香料烟叶片细胞超微结构分析及调制技术研究
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摘要
2006-2007年在浙江嵊州进行香料烟大田试验,研究了香料烟叶片细胞发育规律、香料烟调制工艺以及香料烟在调制过程中质量因素的变化规律等理论和技术。结果表明:
1.香料烟叶片在发育及调制过程中叶肉细胞超微结构的变化规律
(1)烟叶表面油分物质主要是由表皮细胞降解后通过细胞内的转运小泡或多泡体,运至细胞外膜,最后分泌至叶片表面。
(2)叶片细胞中的叶绿体是淀粉合成及嗜锇物质(香气物质)产生的重要部位。叶长5cm之前叶片细胞处于分生和细胞发育阶段,15cm后开始进入功能阶段,细胞内叶绿体数量增多,开始积累淀粉粒,并产生嗜锇颗粒,叶长20cm时,细胞功能旺盛,叶绿体中黑色嗜锇颗粒增加,细胞内靠近核和叶绿体处内质网发达,线粒体数量增多,其周围分布大量由叶绿体运出的粘丝状灰色嗜锇物质,并转运入液泡,在液泡内再形成黑色嗜锇颗粒;叶长22cm(定长)时,细胞内淀粉质积累增加,叶绿体片层开始减少,细胞功能开始衰退。烟叶成熟至过熟阶段,细胞内细胞器逐渐降解、消失,并且随细胞内淀粉粒的降解,生成大量灰色嗜锇物质,最终整个液泡内充满了灰色嗜锇颗粒,积聚在淀粉粒周围。
(3)从叶片5cm至叶片20cm,随着香料烟叶片的发育成型,叶片叶绿体中基粒片层数逐渐增加,叶片的光合速率也不断加大。香料烟叶片定长(22cm)以后,叶绿体基粒片层数迅速降低,叶片的光合速率也快速下降,直到叶片成熟采收时,叶绿体基本已经解体消失。
(4)烟叶9d叶龄前以细胞分裂为主,9d叶龄后叶片开始具有光合能力但细胞分裂能力逐步减弱,19d叶龄起烟叶细胞进入旺盛的功能期,26d叶龄开始烟叶细胞进入同化产物积累期;调制变黄期细胞器基本消失,淀粉粒继续降解,调制干筋期细胞壁收缩扭曲,细胞内含有大量的脂类物质和部分未降解的淀粉粒。C/N代谢上,烟叶N代谢主要在0-23d叶龄之间,C代谢主要从19d叶龄后开始。根据观察结果认为:充足的肥料供应宜在叶片23d叶龄之前;适当延长变黄期,可使淀粉进一步降解,烟叶变黄更加充分,提高烟叶糖含量。
2.成熟度对香料烟调制过程中品质的影响
叶片成熟度越高,调制过程中水分散失越快。叶片中叶绿素和类胡萝卜素调制最终含量较采收时大幅降低,但适熟烟叶这两种物质降解最充分;淀粉和可溶性蛋白调制后以适熟叶降解最充分且含量最低;总糖、蛋白质、氯以过熟叶调制后含量较低,而总烟碱、硝酸盐、总氮、蛋白质、钾各常规化学成分含量均以适熟叶最为接近优质香料烟指标。
3.调制方法对香料烟质量因素的影响
无论塑料大棚调制还是传统露天调制,烟叶内总烟碱、总氮和蛋白质含量在调制过程中均呈上升趋势,总糖和叶绿素含量在调制过程中均呈下降趋势,但类胡萝卜素含量相对较稳定,在叶片中降解较少。调制结束后,大棚调制烟叶总烟碱、总氮、蛋白质、可溶性蛋白及淀粉含量低于露天调制烟叶;但两种调制方式烟叶内总糖含量基本一致。
4.晾制时间对浙江香料烟质量因素的影响
香料烟在采收后调制初期阶段的晾制时间越短,叶片中总叶绿素降解越慢,类胡萝卜素含量也为降低趋势,但是变化的范围不大;随调制的进行烟叶总糖、淀粉和总蛋白含量呈降低趋势,游离氨基酸和挥发碱含量呈上升趋势。以采收后晾制1d和2d处理烟叶化学成分比例协调,内在质量好。
In 2006-2007 ,through field trial in Zhejiang for oriental tobacco research. Studies on leaf cell growth and development of oriental tobacco, the curing technologies and the quality factor of oriental tobacco in the curing process were also studied, the results showed that:
1. The ultrastructure changes of leaf cells in development and curing process of oriental tobacco
(1) Leaf surface oil material mainly by the degradation of epidermal cells through, then use the multivesicular body transported to the outer membrane cells, finally secrete to the leaf surface.
(2) The chloroplast in leaf cells is the important part of starch and osmiophilic material compound place. The leaf cells in the cell division and cell development stage before leaf 5 cm long, after 15 cm long the cell into the function stage, the number of chloroplast increase, the chloroplast began accumulating starch grains and entrain osmiophilic granules, when leaf 20 cm long, cell function is vigorous, in cells chloroplast dark osmiophilic granules increased, and around the nuclear and chloroplast the endoplasmic reticulum developed, the number of mitochondria increase, a larger number of gray osmiophilic granules around the mitochondria, and transfer into the vacuole, finally in the vacuole formed into dark osmiophilic granules; when leaf length 22 cm, the cells starch accumulated, chloroplast start to degradation, cell function began recession. Tobacco mature to a stage of maturity, the organelle gradual degradation and disappear, with the starch grains degradation in the cell, formed a lot of gray osmiophilic material and ultimately the entire vacuole is full of gray osmiophilic material accumulate around the starch grains.
(3) The leaf length from 5 cm to 20 cm, with the development forming of oriental tobacco leaves, the number of chloroplast grana lamella increased, and the photosynthetic rate increase gradually. When leaf length 22 cm, the number of chloroplast grana lamella reduce rapidly, the photosynthetic rate also decreased rapidly, until the harvest time, chloroplast has almost disintegrated and disappeared.
(4) The cell division mainly before 9 days, the leaves have begun with photosynthetic capacity after 9 days, then the cell with the low ability in division, leaf cells enter the functional period in 19 days and begin to enter the assimilation of accumulation period in 26 days; In Yellowing stage the organelle disappear, and starch grains were still decomposed, in stem-drying stage cell wall started contraction, cells contain large quantities of lipid material and some starch grains with no degradation. Nitrogen metabolism mainly in 0-23 days, the carbon metabolism starting from 19 days. According to the research that the oriental tobacco should be given adequate fertilizer supply before 23 days; and extend the yellowing stage can be fully decompose starch, increase the sugar content of tobacco leaves.
2. Maturity grades effect on quality of oriental tobacco in curing process
Water content of tobacco leaves decreased with curing time, the higher the leaves maturity degree was, the faster water content decreased. Contents of chlorophyll and carotenoid tended to decrease during curing process. And proper matured leaves discomposed most completely among all treatments. Contents of starch and soluble protein of proper matured leaves were lowest. Contents of total sugar, protein and CL of over matured were lower than those of under matured and proper matured leaves. Contents of major chemical components of proper matured leaves were closer to the standard of high quality oriental tobacco, such as contents of total nicotine, nitrate,total nitrogen ,protein and K. So it is proper to pick the upper leaves when they are proper matured.
3. Curing method effect on quality of oriental tobacco
The content of soluble protein and starch of tobacco leaves cured in plastic shed was lower than those cured in traditional way. The content of nicotine, total nitrogen, protein intended to increase during the curing process and the final content of nicotine, total nitrogen, protein of tobacco leaves cured in plastic shed was lower; The content of total sugar intended to decrease and the final content of two treatments were same; The pigment discomposed during the curing process . The content of chlorophyll discomposed faster than carotenoid. The final content of carotenoid was higher than chlorophyll.
4. Airing time effect on quality of oriental tobacco
The contents of chlorophyll and carotenoid decomposed following the curing time. The carotenoid had lower rates of decomposition, which might have positive effects on the leaf quality; the content of total sugar, total protein and amylum intended to decrease during the curing process, the content of dissociative aminophenol and volatile alkali intended to increase. The chemical composition of the leaves air-cured for one or two days was coordinative and high quality.
1.香料烟叶片在发育及调制过程中叶肉细胞超微结构的变化规律
(1)烟叶表面油分物质主要是由表皮细胞降解后通过细胞内的转运小泡或多泡体,运至细胞外膜,最后分泌至叶片表面。
(2)叶片细胞中的叶绿体是淀粉合成及嗜锇物质(香气物质)产生的重要部位。叶长5cm之前叶片细胞处于分生和细胞发育阶段,15cm后开始进入功能阶段,细胞内叶绿体数量增多,开始积累淀粉粒,并产生嗜锇颗粒,叶长20cm时,细胞功能旺盛,叶绿体中黑色嗜锇颗粒增加,细胞内靠近核和叶绿体处内质网发达,线粒体数量增多,其周围分布大量由叶绿体运出的粘丝状灰色嗜锇物质,并转运入液泡,在液泡内再形成黑色嗜锇颗粒;叶长22cm(定长)时,细胞内淀粉质积累增加,叶绿体片层开始减少,细胞功能开始衰退。烟叶成熟至过熟阶段,细胞内细胞器逐渐降解、消失,并且随细胞内淀粉粒的降解,生成大量灰色嗜锇物质,最终整个液泡内充满了灰色嗜锇颗粒,积聚在淀粉粒周围。
(3)从叶片5cm至叶片20cm,随着香料烟叶片的发育成型,叶片叶绿体中基粒片层数逐渐增加,叶片的光合速率也不断加大。香料烟叶片定长(22cm)以后,叶绿体基粒片层数迅速降低,叶片的光合速率也快速下降,直到叶片成熟采收时,叶绿体基本已经解体消失。
(4)烟叶9d叶龄前以细胞分裂为主,9d叶龄后叶片开始具有光合能力但细胞分裂能力逐步减弱,19d叶龄起烟叶细胞进入旺盛的功能期,26d叶龄开始烟叶细胞进入同化产物积累期;调制变黄期细胞器基本消失,淀粉粒继续降解,调制干筋期细胞壁收缩扭曲,细胞内含有大量的脂类物质和部分未降解的淀粉粒。C/N代谢上,烟叶N代谢主要在0-23d叶龄之间,C代谢主要从19d叶龄后开始。根据观察结果认为:充足的肥料供应宜在叶片23d叶龄之前;适当延长变黄期,可使淀粉进一步降解,烟叶变黄更加充分,提高烟叶糖含量。
2.成熟度对香料烟调制过程中品质的影响
叶片成熟度越高,调制过程中水分散失越快。叶片中叶绿素和类胡萝卜素调制最终含量较采收时大幅降低,但适熟烟叶这两种物质降解最充分;淀粉和可溶性蛋白调制后以适熟叶降解最充分且含量最低;总糖、蛋白质、氯以过熟叶调制后含量较低,而总烟碱、硝酸盐、总氮、蛋白质、钾各常规化学成分含量均以适熟叶最为接近优质香料烟指标。
3.调制方法对香料烟质量因素的影响
无论塑料大棚调制还是传统露天调制,烟叶内总烟碱、总氮和蛋白质含量在调制过程中均呈上升趋势,总糖和叶绿素含量在调制过程中均呈下降趋势,但类胡萝卜素含量相对较稳定,在叶片中降解较少。调制结束后,大棚调制烟叶总烟碱、总氮、蛋白质、可溶性蛋白及淀粉含量低于露天调制烟叶;但两种调制方式烟叶内总糖含量基本一致。
4.晾制时间对浙江香料烟质量因素的影响
香料烟在采收后调制初期阶段的晾制时间越短,叶片中总叶绿素降解越慢,类胡萝卜素含量也为降低趋势,但是变化的范围不大;随调制的进行烟叶总糖、淀粉和总蛋白含量呈降低趋势,游离氨基酸和挥发碱含量呈上升趋势。以采收后晾制1d和2d处理烟叶化学成分比例协调,内在质量好。
In 2006-2007 ,through field trial in Zhejiang for oriental tobacco research. Studies on leaf cell growth and development of oriental tobacco, the curing technologies and the quality factor of oriental tobacco in the curing process were also studied, the results showed that:
1. The ultrastructure changes of leaf cells in development and curing process of oriental tobacco
(1) Leaf surface oil material mainly by the degradation of epidermal cells through, then use the multivesicular body transported to the outer membrane cells, finally secrete to the leaf surface.
(2) The chloroplast in leaf cells is the important part of starch and osmiophilic material compound place. The leaf cells in the cell division and cell development stage before leaf 5 cm long, after 15 cm long the cell into the function stage, the number of chloroplast increase, the chloroplast began accumulating starch grains and entrain osmiophilic granules, when leaf 20 cm long, cell function is vigorous, in cells chloroplast dark osmiophilic granules increased, and around the nuclear and chloroplast the endoplasmic reticulum developed, the number of mitochondria increase, a larger number of gray osmiophilic granules around the mitochondria, and transfer into the vacuole, finally in the vacuole formed into dark osmiophilic granules; when leaf length 22 cm, the cells starch accumulated, chloroplast start to degradation, cell function began recession. Tobacco mature to a stage of maturity, the organelle gradual degradation and disappear, with the starch grains degradation in the cell, formed a lot of gray osmiophilic material and ultimately the entire vacuole is full of gray osmiophilic material accumulate around the starch grains.
(3) The leaf length from 5 cm to 20 cm, with the development forming of oriental tobacco leaves, the number of chloroplast grana lamella increased, and the photosynthetic rate increase gradually. When leaf length 22 cm, the number of chloroplast grana lamella reduce rapidly, the photosynthetic rate also decreased rapidly, until the harvest time, chloroplast has almost disintegrated and disappeared.
(4) The cell division mainly before 9 days, the leaves have begun with photosynthetic capacity after 9 days, then the cell with the low ability in division, leaf cells enter the functional period in 19 days and begin to enter the assimilation of accumulation period in 26 days; In Yellowing stage the organelle disappear, and starch grains were still decomposed, in stem-drying stage cell wall started contraction, cells contain large quantities of lipid material and some starch grains with no degradation. Nitrogen metabolism mainly in 0-23 days, the carbon metabolism starting from 19 days. According to the research that the oriental tobacco should be given adequate fertilizer supply before 23 days; and extend the yellowing stage can be fully decompose starch, increase the sugar content of tobacco leaves.
2. Maturity grades effect on quality of oriental tobacco in curing process
Water content of tobacco leaves decreased with curing time, the higher the leaves maturity degree was, the faster water content decreased. Contents of chlorophyll and carotenoid tended to decrease during curing process. And proper matured leaves discomposed most completely among all treatments. Contents of starch and soluble protein of proper matured leaves were lowest. Contents of total sugar, protein and CL of over matured were lower than those of under matured and proper matured leaves. Contents of major chemical components of proper matured leaves were closer to the standard of high quality oriental tobacco, such as contents of total nicotine, nitrate,total nitrogen ,protein and K. So it is proper to pick the upper leaves when they are proper matured.
3. Curing method effect on quality of oriental tobacco
The content of soluble protein and starch of tobacco leaves cured in plastic shed was lower than those cured in traditional way. The content of nicotine, total nitrogen, protein intended to increase during the curing process and the final content of nicotine, total nitrogen, protein of tobacco leaves cured in plastic shed was lower; The content of total sugar intended to decrease and the final content of two treatments were same; The pigment discomposed during the curing process . The content of chlorophyll discomposed faster than carotenoid. The final content of carotenoid was higher than chlorophyll.
4. Airing time effect on quality of oriental tobacco
The contents of chlorophyll and carotenoid decomposed following the curing time. The carotenoid had lower rates of decomposition, which might have positive effects on the leaf quality; the content of total sugar, total protein and amylum intended to decrease during the curing process, the content of dissociative aminophenol and volatile alkali intended to increase. The chemical composition of the leaves air-cured for one or two days was coordinative and high quality.
引文
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