水质氨氮检测系统的设计与制作
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摘要
随着工业化进程的不断深入,我国乃至全世界的环境问题都面临着严峻的挑战。淡水作为人类赖以生存的基础,也由于工业废水和生活污水的肆意排放而受到严重的污染。本论文从建设一套实用光学检测系统的角度出发,阐述了在系统建设的过程中遇到的各种问题,以及在系统搭建完成之后,通过检测已知浓度的溶液来验证系统运行的可靠性。
本项目的实施过程中,通过透镜的仿真进行光路的设计和优化,选择氙灯作为光源。在完成信号接收与检测的过程中,通过AVR单片机建立了一套控制系统,其中设计的一些电路模块,同样能够用于其他应用场合。最后在自主搭建的这套系统上,运用纳氏试剂法的基本原理,进行不同浓度的氨氮溶液的测试,确保系统能够完成氨氮溶液的检测工作。这套光电检测系统不仅能够用于水质氨氮的浓度检测,而且通过一些光学元件的调整之后,在今后相关的科研工作中仍然具有一定的实用价值。
通过本系统的设计以及化学的分析过程可以看出,纳氏试剂法是一套可操作性较强的氨氮浓度检测方法。通过测定浓度对吸光度的影响,验证了浓度越大,吸光度越强;通过测定时间对浓度的影响,发现溶液在放置20分钟之后吸光度基本稳定。最后绘制了氨氮测试的标准曲线,用于对未知浓度的溶液进行测量。
With the deepening of the process of industrialization, the environmental problems are facing severe challenges. Fresh water is also polluted because of industrial wastewater and domestic sewage by the wanton pollution emissions. From the point of view to construct a practical optical detection system, the building process of the system and problems encountered was described. To verify the system's reliability after it was complete, a solution of known concentration was tested.
During the project, optical design and optimization was done through lens optimization. A xenon lamp was selected as light source based on the basic principles of spectrophotometry. A control system was established based on a set of AVR microcontroller to receive and test signal, some of the small circuit module can also be used for other applications. Finally, the self-built system was used to test the solutions of different concentrations of ammonia nitrogen based on Nessler basic principle to ensure the system can work well. This photoelectric detection system, can be used not only in water quality testing of the concentration of ammonia nitrogen, but also can be used in relevant research work in the future.
Through the system design and analysis of chemical processes, Nessler reagent is a strong ammonia concentration testing methods, the Nessler reagent contains some toxic ingredients, experiments need to pay attention to anti-virus preparations. The design of the detection system need to consider how to better control the completion of the beam, the system noise need to be controlled as small as possible. while preparing Nessler's reagent solution, strict control of reagent is needed to ensure the controllability of sample concentration and experimental result’s unity.
本项目的实施过程中,通过透镜的仿真进行光路的设计和优化,选择氙灯作为光源。在完成信号接收与检测的过程中,通过AVR单片机建立了一套控制系统,其中设计的一些电路模块,同样能够用于其他应用场合。最后在自主搭建的这套系统上,运用纳氏试剂法的基本原理,进行不同浓度的氨氮溶液的测试,确保系统能够完成氨氮溶液的检测工作。这套光电检测系统不仅能够用于水质氨氮的浓度检测,而且通过一些光学元件的调整之后,在今后相关的科研工作中仍然具有一定的实用价值。
通过本系统的设计以及化学的分析过程可以看出,纳氏试剂法是一套可操作性较强的氨氮浓度检测方法。通过测定浓度对吸光度的影响,验证了浓度越大,吸光度越强;通过测定时间对浓度的影响,发现溶液在放置20分钟之后吸光度基本稳定。最后绘制了氨氮测试的标准曲线,用于对未知浓度的溶液进行测量。
With the deepening of the process of industrialization, the environmental problems are facing severe challenges. Fresh water is also polluted because of industrial wastewater and domestic sewage by the wanton pollution emissions. From the point of view to construct a practical optical detection system, the building process of the system and problems encountered was described. To verify the system's reliability after it was complete, a solution of known concentration was tested.
During the project, optical design and optimization was done through lens optimization. A xenon lamp was selected as light source based on the basic principles of spectrophotometry. A control system was established based on a set of AVR microcontroller to receive and test signal, some of the small circuit module can also be used for other applications. Finally, the self-built system was used to test the solutions of different concentrations of ammonia nitrogen based on Nessler basic principle to ensure the system can work well. This photoelectric detection system, can be used not only in water quality testing of the concentration of ammonia nitrogen, but also can be used in relevant research work in the future.
Through the system design and analysis of chemical processes, Nessler reagent is a strong ammonia concentration testing methods, the Nessler reagent contains some toxic ingredients, experiments need to pay attention to anti-virus preparations. The design of the detection system need to consider how to better control the completion of the beam, the system noise need to be controlled as small as possible. while preparing Nessler's reagent solution, strict control of reagent is needed to ensure the controllability of sample concentration and experimental result’s unity.
引文
[1]马光.环境与可持续发展导论.北京:科学出版社, 2000. 2~15
[2] J. Berger. Andrew, T. Koo, Irving Itzkan, et al. An enhanced algorithm for linear multivariate calibration. Analytical Chemistry, 1998, 70(3): 623~627
[3] Rong-Rong L., Yoram K. J., Bo-Cai G., et al. Remote sensing of suspended sediments and shallow coastal waters. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 2003, 41(3): 556~559
[4] B. R. Francisco, C. F. Pilar. H-point standard addition method partI. Fund-amentals and Application to Analytical Spectroscopy. Analst, 1998, (113): 1011~1016
[5] Lin Zhi-Gui, XuLi-Zhong, Huang Feng-Chen, et al. Multi-Source Monitoring Data Fusion and Assessment Model on water Environment. In: Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Machine Learning and Cybernetics. Shanghai, 2004. 2505~2510
[6] Smith V.H., Tilman G.D., Nekola J.C. Eutrophication: impacts of excess nutrient inputs on freshwater, marine, and terrestrial ecosystems. Environmental Pollution, 1999, 100(1): 179~196
[7]蒋秀华.太湖水源地蓝藻水质预测预报动态分析.水资源研究, 2009, 30(2): 10~11
[8]朱媛,王薇,俞美香等.针对太湖蓝藻危机的水质监测.环境科技, 2009, 22(1): 27~29
[9]秦伯强,王小冬,汤祥明等.太湖富营养化与蓝藻水华引起的饮用水危机-原因与对策.地球科学进展, 2007, 22(9): 896~906
[10]张良轶,韦进宝.武汉东湖的污染现状与可持续发展对策研究.武汉大学学报(自然科学版), 1998, 44(6): 665~668
[11]李翠菊.浅水湖泊富营养化的生态影响及治理——以武汉东湖为例.资源环境与发展, 2008, (4): 22~25
[12]甘义群,郭永龙.武汉东湖富营养化现状分析及治理对策.长江流域资源与环境, 2004, 13(3): 277~281
[13]沈晓鲤.武汉东湖的生态环境变迁与恢复问题.环境科学与技术, 2003, 26(4):24~26
[14]林志贵,刘英平.建立我国水质监测信息融合系统的探讨.水利水文自动化, 2005, (2): 1~4
[15] Tarczynska M, Nalecz-Jawecki G, Romanowska-Duda Z, et al. Tests for the toxicity assessment of cyanobacterial bloom samples. Environ Toxicol, 2001, (16): 383~390
[16]钱易,唐孝炎.环境保护与可持续发展.北京:高等教育出版社, 2000. 50~58
[17]邓金花,吴清平,廖富迎等.环境水质总磷的快速检测.农业环境科学学报, 2006, (25): 763~765
[18]张希衡.水污染控制工程.北京:冶金工业出版社, 1993. 282~286
[19]唐受印.废水处理工程.北京:化学工业出版社, 1998. 136~189
[20]谢炜平.废水中氨氮的去除与利用.环境导报, 1999, (1): 14~17
[21]尹丽欣.纳氏试剂法在工业废水氨氮监测中的应用.福建分析测试, 2008, 17(1): 68~70
[22]国家环保总局.水和废水监测分析方法. (第四版).北京:中国环境科学出版社, 2002. 2~8
[23]孔庆池,袁存光,闫汝军等.一种适合常规分析的氨氮测定方法.石油大学学报(自然科学版), 1999, 23(5): 80~81
[24]赵虹.纳氏试剂光度法测定水中氨氮影响因素分析.环境研究与监测, 2005, 18(3): 12~14
[25]蔡裕丰,徐立生.纳氏试剂光度法测定水和废水中氨氮方法的改进.环境科学导刊, 2008, 27(1): 92~94
[26]喻林.水质监测分析方法标准实务手册.北京:中国环境出版社, 2002. 263~269
[27]卢玉琪.水杨酸盐-次氯酸盐分光光度法测定水中氨氮.环境与健康杂质, 1999, 16(5): 296~298
[28]骆冠琦,黎耀.离子选择电极测定生活污水中的氨氮.中国卫生检验杂志, 2000, 10(4): 388~391
[29]刘乃芝.氨气敏电极测定水中氨氮的方法改进.山东环境, 1996, 70(1): 111~112
[30]萧涌瀚.应用离子选择性电极法测定废水中氨氮方法的研究.环境污染与防治, 1993, 15(5): 33~35
[31]李敏.应用离子选择性电极法测定废水中氨氮.华侨大学学报, 2007, 28(1): 109~110
[32] Ogura N. Ultraviolet absorbing materials in natural water. Nippon Kagaku Zasshi, 1965, 86(12): 1286~1288
[33] Mrkva M. Automatic UV-control system for relative evaluation of organic water pollution. Water Research, 1975, (9): 587~589
[34] Dobbs R., Wise R.H., Dean R.B. The use of ultraviolet absorbance for monitoring the total organic carbon content of water and wastewater. Water Researeh, 1972, 6: 1173~1180
[35] B. Roig, C. Gonzalez, O.Thomas. Simple UV: UV-visible method for nitrogen and phosphorus measurement in wastewater. Talanta, 1999, (52): 751~758
[36] Matsche N., Stumwohrer K. UV absorption as control Parameter for biological treatment plans. Water Science Technology, 1996, 33(12): 211~218
[37]黄图强,刘艳蓉.高浓度含氨废水中氨氮的快速测定.中国环境监测, 2003, 19(4): 43~44
[38]穆季平,李红娟.蒸馏-滴定法测定废水中氨氮的方法研究.河南大学学报(自然科学版), 2006, 36(3): 54~57
[39] Quiles R., Fernandez-Romero J.M., Fernandez E., et al. Anal. Chim. Acta, 1994, 294(1): 43~47
[40]柳畅先,华崇理,孙小梅.水中氨氮的酶法测定.分析化学研究简报, 1999, 27(6): 712~714
[41] Liu Tiegen, Zhang Fan, Zha Ying. Optoelectronic Technology & Information, 2004, 17(3): 37~38
[42] Burr-Brown. Photodiode Monitoring with Op Amps. USA: BB Application Bulletin, 1998. 1~10
[2] J. Berger. Andrew, T. Koo, Irving Itzkan, et al. An enhanced algorithm for linear multivariate calibration. Analytical Chemistry, 1998, 70(3): 623~627
[3] Rong-Rong L., Yoram K. J., Bo-Cai G., et al. Remote sensing of suspended sediments and shallow coastal waters. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 2003, 41(3): 556~559
[4] B. R. Francisco, C. F. Pilar. H-point standard addition method partI. Fund-amentals and Application to Analytical Spectroscopy. Analst, 1998, (113): 1011~1016
[5] Lin Zhi-Gui, XuLi-Zhong, Huang Feng-Chen, et al. Multi-Source Monitoring Data Fusion and Assessment Model on water Environment. In: Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Machine Learning and Cybernetics. Shanghai, 2004. 2505~2510
[6] Smith V.H., Tilman G.D., Nekola J.C. Eutrophication: impacts of excess nutrient inputs on freshwater, marine, and terrestrial ecosystems. Environmental Pollution, 1999, 100(1): 179~196
[7]蒋秀华.太湖水源地蓝藻水质预测预报动态分析.水资源研究, 2009, 30(2): 10~11
[8]朱媛,王薇,俞美香等.针对太湖蓝藻危机的水质监测.环境科技, 2009, 22(1): 27~29
[9]秦伯强,王小冬,汤祥明等.太湖富营养化与蓝藻水华引起的饮用水危机-原因与对策.地球科学进展, 2007, 22(9): 896~906
[10]张良轶,韦进宝.武汉东湖的污染现状与可持续发展对策研究.武汉大学学报(自然科学版), 1998, 44(6): 665~668
[11]李翠菊.浅水湖泊富营养化的生态影响及治理——以武汉东湖为例.资源环境与发展, 2008, (4): 22~25
[12]甘义群,郭永龙.武汉东湖富营养化现状分析及治理对策.长江流域资源与环境, 2004, 13(3): 277~281
[13]沈晓鲤.武汉东湖的生态环境变迁与恢复问题.环境科学与技术, 2003, 26(4):24~26
[14]林志贵,刘英平.建立我国水质监测信息融合系统的探讨.水利水文自动化, 2005, (2): 1~4
[15] Tarczynska M, Nalecz-Jawecki G, Romanowska-Duda Z, et al. Tests for the toxicity assessment of cyanobacterial bloom samples. Environ Toxicol, 2001, (16): 383~390
[16]钱易,唐孝炎.环境保护与可持续发展.北京:高等教育出版社, 2000. 50~58
[17]邓金花,吴清平,廖富迎等.环境水质总磷的快速检测.农业环境科学学报, 2006, (25): 763~765
[18]张希衡.水污染控制工程.北京:冶金工业出版社, 1993. 282~286
[19]唐受印.废水处理工程.北京:化学工业出版社, 1998. 136~189
[20]谢炜平.废水中氨氮的去除与利用.环境导报, 1999, (1): 14~17
[21]尹丽欣.纳氏试剂法在工业废水氨氮监测中的应用.福建分析测试, 2008, 17(1): 68~70
[22]国家环保总局.水和废水监测分析方法. (第四版).北京:中国环境科学出版社, 2002. 2~8
[23]孔庆池,袁存光,闫汝军等.一种适合常规分析的氨氮测定方法.石油大学学报(自然科学版), 1999, 23(5): 80~81
[24]赵虹.纳氏试剂光度法测定水中氨氮影响因素分析.环境研究与监测, 2005, 18(3): 12~14
[25]蔡裕丰,徐立生.纳氏试剂光度法测定水和废水中氨氮方法的改进.环境科学导刊, 2008, 27(1): 92~94
[26]喻林.水质监测分析方法标准实务手册.北京:中国环境出版社, 2002. 263~269
[27]卢玉琪.水杨酸盐-次氯酸盐分光光度法测定水中氨氮.环境与健康杂质, 1999, 16(5): 296~298
[28]骆冠琦,黎耀.离子选择电极测定生活污水中的氨氮.中国卫生检验杂志, 2000, 10(4): 388~391
[29]刘乃芝.氨气敏电极测定水中氨氮的方法改进.山东环境, 1996, 70(1): 111~112
[30]萧涌瀚.应用离子选择性电极法测定废水中氨氮方法的研究.环境污染与防治, 1993, 15(5): 33~35
[31]李敏.应用离子选择性电极法测定废水中氨氮.华侨大学学报, 2007, 28(1): 109~110
[32] Ogura N. Ultraviolet absorbing materials in natural water. Nippon Kagaku Zasshi, 1965, 86(12): 1286~1288
[33] Mrkva M. Automatic UV-control system for relative evaluation of organic water pollution. Water Research, 1975, (9): 587~589
[34] Dobbs R., Wise R.H., Dean R.B. The use of ultraviolet absorbance for monitoring the total organic carbon content of water and wastewater. Water Researeh, 1972, 6: 1173~1180
[35] B. Roig, C. Gonzalez, O.Thomas. Simple UV: UV-visible method for nitrogen and phosphorus measurement in wastewater. Talanta, 1999, (52): 751~758
[36] Matsche N., Stumwohrer K. UV absorption as control Parameter for biological treatment plans. Water Science Technology, 1996, 33(12): 211~218
[37]黄图强,刘艳蓉.高浓度含氨废水中氨氮的快速测定.中国环境监测, 2003, 19(4): 43~44
[38]穆季平,李红娟.蒸馏-滴定法测定废水中氨氮的方法研究.河南大学学报(自然科学版), 2006, 36(3): 54~57
[39] Quiles R., Fernandez-Romero J.M., Fernandez E., et al. Anal. Chim. Acta, 1994, 294(1): 43~47
[40]柳畅先,华崇理,孙小梅.水中氨氮的酶法测定.分析化学研究简报, 1999, 27(6): 712~714
[41] Liu Tiegen, Zhang Fan, Zha Ying. Optoelectronic Technology & Information, 2004, 17(3): 37~38
[42] Burr-Brown. Photodiode Monitoring with Op Amps. USA: BB Application Bulletin, 1998. 1~10