日光温室韭菜盘式有机基质栽培关键技术的研究
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摘要
韭菜以其独特的风味而深受人们的喜爱,但是韭蛆导致的农残已成为韭菜食品安全和生产发展的主要限制因素,因此利用有机基质栽培方式生产安全高品质韭菜具有重要实际意义。本试验研究了品种、移栽时的留根长度、栽植密度和移栽时间对日光温室盘式有机基质栽培韭菜生长、产量及品质等的影响,以期为日光温室韭菜盘式有机基质栽培提供技术依据。主要研究结果如下:
1.对‘雪韭’进行3 cm、6 cm和9 cm的留根长度处理,结果表明,随留根长度增加,移栽后16 d的新根数、新根长度、平均根长和株高均逐渐增加,第1茬韭菜的株高、假茎粗、叶宽和叶片数也逐渐增加,第2茬韭菜的假茎粗和叶宽呈递增趋势,第1、第2和第3茬韭菜的产量均逐渐增加。但随韭菜收获次数增加,3处理间产量差异逐渐减小。
留根长度为6 cm较宜,移栽时操作便捷,移栽后韭菜生根和生长迅速,缓苗较快,产量较高。
2.以‘雪韭’为试材,设丛株数为4、5、6、7、8五个处理,研究了栽植密度对移栽韭菜生长和产量的影响。结果表明随栽植密度增加,第1茬韭菜的株高、假茎粗和叶宽总体上呈先增大后减小趋势,而第2茬韭菜的株高、假茎粗、叶宽和叶片数均呈降低的趋势,而丛株数为5和6的株高、假茎粗和叶片数差异均不显著。随栽植密度增加,第1、第3和第4茬韭菜产量均逐渐增加。但生产中发现,丛株数为7和8的韭菜经常严重倒伏。因此丛株数为5和6的韭菜长势较好,产量较高,可作为日光温室韭菜盘式有机基质栽培的密度。
3. 9月25日、10月10日和10月25日移栽韭菜萌发整齐,萌发率较高,萌发率≥60%需要的天数大多数为1 d,发芽势为100%;而11月9日和11月24日萌发率急剧降低,萌发率≥60%需要的天数大大增加,发芽势逐渐降低。‘平韭二号’的萌发率较高,萌发率≥60%需要的天数最短,发芽势较高。
随移栽时间延迟,移栽后16 d的株高、新根长度和新根数都呈降低趋势,株高的下降趋势较缓,而11月24日的新根长度和新根数急剧降低。而‘平韭二号’的株高、新根长度和新根数变化幅度较小,说明‘平韭二号’耐寒性较强。
随移栽时间延迟,第1茬收获时韭菜的株高和假茎粗先减小后增大,叶宽呈递增趋势,而叶片数变化不明显,但11月24日的生长指标均明显增大。5个时间中,‘雪韭’和‘平韭二号’的生长指标总体上高于‘紫根红’和‘新独根红’。
不同移栽时间第2茬韭菜生长指标差异不明显。‘紫根红’和‘新独根红’总体表现优于‘雪韭’和‘平韭二号’。
9月25日到11月9日移栽韭菜第1茬收获后有较长休眠时间。而11月24日韭菜第1茬收获后继续生长,不存在中间休眠现象。
4.不同移栽时间第2茬韭菜产品品质差异不明显。但总体上,11月24日移栽韭菜的硝酸盐含量较低,Vc、可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量较高,可作为适宜移栽时间。4个韭菜品种中,‘平韭二号’的硝酸盐含量较低,Vc、可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖含量和纤维素含量均较高,可作为适宜栽培品种。
5.随移栽时间延迟,9月25日到11月9日移栽的‘雪韭’、‘紫根红’和‘新独根红’第1茬产量呈逐渐降低趋势,而‘平韭二号’耐寒性较强,产量几乎没有变化,但11月24日各韭菜品种产量明显升高。
9月25日到11月9日移栽韭菜第2茬产量差异较小,但较第1茬明显升高。第3茬韭菜产量变化同第2茬,均以10月10日韭菜产量较高,10月25日和11月9日小幅降低。而11月24日韭菜第1、第2、第3茬生长不间断,三茬产量均较高。因此适当提早或延迟移栽时间可以促进韭菜生长和产量提高,本试验以10月10日和11月24日较宜。
4个韭菜品种相比,‘平韭二号’三茬产量均较高,表现最稳定,而‘紫根红’和‘新独根红’韭菜的第2、第3茬产量较高。
Effects of variety, length of root remained, planting density and transplanting time on growth, yield and product quality of Chinese chive respectively were studied. The main results were as follows:
1. 3cm、6cm and 9cm three length of root remained of‘Xuejiu’variety were designed in the experiment. As the length of root remained being increased, pieces, length, average length of new root and plant height of Chinese chive on the sixteenth day after being transplanted gradually increased, plant height, stem diameter, leaf width and pieces of leaf of Chinese chive for the first crop all increased gradually, and stem diameter and leaf width of Chinese chive for the second crop gradually increased, and yield of Chinese chive for the first, the second and the third crop all increased gradually. But as times of Chinese chive gained increasing, yield discrepancy among three treatments gradually decreased.
The 6 cm treatment, which was convenient while being transplanted, took root and grew fast, and had relatively high product yield, could be taken as a referenced index.
2. Five treatments were designed in the experiment, in which a‘Xuejiu’Chinese chive variety was used, which is 4, 5, 6 ,7, 8 plants each fascicle. As planting density increasing, on the whole, plant height, stem diameter and leaf width for the first crop increased firstly and then decreased, while plant height, stem diameter, leaf width and leaf pieces for the second crop decreased, but there were no evidently discrepancy in plant height, stem diameter and leaf pieces between 5 and 6 plants each fascicle.As planting density increasing, yield of Chinese chive for the first, the third and the fourth crop all gradually increased. But Chinese chive lodged badly with 7 and 8 plants each fascicle. 5 and 6 plants each fascicle could be used as reseanable density in the style of culture, Chinese chive with which was outstanding, considering.
3. Chinese chive transplanted on September 25, October 10 and October 25 sprouted concurrently, and had a high sprouting rate, the day of sprouting rate≥60% of which was one mostly, and the power of sprouting of which was 100%. Sprouting rate on November 9 and November 24 decreased sharply, the day of sprouting rate≥60% of which increased greatly, and the power of sprouting of which also decreased gradually.‘Pingjiuerhao’Chinese chive variety was the best in all of them, considering.
As the transplanting time deferring, plant height, length and pieces of new root on the sixteenth day after being transplanted all decreased, while the length and pieces of new root on Nov 24 decreased sharply. And plant height, length and pieces of new root of‘Pingjiuerhao’Chinese chive fluctuated limitly.
As the transplanting time deferring, plant height and stem diameter of Chinese chive for the first crop increased firstly and then decreased, with leaf width gradually increasing and leaf pieces changing unclearly, but the growth on Nov 24 increased obviously. All of five transplanting times, the growth of‘Xuejiu’and‘Pingjiuerhao’Chinese chive variety was better than that of‘Zigenhong’and‘Xindugenhong’.
Growth discrepancy of Chinese chive of different transplanting time for the second crop was not obvious. But the growth of‘Zigenhong’and‘Xindugenhong’was better than that of‘Xuejiu’and‘Pingjiuerhao’.
There was a long dormancy time after the first crop of Chinese chive transplanted before Nov 24, while Chinese chive transplanted on Nov 24 could grow continuously, with no dormancy after the first crop.
4. Product quality discrepancy of different transplanting time for the second crop was not obvious, considering. But on the whole, Chinese chive transplanted on Nov 24 had the best quality all of them, so that Nov 24 could be taken as a reasonable transplanting time. And holistic quality of‘Pingjiuerhao’, the best of four varieties, could be taken as an appropriate planting variety.
5. As the transplanting time deferring, yield of‘Xuejiu’,‘Zigenhong’and‘Xindugenhong’for the first crop decreased gradually, which were transplanted on Sept. 25-Nov 9, while yield of‘Pingjiuerhao’was stable relatively, but yield of four Chinese chive varieties on Nov 24 increased distinctly.
Yield of Chinese chive transplanted on Sept. 25-Nov 9 for the second crop, discrepancy of which was little, increased more evidently than that of the first crop. The change of yield of the third crop was similar to the second crop, with having quite high yield on Oct 10. But yields of Chinese chive on Nov 24 among the first, second and third crop were stable and high relatively. So the proper transplanting time late or early could increase growth and yeild of Chinese chive and Oct 10 and Nov 24 were the best time in the experiment.
Yields of‘Pingjiuerhao’Chinese chive for three crops were relatively high and stable among the four varieties, while yields of‘Zigenhong’and‘Xindugenhong’both were quite high for the second and the third crop.
1.对‘雪韭’进行3 cm、6 cm和9 cm的留根长度处理,结果表明,随留根长度增加,移栽后16 d的新根数、新根长度、平均根长和株高均逐渐增加,第1茬韭菜的株高、假茎粗、叶宽和叶片数也逐渐增加,第2茬韭菜的假茎粗和叶宽呈递增趋势,第1、第2和第3茬韭菜的产量均逐渐增加。但随韭菜收获次数增加,3处理间产量差异逐渐减小。
留根长度为6 cm较宜,移栽时操作便捷,移栽后韭菜生根和生长迅速,缓苗较快,产量较高。
2.以‘雪韭’为试材,设丛株数为4、5、6、7、8五个处理,研究了栽植密度对移栽韭菜生长和产量的影响。结果表明随栽植密度增加,第1茬韭菜的株高、假茎粗和叶宽总体上呈先增大后减小趋势,而第2茬韭菜的株高、假茎粗、叶宽和叶片数均呈降低的趋势,而丛株数为5和6的株高、假茎粗和叶片数差异均不显著。随栽植密度增加,第1、第3和第4茬韭菜产量均逐渐增加。但生产中发现,丛株数为7和8的韭菜经常严重倒伏。因此丛株数为5和6的韭菜长势较好,产量较高,可作为日光温室韭菜盘式有机基质栽培的密度。
3. 9月25日、10月10日和10月25日移栽韭菜萌发整齐,萌发率较高,萌发率≥60%需要的天数大多数为1 d,发芽势为100%;而11月9日和11月24日萌发率急剧降低,萌发率≥60%需要的天数大大增加,发芽势逐渐降低。‘平韭二号’的萌发率较高,萌发率≥60%需要的天数最短,发芽势较高。
随移栽时间延迟,移栽后16 d的株高、新根长度和新根数都呈降低趋势,株高的下降趋势较缓,而11月24日的新根长度和新根数急剧降低。而‘平韭二号’的株高、新根长度和新根数变化幅度较小,说明‘平韭二号’耐寒性较强。
随移栽时间延迟,第1茬收获时韭菜的株高和假茎粗先减小后增大,叶宽呈递增趋势,而叶片数变化不明显,但11月24日的生长指标均明显增大。5个时间中,‘雪韭’和‘平韭二号’的生长指标总体上高于‘紫根红’和‘新独根红’。
不同移栽时间第2茬韭菜生长指标差异不明显。‘紫根红’和‘新独根红’总体表现优于‘雪韭’和‘平韭二号’。
9月25日到11月9日移栽韭菜第1茬收获后有较长休眠时间。而11月24日韭菜第1茬收获后继续生长,不存在中间休眠现象。
4.不同移栽时间第2茬韭菜产品品质差异不明显。但总体上,11月24日移栽韭菜的硝酸盐含量较低,Vc、可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量较高,可作为适宜移栽时间。4个韭菜品种中,‘平韭二号’的硝酸盐含量较低,Vc、可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖含量和纤维素含量均较高,可作为适宜栽培品种。
5.随移栽时间延迟,9月25日到11月9日移栽的‘雪韭’、‘紫根红’和‘新独根红’第1茬产量呈逐渐降低趋势,而‘平韭二号’耐寒性较强,产量几乎没有变化,但11月24日各韭菜品种产量明显升高。
9月25日到11月9日移栽韭菜第2茬产量差异较小,但较第1茬明显升高。第3茬韭菜产量变化同第2茬,均以10月10日韭菜产量较高,10月25日和11月9日小幅降低。而11月24日韭菜第1、第2、第3茬生长不间断,三茬产量均较高。因此适当提早或延迟移栽时间可以促进韭菜生长和产量提高,本试验以10月10日和11月24日较宜。
4个韭菜品种相比,‘平韭二号’三茬产量均较高,表现最稳定,而‘紫根红’和‘新独根红’韭菜的第2、第3茬产量较高。
Effects of variety, length of root remained, planting density and transplanting time on growth, yield and product quality of Chinese chive respectively were studied. The main results were as follows:
1. 3cm、6cm and 9cm three length of root remained of‘Xuejiu’variety were designed in the experiment. As the length of root remained being increased, pieces, length, average length of new root and plant height of Chinese chive on the sixteenth day after being transplanted gradually increased, plant height, stem diameter, leaf width and pieces of leaf of Chinese chive for the first crop all increased gradually, and stem diameter and leaf width of Chinese chive for the second crop gradually increased, and yield of Chinese chive for the first, the second and the third crop all increased gradually. But as times of Chinese chive gained increasing, yield discrepancy among three treatments gradually decreased.
The 6 cm treatment, which was convenient while being transplanted, took root and grew fast, and had relatively high product yield, could be taken as a referenced index.
2. Five treatments were designed in the experiment, in which a‘Xuejiu’Chinese chive variety was used, which is 4, 5, 6 ,7, 8 plants each fascicle. As planting density increasing, on the whole, plant height, stem diameter and leaf width for the first crop increased firstly and then decreased, while plant height, stem diameter, leaf width and leaf pieces for the second crop decreased, but there were no evidently discrepancy in plant height, stem diameter and leaf pieces between 5 and 6 plants each fascicle.As planting density increasing, yield of Chinese chive for the first, the third and the fourth crop all gradually increased. But Chinese chive lodged badly with 7 and 8 plants each fascicle. 5 and 6 plants each fascicle could be used as reseanable density in the style of culture, Chinese chive with which was outstanding, considering.
3. Chinese chive transplanted on September 25, October 10 and October 25 sprouted concurrently, and had a high sprouting rate, the day of sprouting rate≥60% of which was one mostly, and the power of sprouting of which was 100%. Sprouting rate on November 9 and November 24 decreased sharply, the day of sprouting rate≥60% of which increased greatly, and the power of sprouting of which also decreased gradually.‘Pingjiuerhao’Chinese chive variety was the best in all of them, considering.
As the transplanting time deferring, plant height, length and pieces of new root on the sixteenth day after being transplanted all decreased, while the length and pieces of new root on Nov 24 decreased sharply. And plant height, length and pieces of new root of‘Pingjiuerhao’Chinese chive fluctuated limitly.
As the transplanting time deferring, plant height and stem diameter of Chinese chive for the first crop increased firstly and then decreased, with leaf width gradually increasing and leaf pieces changing unclearly, but the growth on Nov 24 increased obviously. All of five transplanting times, the growth of‘Xuejiu’and‘Pingjiuerhao’Chinese chive variety was better than that of‘Zigenhong’and‘Xindugenhong’.
Growth discrepancy of Chinese chive of different transplanting time for the second crop was not obvious. But the growth of‘Zigenhong’and‘Xindugenhong’was better than that of‘Xuejiu’and‘Pingjiuerhao’.
There was a long dormancy time after the first crop of Chinese chive transplanted before Nov 24, while Chinese chive transplanted on Nov 24 could grow continuously, with no dormancy after the first crop.
4. Product quality discrepancy of different transplanting time for the second crop was not obvious, considering. But on the whole, Chinese chive transplanted on Nov 24 had the best quality all of them, so that Nov 24 could be taken as a reasonable transplanting time. And holistic quality of‘Pingjiuerhao’, the best of four varieties, could be taken as an appropriate planting variety.
5. As the transplanting time deferring, yield of‘Xuejiu’,‘Zigenhong’and‘Xindugenhong’for the first crop decreased gradually, which were transplanted on Sept. 25-Nov 9, while yield of‘Pingjiuerhao’was stable relatively, but yield of four Chinese chive varieties on Nov 24 increased distinctly.
Yield of Chinese chive transplanted on Sept. 25-Nov 9 for the second crop, discrepancy of which was little, increased more evidently than that of the first crop. The change of yield of the third crop was similar to the second crop, with having quite high yield on Oct 10. But yields of Chinese chive on Nov 24 among the first, second and third crop were stable and high relatively. So the proper transplanting time late or early could increase growth and yeild of Chinese chive and Oct 10 and Nov 24 were the best time in the experiment.
Yields of‘Pingjiuerhao’Chinese chive for three crops were relatively high and stable among the four varieties, while yields of‘Zigenhong’and‘Xindugenhong’both were quite high for the second and the third crop.
引文
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