协同催化氧化苯甲酸的试验研究[J].环境科学.2004,25(1):24229
[32]安太成,袁建梅.不同产地矿物对有机-钛柱撑蒙脱石复合材料光催化活性的影响.地球化学.2006,35(4):333-345.
[33]吴合进,吴鸣.增强型电场协助光催化降解有机污染物.催化学报.2000,21(5):399-403.
[34]刘静,谢英,卞华松.超声电化学法处理印染废水的实验研究.上海环境科学,2001,20(3):151-152
[35]陈卫国,熊亚,彭玉凡,等.声电催化氧化降解有机污染物的基础研究.水处理技术,2001,27(3):152-155
[36]王斌,管玉江,杨卫身,电氧化还原法处理染料废水的研究进展,印染.2005,No11.
[37]杨辉,卢文庆.应用电化学[M].北京:科学出版社,2001,23.
[38]周艳伟.恒电位和恒电流下苋菜红在ACF上的电化学脱色[K].大连理工大学硕士学位论文,2004.(ACF电极上苋菜红的恒电流电化学脱色,高校化学工程学报,2006,4第20卷第2期,No2(20) )
[39]Bechtold T,Burtscher E,Turcanu A.Cathodic decolourisation of textile waste water containing reactive dyes using a multi2cathode electrolyser[J].J.Chem.Technol.Biotechnol,2001,76:303-310.
[40]Bechtold T,Burtscher E,Turcanu A.Direct cathodic reduction of Leuco Sulfur Black 1 and Sulfur Black 1[J].Journal of App lied Electrochem,1998,28:1243-1250.
[41]Bechtold T,Mader C,Mader J.Cathodic decolourization of textile dyebaths:Tests with full-scale plant[J].Journal of Applied Electrochemistry,2002,32:943-950.
[42]Yasuki Yoshida,etal.Decoloration ofazo dye using atomic hydrogen permeating through a Pt-modified palladized Pd sheet electrode[J].Electrochimica Acta,1999,45:409
[43]Cerón-Rivera M,Dóvila-Jim énez MM,Eiizalde-Gonz ólez MP.Degradation of the textile dyes Basic yellow 28 and Reactive black 5 using diamond and metal alloys electrodes[J].Chemosphere,2004,55:1-10.
[44]于爱民,曲久辉,姜桂兰.电化学方法降解酸性红B研究[J].环境科学,2003,24(2):108-111.
[45]樊金红,徐文英,高廷耀.硝基苯在铜电极上的点还原特性研究[J].电化学,2005,11(3):341-345.
[46]李玉平,曹宏斌,张懿.硝基苯在温和条件下的电化学还原.环境科学,2005,26(1):117-121.
[47]马淳安,张文魁,黄辉等。硝基苯的点还原特性研究。电化学,1999,5(4):395-399。
[48]徐文英,樊金红,高挺耀。硝基苯类化合物在铜电极上的点还原特性和还原机理。环境化学,2005,24(1):17-21。
[49]柯水洲,胡翔.硝基苯处理技术的研究进展.给排水.2006,增刊,32:161-164.
[50]陈明,阴永光.项空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用快速测定环境水样中的硝基苯,苯和苯胺.科学通报,2006 2(1):15-19.
[51]待程云,周启星,马奇英等.染料废水处理技术的研究与进展[J].环境污染治理技术与设备.2003,4(6):56-60.
[52]胡宝珍.罗丹明B萃取光度法测定铝土矿中镓的质量保证.冶金分析.2005,25(2):95-96.
[53]盛怡,李光明,有机废水电化学氧化阳极材料的研究进展.工业废水处理,2006,26(3):4-7
[54]中国标准出版社第二编辑室.中国环境保护标准汇编水质分析方法[M].北京:中国标准出版社,2001:280-283.
[55]冷文华.张昭.光催化降解苯胺的研究--单槽与双槽光反应器对比.环境科学学报.2001,1(10):102-105.
[56]大连理工大学无机化学教研室编,无机化学(第三版)上册[M],高等教育出版社,1990
[57]刘咏,刘丹,龙炳清.电极材料对电解法处理循环式准好氧垃圾填埋场渗滤液效果的影响研究.环境污染治理技术与设备.2006,7(7):53-57.
[58]王静毅.脉冲电镀制备钛基二氧化铅电极.过程工程学报.2003,6(2):95-97.
[59]史红星,刘会娟,曲永辉.富营养化水体中微囊藻细胞碎屑对氨氮的吸附特性.2005,3(3):266-270.
[60]徐莹.新型二氧化铅电极电解处理有机染料废水的研究.复旦大学硕士学位论文.2005:20-30.
[61]深沢旭,电着二酸化铅电极の改良,电气化学をょび工业物理化学,1981,vol.49(7)
[62]Boleslaw Fleszar,Jolanta Ptoszynska,An Attempt of Define Benzene and Phenol Electrochemical Oxidation Mechanism,Electrochimica Acta.,1985,vol.30(1)
[63]R.Amadelli,A.De Battisiti,D.V.Girenko,Electrochemical Oxidation of Trans-3,4-Dihydroxycinnamic Acid at PbO2 Electrodes:Direct Electrolysis and Ozone Mediated Reaction Compared,Electroehimica.Acta.,2000,vol.46:341-347
[64]Dietrich Wabner,Clemens Grambow,Reactive Intermediates During Oxidation of Water at Lead Dioxide and Platinum Electrodes,J.Electroanal.Chem.,1985,vol.195:95-108
[65]武汉大学、吉林大学等编,无机化学(下),高等教育出版社,1983
[66]Comninellis C,Pulgarin C.Anodic oxidation of phenol for wastewater treatment[J].Applied Electrochemistry,1991,21(8):703-705.
[67]Comninellis,C.;Pulgarin,C.J.Appl.Electrochem.1991,21:703
[68]Gattrell,M.;Kirk,D.W.Canadian J.Chem.Eng..1990,68:997
[69]David R.Lide.Journal of physical chemistry reference data J].1992,21(6):1127.
[70]宋卫国,朱锡海.电催化产生H_2O_2和·OH 及去除废水中有机污染物的应用[J].中国环境科学,1998,18:148-150.
[71]朱承驻,张仁熙,郑光明,等.吸收光谱研究苯与H_2O_2水溶液的反应机理[J].物理化学学报,2004,20(9):1112-1117.
[72]Buxton G.V,Greenstock C.L,Heiman W.P,et al.tical review of rate constants for reactions of hydrated electrons,hydrogen atoms and hydroxyl radicals(OH/O-) in aqueous solution [J].J..Phys.Chem.Ref.Data,1988,17:513-886
[73]Neta P,Dorfman L.M.Pulse-radiolysis studies XIV Rate constants for the reactions of hydrogen atoms with aromatic compounds in aqueous solution[J].J.Phys.Chem.,1969,73(2):413-417.
[74]Asmus,K.D,Cercek,B,Ebert,M,et al.Pulse radiolysis ofnitrobenzene solution[J].Trans.Faraday Soc.1967,63:2435-2441.
[75]王淑惠,于勇,侯健,等.4-氯酚稀水溶液的脉冲辐解研究[J].化学学报,2001,59(2):151-157.
[76]董文博,王淑惠,姚思德,等.水相中·OH,·H和e-aq与2-氯酚反应机理研究[J].高等学校化学学报,2002,23(10):1986-1900.
[77]朱杰,张仁熙,潘循皙,等.水相中溴苯与OH自由基、H原子及水合电子e_(aq)--的反应机理[J].环境科学,2002,23:69-72.
[78]贾金平,杨骥,廖军.活性炭纤维电极法处理染料废水的探讨.上海环境科学,1997,16(4):19-22.
[79]刘华丽.印染废水的生物处理技术.环境科学与技术,1996,72(2):42.
[80]中华人民共和国环境保护部网站http://www.sepa.gov.cn/.2008,04.