高原典型湖泊营养元素地球化学循环与重金属污染研究
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摘要
内蒙古高原气候严寒而干旱,冬季湖泊冰封期长,降水稀少,湖泊成因类型多样。近年来由于经济发展及管理制约等因素的影响,高原湖泊在水环境容量变化,水体和沉积物生源要素的地球化学循环、沉积物重金属的污染、低温及冰封条件下的营养物转化有其特殊性。湖泊沉积物污染的蓄积与释放是造成湖泊污染的重要组成部分。作为湖泊生态系统的重要组成部分,沉积物不仅是湖泊营养物质循环的中心环节,而且是污染物的主要蓄积库。湖泊外源得到控制的同时,沉积物蓄积造成的营养盐释放成为湖泊污染的内源负荷。在湖泊沉积物的蓄积与污染研究上,大部分的研究者主要对南方或西南地区的一些湖泊,例如太湖、滇池、巢湖、鄱阳湖等进行研究,对于高原湖泊,特别是寒旱区湖泊研究比较少。
本文选取内蒙古高原典型湖泊乌梁素海和呼伦湖为研究对象,在充分利用对湖泊水环境及其区域水文、水质及气象因素长期定位监测资料的基础上,将寒旱区湖泊的水质,沉积物及水文气象因素与灌区湖泊、草原湖泊特征相结合,研究寒旱区高原湖泊富营养化机制和重金属污染评价污染机理的特殊性。
通过研究,摸清了内蒙古高原湖泊的水质污染现状,及沉积物中有机污染和重金属污染现状,掌握了沉积物中营养盐与重金属间及金属元素间的相互关系。针对内蒙古高原湖泊的特性,研究了在低温和冰封条件下,水体和冰体中营养盐的分布规律。主要得到以下四个方面的成果与结论：
首先,运用地质统计学理论结合ArcGIS软件的地统计模块对乌梁素海和呼伦湖水体中的氮、磷营养元素进行了克里金空间插值,时空分布结果表明：依据水生植物的不同生长阶段、冰冻期和非冰冻期等因素的影响,乌梁素海和呼伦湖水体中的氮磷呈现不同的时空变异特征。
通过对乌梁素海和呼伦湖水体中的浮游动植物、底栖生物和浮游细菌的初步调查和分析得知这些湖泊已有—些耐污品种出现,浮游植物种群向耐污种类的方向衍化,底栖生物的种类和数量在不断减少,乌梁素海部分采样点的浮游细菌大量繁殖。
水质污染现状评价得知：乌梁素海正处于重度富营养化状态,而且受人类活动干扰较严重。制定了呼伦湖生态健康评价标准,确定出呼伦湖目前正处于中度富营养化状态,受人类活动影响较小。
其次,对内蒙古高原湖泊沉积物生源要素—总氮、形态氮(硝氮、氨氮)、总磷和有机质进行定量分析并摸清了这些生源要素在水平和垂直方向的分布特征,同时,对沉积物碳-氮-磷相互间的耦合关系及其环境意义进行了研究,结果表明：乌梁素海全湖的有机指数均值为0.42,处于尚清洁状态,w(ON)的均值为0.17%,属于有机氮污染状态。呼伦湖全湖的有机指数不高,均值为0.18,处于较清洁状态；w(ON)的均值为0.125%,属于尚清洁范畴,但部分采样点有机氮污染严重。总体而言,有机氮污染与有机污染具有相似的变化趋势,乌梁素海的有机氮污染与有机污染均大于呼伦湖。
第三,湖泊沉积物重金属的时空分布特征及湖泊重金属污染评价结果显示,乌梁素海表层沉积物夏季以Hg和As的污染最为严重,冬季Cd成为主要污染物,全湖重金属污染属中等水平；呼伦湖单种重金属皆属于轻微污染水平,尤其以Cd的污染程度较为严重,全湖处于低污染状态。
最后,针对内蒙古高原湖泊的特性,分析了在低温及冰封条件下,水体和冰体中营养盐的分布特征并进行了对比。
综合以上,以高原湖泊乌梁素海和呼伦湖中水体和沉积物生源要素的地球化学循环为特征,探明了高原湖泊沉积物中污染物的分布特征、来源、现状污染程度及其对水体富营养化的影响,为水体污染治理和制定污染控制对策提供科学依据,以诊断湖泊湿地生态系统的健康状况,为恢复受损湿地功能提供指导和参考意见,对于寒旱区内湖泊的环境治理与保护具有重要意义。
The climate of Inner Mongolia plateau is chill and dry, and has few precipitation though out the year. The lakes form different and freeze long time during the winter. In recent years, plateau lakes present some special features at water environment carrying capacity, geochemical cycle of water body and sediment, contamination of heavy metal sediment and nutrient transformation at low temperature and icebound time due to the development of economy and some setting rules. Sediment contamination is one of important research contents for lake pollution, also a focal environmental issue in the wide world. As a main part of Lake Ecosystem, sediment is not only the point of nutrition material cycle, but also the important reservoirs of contaminant. During the interaction between water body and sediment, part of nutrient in sediment release to the water body and change to internal loading of lake nutrient when external loading are controlled. At present, some researchers did much about the contamination of lake sediment at south lakes-such as Chao Lake, Taihu Lake, Dian Lake and East Lake, but few at plateau lakes of cold and arid regions
In this thesis, Wuliangsuhai Lake and Hulun Lake, which are two typical lakes in Inner Mongolia, are the main study object. Base on the researches of water environment and area hydrology, water quality and long term climate monitoring station, and according to water quality of lakes, sediment and the factors of hydrology and climate, the features of irrigation lakes and prairie lakes, discuss the specific features of argument for eutrophication and the heavy metal contamination.
It shows you the situation of Inner Mongolia plateau lakes water pollution and organic contamination of sediment and heavy metal, tells you the relationship between sediment nutrient and heavy metal and other metallic element. It presents the distribution regularity between water body and ice body in low temperature and icebound time aim at the features of plateau lakes. It can be concluded in three results as follows:
Firstly, the Geostatistics and Arcgis was used for the kriging spatial interpolation about nitrogen and phosphorus in Wuliangsuhai Lake and Hulun Lake. The result presents that the spatial and temporal features are different between Wuliangsuhai Lake and Hulun Lake due to the different location, icebound time and growth period.
After some surveys about plankton, meiobenthos and planktobacteria at Wuliangsuhai Lake and Hulun Lake, it shows phytoplankton changing to anti-pollution and the variety and quantity of meiobenthos are gradually reducing. And planktobacteria bloomed at Wuliangsuhai Lake.
The evaluation of water pollution reveals that Wuliangsuhai Lake is a severe eutrophication lake and is influenced much by humans. But Hulun Lake is a medium eutrophication lake and is not big influenced.
Secondly, after conducting the quantitative analysis of total nitrogen, nitrogen form(nitrate nitrogen, ammoniacal nitrogen),total phosphorus and organic matter, and figuring out the horizontal and vertical direction distribution characteristics of important elements, also, base on the research of the coupled relation among sediment C-N-P and their environment, it shows that Wuliangsuhai Lake is in a clean condition, as its average value of organic index is0.42, but it is in a contamination of organic nitrogen, as its w(ON) average value is0.17%. For Hulun Lake, it is in a less clean condition, as its organic index is0.18. That its w(ON) average value is0.125%means that it is within a clean category; However, it is seriously polluted when the sampling point is examined.
In general, it has a similar tendency between organic pollution and organic nitrogen pollution. The organic pollution and organic nitrogen pollution of Wulaingsuhai Lake are both higher than Hulun Lake.
Thirdly, the spatial and temporal characteristics of lake sediment's heavy metal shows the most serious contaminant are Hg and As at summer time, but Cd at winter in Wuliangsuhai Lake. The heavy metal pollution belongs to medium level at Wuliangsuhai Lake but light level at Hulun Lake except Cd.
Lastly, it analyzed the difference of the nutrient distribution in water body and ice body at the low temperature and icebound time for Inner Mongolia plateau characteristics.
In sum, base on the geochemical cycle features of water body and sediment in Wuliangsuhai Lake and Hulun Lake, the distribution characteristics, source, pollution level and the influence to eutrphication were discovered. These are definitely provided suggests to water pollution control, Lake ecosystem preserve and wetland repair. These sure have big significance towards environmental improvement and protection of Lakes in cold and arid regions.
本文选取内蒙古高原典型湖泊乌梁素海和呼伦湖为研究对象,在充分利用对湖泊水环境及其区域水文、水质及气象因素长期定位监测资料的基础上,将寒旱区湖泊的水质,沉积物及水文气象因素与灌区湖泊、草原湖泊特征相结合,研究寒旱区高原湖泊富营养化机制和重金属污染评价污染机理的特殊性。
通过研究,摸清了内蒙古高原湖泊的水质污染现状,及沉积物中有机污染和重金属污染现状,掌握了沉积物中营养盐与重金属间及金属元素间的相互关系。针对内蒙古高原湖泊的特性,研究了在低温和冰封条件下,水体和冰体中营养盐的分布规律。主要得到以下四个方面的成果与结论：
首先,运用地质统计学理论结合ArcGIS软件的地统计模块对乌梁素海和呼伦湖水体中的氮、磷营养元素进行了克里金空间插值,时空分布结果表明：依据水生植物的不同生长阶段、冰冻期和非冰冻期等因素的影响,乌梁素海和呼伦湖水体中的氮磷呈现不同的时空变异特征。
通过对乌梁素海和呼伦湖水体中的浮游动植物、底栖生物和浮游细菌的初步调查和分析得知这些湖泊已有—些耐污品种出现,浮游植物种群向耐污种类的方向衍化,底栖生物的种类和数量在不断减少,乌梁素海部分采样点的浮游细菌大量繁殖。
水质污染现状评价得知：乌梁素海正处于重度富营养化状态,而且受人类活动干扰较严重。制定了呼伦湖生态健康评价标准,确定出呼伦湖目前正处于中度富营养化状态,受人类活动影响较小。
其次,对内蒙古高原湖泊沉积物生源要素—总氮、形态氮(硝氮、氨氮)、总磷和有机质进行定量分析并摸清了这些生源要素在水平和垂直方向的分布特征,同时,对沉积物碳-氮-磷相互间的耦合关系及其环境意义进行了研究,结果表明：乌梁素海全湖的有机指数均值为0.42,处于尚清洁状态,w(ON)的均值为0.17%,属于有机氮污染状态。呼伦湖全湖的有机指数不高,均值为0.18,处于较清洁状态；w(ON)的均值为0.125%,属于尚清洁范畴,但部分采样点有机氮污染严重。总体而言,有机氮污染与有机污染具有相似的变化趋势,乌梁素海的有机氮污染与有机污染均大于呼伦湖。
第三,湖泊沉积物重金属的时空分布特征及湖泊重金属污染评价结果显示,乌梁素海表层沉积物夏季以Hg和As的污染最为严重,冬季Cd成为主要污染物,全湖重金属污染属中等水平；呼伦湖单种重金属皆属于轻微污染水平,尤其以Cd的污染程度较为严重,全湖处于低污染状态。
最后,针对内蒙古高原湖泊的特性,分析了在低温及冰封条件下,水体和冰体中营养盐的分布特征并进行了对比。
综合以上,以高原湖泊乌梁素海和呼伦湖中水体和沉积物生源要素的地球化学循环为特征,探明了高原湖泊沉积物中污染物的分布特征、来源、现状污染程度及其对水体富营养化的影响,为水体污染治理和制定污染控制对策提供科学依据,以诊断湖泊湿地生态系统的健康状况,为恢复受损湿地功能提供指导和参考意见,对于寒旱区内湖泊的环境治理与保护具有重要意义。
The climate of Inner Mongolia plateau is chill and dry, and has few precipitation though out the year. The lakes form different and freeze long time during the winter. In recent years, plateau lakes present some special features at water environment carrying capacity, geochemical cycle of water body and sediment, contamination of heavy metal sediment and nutrient transformation at low temperature and icebound time due to the development of economy and some setting rules. Sediment contamination is one of important research contents for lake pollution, also a focal environmental issue in the wide world. As a main part of Lake Ecosystem, sediment is not only the point of nutrition material cycle, but also the important reservoirs of contaminant. During the interaction between water body and sediment, part of nutrient in sediment release to the water body and change to internal loading of lake nutrient when external loading are controlled. At present, some researchers did much about the contamination of lake sediment at south lakes-such as Chao Lake, Taihu Lake, Dian Lake and East Lake, but few at plateau lakes of cold and arid regions
In this thesis, Wuliangsuhai Lake and Hulun Lake, which are two typical lakes in Inner Mongolia, are the main study object. Base on the researches of water environment and area hydrology, water quality and long term climate monitoring station, and according to water quality of lakes, sediment and the factors of hydrology and climate, the features of irrigation lakes and prairie lakes, discuss the specific features of argument for eutrophication and the heavy metal contamination.
It shows you the situation of Inner Mongolia plateau lakes water pollution and organic contamination of sediment and heavy metal, tells you the relationship between sediment nutrient and heavy metal and other metallic element. It presents the distribution regularity between water body and ice body in low temperature and icebound time aim at the features of plateau lakes. It can be concluded in three results as follows:
Firstly, the Geostatistics and Arcgis was used for the kriging spatial interpolation about nitrogen and phosphorus in Wuliangsuhai Lake and Hulun Lake. The result presents that the spatial and temporal features are different between Wuliangsuhai Lake and Hulun Lake due to the different location, icebound time and growth period.
After some surveys about plankton, meiobenthos and planktobacteria at Wuliangsuhai Lake and Hulun Lake, it shows phytoplankton changing to anti-pollution and the variety and quantity of meiobenthos are gradually reducing. And planktobacteria bloomed at Wuliangsuhai Lake.
The evaluation of water pollution reveals that Wuliangsuhai Lake is a severe eutrophication lake and is influenced much by humans. But Hulun Lake is a medium eutrophication lake and is not big influenced.
Secondly, after conducting the quantitative analysis of total nitrogen, nitrogen form(nitrate nitrogen, ammoniacal nitrogen),total phosphorus and organic matter, and figuring out the horizontal and vertical direction distribution characteristics of important elements, also, base on the research of the coupled relation among sediment C-N-P and their environment, it shows that Wuliangsuhai Lake is in a clean condition, as its average value of organic index is0.42, but it is in a contamination of organic nitrogen, as its w(ON) average value is0.17%. For Hulun Lake, it is in a less clean condition, as its organic index is0.18. That its w(ON) average value is0.125%means that it is within a clean category; However, it is seriously polluted when the sampling point is examined.
In general, it has a similar tendency between organic pollution and organic nitrogen pollution. The organic pollution and organic nitrogen pollution of Wulaingsuhai Lake are both higher than Hulun Lake.
Thirdly, the spatial and temporal characteristics of lake sediment's heavy metal shows the most serious contaminant are Hg and As at summer time, but Cd at winter in Wuliangsuhai Lake. The heavy metal pollution belongs to medium level at Wuliangsuhai Lake but light level at Hulun Lake except Cd.
Lastly, it analyzed the difference of the nutrient distribution in water body and ice body at the low temperature and icebound time for Inner Mongolia plateau characteristics.
In sum, base on the geochemical cycle features of water body and sediment in Wuliangsuhai Lake and Hulun Lake, the distribution characteristics, source, pollution level and the influence to eutrphication were discovered. These are definitely provided suggests to water pollution control, Lake ecosystem preserve and wetland repair. These sure have big significance towards environmental improvement and protection of Lakes in cold and arid regions.
引文
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