化学农药对水稻生理生化和品质的影响及其残留效应分析
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摘要
以代表性的杀菌剂和杀虫剂农药三环唑、三唑磷和吡虫啉为材料,研究不同的农药处理对水稻植株生理生化和品质的影响,并分析测定了农药残留状况。主要结果如下:
1、选择三唑磷和吡虫啉两种杀虫剂,研究分蘖期不同浓度处理对水稻植株生理生化的影响,结果表明:(1)施用农药增加了叶片中丙二醛的含量,影响程度随不同农药处理而异,不同浓度之间的差异呈现先增加后降低的趋势;(2)对叶绿素的影响在农药种类和浓度间有差异,不同浓度的两种农药处理均引起叶绿素含量的下降,最大效应值在药后10天左右;(3)施用农药后均不同程度的降低了光合速率,施药对上述三者的影响吡虫啉大于三唑磷,且浓度越高效应越大。(4)施用农药降低了叶片中可溶性糖的含量,茎秆中可溶性糖含量在药后15~25d要高于对照,相同浓度处理下的叶片中可溶性糖含量要高于茎秆;(5)施用农药降低氨基酸含量,差异一般在药后10~20d比较明显。
2、选择三环唑(杀菌剂)和三唑磷、吡虫啉两种杀虫剂,研究不同时期和不同浓度处理对镇稻8号稻米品质的影响,结果表明:(1)农药对水稻碾米品质的影响因农药和浓度而异,三唑磷和吡虫啉对稻米的碾米品质影响大于三环唑,高浓度处理对稻米出糙率和精米率影响大于低浓度处理;(2)农药对外观品质的影响随农药浓度和施用时期不同而异;(3)施用三环唑提高了水稻直链淀粉含量,在始穗期-灌浆期范围内,施药期越后增幅效应越明显,而施用三唑磷和吡虫啉结果则相反;(4)农药对粗蛋白含量的影响因农药品种而异,施用三环唑降低籽粒中粗蛋白含量;(5)农药处理对RVA谱各特征参数的影响不一,各农药处理增加了PKV和BDV,而降低了SBV和PT,对CSV的影响因不同农药种类而异。
3、选择吡虫啉可湿性粉剂,研究抽穗期不同浓度农药处理下土壤、稻株和稻谷中的农药残留消解动态,结果表明:(1)抽穗期施药,吡虫啉在土壤中的半衰期为14.1d,而在水稻植株中的半衰期则为6.6d;(2)抽穗期和灌浆结实期分别喷施不同浓度的吡虫啉,糙米中只有灌浆结实期的80g/667m~2处理中检测出吡虫啉含量0.030mg/kg,其它处理则在检测限0.025mg/kg以下;土壤中只有灌浆结实期的60g/667m~2和80g/667m~2处理中检测出有吡虫啉含量,均低于国际标准;灌浆结实期三个浓度的处理中稻秆和米糠均检测出较高的吡虫啉残留量。
With typical pesticides such as trizyclazole、triazophos and imidacloprid as materials, the influences of pesticides on physiology and biochemistry of rice plant and rice quality were studied, the pesticide residue was also analyzed. The main results were as follows:
Influences of different pesticides treatment of triazophos and imidacloprid on physiology and biochemistry of rice plant were studied, the results showed: (1) Application pesticide raised the MDA in leaves, but influence degree varied with pesticides treatment, the difference between different dosages showed the trend of first increasing then decreasing. (2) The influences on chlorophyll also varied with pesticides type and their dosages, all treatments of two pesticides caused chlorophyll content declining, the maximal effective value occurred about 10 days after application. (3) Application pesticides also decreased photosynthesis speed, the effective degree of imidacloprid was higher than triazophos, and the more dosage the more effect. (4) The soluble sugar content also decreased after pesticide application, and larger than the control when 15~25 days after pesticide application, the content of leave was higher than that of stem under the same dosage. (5) The free amino acid content was yet decreased after pesticide application, but the obviously difference occurred after 10~20 days.
The effects of trizyclazole、triazophos and imidacloprid application on rice quality were studied under different dosages and developing stages. The main results showed: (1) The effect of pesticides on rice quality varied with different pesticide type and dosages, the influence of triazophos and imidacloprid on milling quality was greater than trizyclazole, effect of the higher dosage on brown rice rate and milled rice rate was greater than that of the lower dosage. (2) The influences on appearance quality varied with dosage and stage. (3) Application of trizyclazole increased amylose content, the later the application stage the more obviously the effect; but it was reversed under triazophos and imidacloprid application. (4) The influence on crude protein varied with different pesticide type and application of trizyclazole could improve crude protein content. (5) Different pesticide treatment affected RVA profile differently, but all treatments enhanced PKV and BDV, while decreased SBV and PT, the influence on CSV varied with different pesticide type.
The residual dynamics of imidacloprid in rice plant and soil were researched. The results showed: (1) The half-life of imidacloprid sprayed in heading period was 14.1d in soil and 6.6d in plants. (2) The final residue of imidacloprid was determined separately in brown rice, rice bran, stem and soil. The imidacloprid residue in brown rice was only detected at the level of 0.03mg/kg when the rice plants were sprayed with 80g/667m~2 imidacloprid at grain filling stage, while other treatments were all below the detection limit of 0.025mg/kg. The final residues less than the MRL were also detected in the soil treated with 60 g/667m~2 and 80 g/667m~2 in grain filling period. However, the pesticide residues in both the stems and the rice bran treated with three different concentrations at filling stage remained comparatively higher.
1、选择三唑磷和吡虫啉两种杀虫剂,研究分蘖期不同浓度处理对水稻植株生理生化的影响,结果表明:(1)施用农药增加了叶片中丙二醛的含量,影响程度随不同农药处理而异,不同浓度之间的差异呈现先增加后降低的趋势;(2)对叶绿素的影响在农药种类和浓度间有差异,不同浓度的两种农药处理均引起叶绿素含量的下降,最大效应值在药后10天左右;(3)施用农药后均不同程度的降低了光合速率,施药对上述三者的影响吡虫啉大于三唑磷,且浓度越高效应越大。(4)施用农药降低了叶片中可溶性糖的含量,茎秆中可溶性糖含量在药后15~25d要高于对照,相同浓度处理下的叶片中可溶性糖含量要高于茎秆;(5)施用农药降低氨基酸含量,差异一般在药后10~20d比较明显。
2、选择三环唑(杀菌剂)和三唑磷、吡虫啉两种杀虫剂,研究不同时期和不同浓度处理对镇稻8号稻米品质的影响,结果表明:(1)农药对水稻碾米品质的影响因农药和浓度而异,三唑磷和吡虫啉对稻米的碾米品质影响大于三环唑,高浓度处理对稻米出糙率和精米率影响大于低浓度处理;(2)农药对外观品质的影响随农药浓度和施用时期不同而异;(3)施用三环唑提高了水稻直链淀粉含量,在始穗期-灌浆期范围内,施药期越后增幅效应越明显,而施用三唑磷和吡虫啉结果则相反;(4)农药对粗蛋白含量的影响因农药品种而异,施用三环唑降低籽粒中粗蛋白含量;(5)农药处理对RVA谱各特征参数的影响不一,各农药处理增加了PKV和BDV,而降低了SBV和PT,对CSV的影响因不同农药种类而异。
3、选择吡虫啉可湿性粉剂,研究抽穗期不同浓度农药处理下土壤、稻株和稻谷中的农药残留消解动态,结果表明:(1)抽穗期施药,吡虫啉在土壤中的半衰期为14.1d,而在水稻植株中的半衰期则为6.6d;(2)抽穗期和灌浆结实期分别喷施不同浓度的吡虫啉,糙米中只有灌浆结实期的80g/667m~2处理中检测出吡虫啉含量0.030mg/kg,其它处理则在检测限0.025mg/kg以下;土壤中只有灌浆结实期的60g/667m~2和80g/667m~2处理中检测出有吡虫啉含量,均低于国际标准;灌浆结实期三个浓度的处理中稻秆和米糠均检测出较高的吡虫啉残留量。
With typical pesticides such as trizyclazole、triazophos and imidacloprid as materials, the influences of pesticides on physiology and biochemistry of rice plant and rice quality were studied, the pesticide residue was also analyzed. The main results were as follows:
Influences of different pesticides treatment of triazophos and imidacloprid on physiology and biochemistry of rice plant were studied, the results showed: (1) Application pesticide raised the MDA in leaves, but influence degree varied with pesticides treatment, the difference between different dosages showed the trend of first increasing then decreasing. (2) The influences on chlorophyll also varied with pesticides type and their dosages, all treatments of two pesticides caused chlorophyll content declining, the maximal effective value occurred about 10 days after application. (3) Application pesticides also decreased photosynthesis speed, the effective degree of imidacloprid was higher than triazophos, and the more dosage the more effect. (4) The soluble sugar content also decreased after pesticide application, and larger than the control when 15~25 days after pesticide application, the content of leave was higher than that of stem under the same dosage. (5) The free amino acid content was yet decreased after pesticide application, but the obviously difference occurred after 10~20 days.
The effects of trizyclazole、triazophos and imidacloprid application on rice quality were studied under different dosages and developing stages. The main results showed: (1) The effect of pesticides on rice quality varied with different pesticide type and dosages, the influence of triazophos and imidacloprid on milling quality was greater than trizyclazole, effect of the higher dosage on brown rice rate and milled rice rate was greater than that of the lower dosage. (2) The influences on appearance quality varied with dosage and stage. (3) Application of trizyclazole increased amylose content, the later the application stage the more obviously the effect; but it was reversed under triazophos and imidacloprid application. (4) The influence on crude protein varied with different pesticide type and application of trizyclazole could improve crude protein content. (5) Different pesticide treatment affected RVA profile differently, but all treatments enhanced PKV and BDV, while decreased SBV and PT, the influence on CSV varied with different pesticide type.
The residual dynamics of imidacloprid in rice plant and soil were researched. The results showed: (1) The half-life of imidacloprid sprayed in heading period was 14.1d in soil and 6.6d in plants. (2) The final residue of imidacloprid was determined separately in brown rice, rice bran, stem and soil. The imidacloprid residue in brown rice was only detected at the level of 0.03mg/kg when the rice plants were sprayed with 80g/667m~2 imidacloprid at grain filling stage, while other treatments were all below the detection limit of 0.025mg/kg. The final residues less than the MRL were also detected in the soil treated with 60 g/667m~2 and 80 g/667m~2 in grain filling period. However, the pesticide residues in both the stems and the rice bran treated with three different concentrations at filling stage remained comparatively higher.
引文
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