施用有机肥农田氮磷流失模拟研究
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摘要
近年来,我国畜禽养殖量迅速增加,仅北京、河北、河南、山东四省畜禽粪便产生氮磷纯养分量达到974和267万吨/年,农户调查显示:目前养殖农户农田施用有机肥用量、方法、品种差异很大,这一地区夏季雨量丰富,暴雨和大暴雨时有发生,施用有机肥后如遇降雨,特别是大雨,就会造成有机肥养分的流失。至目前为止,华北地区关于不同流失方式下,有机肥用量、方法、品种对农田氮磷流失影响的研究尚为缺少。为了解华北地区施用有机肥对农田N、P流失的影响,2008年在河北廊坊布置了原位人工模拟降雨实验,实验设置了26个处理,包括表施和翻耕施2种施肥方法、3个磷水平的有机肥用量、4种有机肥品种等,研究了种植春玉米的条件下,地表径流和渗漏2种流失方式下的氮磷流失特征。主要结论如下:
1.农田人工模拟降雨实验在降雨量为160 mm条件下,地表径流水量和渗漏水量差异不显著,分别为降雨量的48.64%、44.90%。13个试验处理结果显示地表径流方式下降雨结束后产流延续时间仅为渗漏方式的1/5,两者平均分别为3.36 min、16.75 min,而地表径流方式下产流速率是渗漏方式的1.5倍,两者平均分别为71.97mL/min、48.43 mL/min。
2.在三个磷水平的有机肥用量条件下(0、75、225 kg P/hm~2),地表径流方式农田总磷流失量分别为1.02、3.86和6.66 kg P/hm~2,差异显著,径流液总磷流失浓度差异不显著,3个磷水平的浓度分别为0.17、0.73、1.92 mgP/L;渗漏方式下3个磷水平的农田总磷流失量分别为0.77、3.03和12.12 kg P/hm~2,差异显著,渗漏液总磷流失浓度差异显著,分别为0.30、1.03和2.75 mg/L。三个磷水平的有机肥用量条件下N量可归并为3个等级,分别为0、＜500 kg N/hm~2(220～440 kg N/hm~2)、＞500kg N/hm~2(660～1320 kg N/hm~2),其农田径流总氮流失量分别4.89、12.75和23.6 kgN/hm~2,差异不显著,径流液水溶性氮浓度分别为0.81、2.3、5.62 mgN/L,差异显著,农田渗漏总氮流失量平均分别为20.99、38.56和51.02 kg N/hm~2,差异不显著。
3.在有机肥用量为0～320 Tg·鲜重/hm~2范围内,表施和翻耕施两种施肥方式的地表径流总磷流失量分别为7.92 kg P/hm~2和2.6 kg P/hm~2,差异显著;两种施肥方式下,渗漏总磷流失量分别为11.97 P/hm~2和5.19 P/hm~2,差异显著;两种施肥方式下,地表径流总氮流失量分别为22.58和13.77 kg N/hm~2,差异不显著,渗漏总氮流失量分别为45.42和44.16 kg N/hm~2,差异不显著。
4.在磷量为75 kg P/hm~2有机肥用量条件下,牛粪、猪粪、鸡粪三种有机肥表施的农田径流总磷流失量分别为5.20、3.41、5.43 kg P/hm~2,总氮流失量分别为11.02、47.19、13.79 kg P/hm~2;渗漏总磷流失量分别为7.03、2.70、2.92 kg P/hm~2,总氮流失量分别为23.6、56.88、34.99 kg P/hm~2;三种有机肥翻耕施条件下农田径流总磷流失量分别为2.18、1.89、2.43 kg P/hm~2,总氮流失量分别为3.74、15.34、10.83 kg P/hm~2;渗漏总磷流失量分别为6.48、3.03、3.14 kg P/hm~2,总氮流失量分别为35.57、45.37、64.66 kg P/hm~2。
在磷量为225 kg P/hm~2有机肥用量条件下,猪粪、鸡粪、鸭粪三种有机肥表施的农田径流总磷流失量分别为13.28、8.28、9.17 kg P/hm~2,总氮流失量分别为18.05、22.47、22.95 kg P/hm~2;渗漏总磷流失量分别为18.51、13.55、22.17 kg P/hm~2,总氮流失量分别为42.84、54.52、59.71 kg P/hm~2;三种有机肥翻耕施条件下农田径流总磷流失量分别为3.91、2.47、2.86 kg P/hm~2,总氮流失量分别为14.17、20.71、17.81kg P/hm~2;渗漏总磷流失量分别为6.27、5.12、7.08 kg P/hm~2,总氮流失量分别为29.71、58.50、31.17 kg P/hm~2。
上述结果表明,表施有机肥的环境风险要高于翻耕施肥方式,有机肥用量为0～320 Tg·鲜重/hm~2条件下,有机肥表施后农田无论径流还是渗漏引起的总磷流失量均比翻耕施平均高近一倍。高有机肥用量条件下,农田渗漏总磷流失量极高,可达到12.12 kg P/hm~2,是地表径流方式的2倍。研究结果还表明,在华北地区,大雨引起的地表径流或持续降雨形成的侧渗两种流失过程都会引起农田氮磷养分流失,造成农业面源污染。
Recently,livestock and poultry breeding in China have increased rapidly.The nutrient amount from livestock and poultry manures had reached 9.74×10~7 kg N/a and 2.67×10~7 kg P/a in Beijing,Hebei,Henan,Shandong.It has been showed in farmers' investigation that manure types,amount and application measurements for crops differed greatly by different farmers.In North China in summer there is rich rainfall,frequently heavy rain. When manure application succeeded with heavy rain,it might induce nutrient loses.Up to now,however,few works were done about impacts of manure types,amount and application measurements on nitrogen and phosphorus losses of cropland in the region.In order to understand N and P losses from manure application of crop land,experiments were carried out in Langfang research station in 2008.Methods of artificial rainfall simulation was involved.With 26 treatments,N and P losses through runoff and leach procedures from crop growing field were studied.The treatments included two manure application measurements(surface application and plowing application),manure amounts in 3 P-levels and 4 manure sorts.The main results were as follows:
1.Under 160 mm rainfall simulation,the amount of surface runoff water and leakage water were not different significant,with 48.64%and 44.90%of the rainfall respectively. The results of 13 experiments showed for runoff,the outflow lasting time after rainfall stopping is only 1/5 of that of leakage,with the average of 3.36 minutes and 16.75 minutes respectively,but the velocity of runoff is 1.5 times faster than of that of leakage, with the average of 71.97 mL/min and 48.43 mL/min respectively.
2.Under 3 manure amounts application judged by P -level,for surface runoff,the total P losses were different significant with 1.02,3.86 and 6.66 kg P/hm~2 respectively,the total P concentrations of runoff water were not different significant,with 0.17,0.73,1.92 mg P/L respectively;for leakage the total P losses were different significant with 0.77,3.03 and 12.12 kg P/hm~2 respectively,the total P concentration of leakage water were different significant,with 0.30,1.03,2.73 mg P/L respectively.
The N amount of the three application could be classed to 3 level,with 0,＜500 kgN/hm~2 (220～440 kg N/hm~2) and＞500 kg N/hm~2(660～1320 kg N/hm~2),for surface runoff, the total N losses were not different significant with 4.89,12.75 and 23.6 kg N/hm~2 respectively,the total dissolved nitrogen concentration of runoff water were different significant,with 0.81,2.3 and 5.62 mg N/L respectively;for leakage the average total N lose were not different significant with 20.99,38.56 and 51.02 kg N/hm~2 respectively.
3.Under the manure application amounts 0～320 Tg·/hm~2,with two application measurements:surface application and plowing application,the runoff total P losing were different significant,with 7.92 kg P/hm~2和2.6 kg P/hm~2 respectively,the leakage total P losing were different significant,with 11.97 kg P/hm~2和5.19 kg P/hm~2 respectively, the total N lose were not different significant,the runoff lose were 45.42 kg N/hm~2 respectively,the leakage lose were 44.16 kg N/hm~2 respectively.
4.Under the condition of P amounts 75 kg P/hm~2,for surface application,the total P losses of runoff with cattle manure,pig manure,chicken manure were 5.20,3.41 and 5.43 kg P/hm~2 respectively,total N losses were 11.02,47.19 and13.79 kg P/hm~2 respectively, the total P losses of leakage were 7.03,2.70 and 2.92 kg P/hm~2 respectively,total N losses were 23.6,56.88 and 34.99 kg N/hm~2 respectively;for plowing application,the total P lose of runoff with cattle manure,pig manure,chicken manure were 2.18,1.89 and 2.43 kg P/hm~2 respectively,total N lose were 3.74,15.34 and 10.83 kg N/hm~2 respectively,the total P lose of leakage were 6.48,3.03 and 3.14 kg P/hm~2 respectively,total N lose were 35.57,45.37 and 64.66 kg N/hm~2 respectively.
Under the condition of P amounts 225 kg P/hm~2,for surface application,the total P losses of runoff with cattle manure,pig manure,chicken manure were 13.28,8.28 and9.17 kg P/hm~2 respectively,total N losses were 18.05,22.47 and 22.95 kg N/hm~2 respectively,the total P losses of leakage were 18.51,13.55 and 22.17 kg P/hm~2 respectively,total N losses were 42.84,54.52 and 59.71 kg N/hm~2 respectively;for plowing application,the total P losses of runoff with cattle manure,pig manure,chicken manure were 3.91,2.47 and 2.86 kg P/hm~2 respectively,total N losses were 14.17,20.71 and 17.81 kg N/hm~2 respectively, the total P losses of leakage were 6.27,5.12 and 7.08 kg P/hm~2 respectively,total N losses were 29.71,58.50 and 31.17 kg N/hm~2 respectively.
Based on the results obtained,for organic fertilizer there is more environmental risk by surface application compare with plowing application.With the organic fertilizer application amount 0～320 Tg/hm~2,there would be twice total P losses for surface application compared with plowing application in despite of runoff or leakage.Under the condition of big amount manure application,the leakage P losses were very heavy,it could be as high as 12.12 kg P/hm~2 twice that of runoff losses.This study also show that, in North China,the runoff by heavy rain or the leakage by continuous rainfall both cause the nitrogen and phosphorus lose of farm field,result in agricultural non-point source pollution.
1.农田人工模拟降雨实验在降雨量为160 mm条件下,地表径流水量和渗漏水量差异不显著,分别为降雨量的48.64%、44.90%。13个试验处理结果显示地表径流方式下降雨结束后产流延续时间仅为渗漏方式的1/5,两者平均分别为3.36 min、16.75 min,而地表径流方式下产流速率是渗漏方式的1.5倍,两者平均分别为71.97mL/min、48.43 mL/min。
2.在三个磷水平的有机肥用量条件下(0、75、225 kg P/hm~2),地表径流方式农田总磷流失量分别为1.02、3.86和6.66 kg P/hm~2,差异显著,径流液总磷流失浓度差异不显著,3个磷水平的浓度分别为0.17、0.73、1.92 mgP/L;渗漏方式下3个磷水平的农田总磷流失量分别为0.77、3.03和12.12 kg P/hm~2,差异显著,渗漏液总磷流失浓度差异显著,分别为0.30、1.03和2.75 mg/L。三个磷水平的有机肥用量条件下N量可归并为3个等级,分别为0、＜500 kg N/hm~2(220～440 kg N/hm~2)、＞500kg N/hm~2(660～1320 kg N/hm~2),其农田径流总氮流失量分别4.89、12.75和23.6 kgN/hm~2,差异不显著,径流液水溶性氮浓度分别为0.81、2.3、5.62 mgN/L,差异显著,农田渗漏总氮流失量平均分别为20.99、38.56和51.02 kg N/hm~2,差异不显著。
3.在有机肥用量为0～320 Tg·鲜重/hm~2范围内,表施和翻耕施两种施肥方式的地表径流总磷流失量分别为7.92 kg P/hm~2和2.6 kg P/hm~2,差异显著;两种施肥方式下,渗漏总磷流失量分别为11.97 P/hm~2和5.19 P/hm~2,差异显著;两种施肥方式下,地表径流总氮流失量分别为22.58和13.77 kg N/hm~2,差异不显著,渗漏总氮流失量分别为45.42和44.16 kg N/hm~2,差异不显著。
4.在磷量为75 kg P/hm~2有机肥用量条件下,牛粪、猪粪、鸡粪三种有机肥表施的农田径流总磷流失量分别为5.20、3.41、5.43 kg P/hm~2,总氮流失量分别为11.02、47.19、13.79 kg P/hm~2;渗漏总磷流失量分别为7.03、2.70、2.92 kg P/hm~2,总氮流失量分别为23.6、56.88、34.99 kg P/hm~2;三种有机肥翻耕施条件下农田径流总磷流失量分别为2.18、1.89、2.43 kg P/hm~2,总氮流失量分别为3.74、15.34、10.83 kg P/hm~2;渗漏总磷流失量分别为6.48、3.03、3.14 kg P/hm~2,总氮流失量分别为35.57、45.37、64.66 kg P/hm~2。
在磷量为225 kg P/hm~2有机肥用量条件下,猪粪、鸡粪、鸭粪三种有机肥表施的农田径流总磷流失量分别为13.28、8.28、9.17 kg P/hm~2,总氮流失量分别为18.05、22.47、22.95 kg P/hm~2;渗漏总磷流失量分别为18.51、13.55、22.17 kg P/hm~2,总氮流失量分别为42.84、54.52、59.71 kg P/hm~2;三种有机肥翻耕施条件下农田径流总磷流失量分别为3.91、2.47、2.86 kg P/hm~2,总氮流失量分别为14.17、20.71、17.81kg P/hm~2;渗漏总磷流失量分别为6.27、5.12、7.08 kg P/hm~2,总氮流失量分别为29.71、58.50、31.17 kg P/hm~2。
上述结果表明,表施有机肥的环境风险要高于翻耕施肥方式,有机肥用量为0～320 Tg·鲜重/hm~2条件下,有机肥表施后农田无论径流还是渗漏引起的总磷流失量均比翻耕施平均高近一倍。高有机肥用量条件下,农田渗漏总磷流失量极高,可达到12.12 kg P/hm~2,是地表径流方式的2倍。研究结果还表明,在华北地区,大雨引起的地表径流或持续降雨形成的侧渗两种流失过程都会引起农田氮磷养分流失,造成农业面源污染。
Recently,livestock and poultry breeding in China have increased rapidly.The nutrient amount from livestock and poultry manures had reached 9.74×10~7 kg N/a and 2.67×10~7 kg P/a in Beijing,Hebei,Henan,Shandong.It has been showed in farmers' investigation that manure types,amount and application measurements for crops differed greatly by different farmers.In North China in summer there is rich rainfall,frequently heavy rain. When manure application succeeded with heavy rain,it might induce nutrient loses.Up to now,however,few works were done about impacts of manure types,amount and application measurements on nitrogen and phosphorus losses of cropland in the region.In order to understand N and P losses from manure application of crop land,experiments were carried out in Langfang research station in 2008.Methods of artificial rainfall simulation was involved.With 26 treatments,N and P losses through runoff and leach procedures from crop growing field were studied.The treatments included two manure application measurements(surface application and plowing application),manure amounts in 3 P-levels and 4 manure sorts.The main results were as follows:
1.Under 160 mm rainfall simulation,the amount of surface runoff water and leakage water were not different significant,with 48.64%and 44.90%of the rainfall respectively. The results of 13 experiments showed for runoff,the outflow lasting time after rainfall stopping is only 1/5 of that of leakage,with the average of 3.36 minutes and 16.75 minutes respectively,but the velocity of runoff is 1.5 times faster than of that of leakage, with the average of 71.97 mL/min and 48.43 mL/min respectively.
2.Under 3 manure amounts application judged by P -level,for surface runoff,the total P losses were different significant with 1.02,3.86 and 6.66 kg P/hm~2 respectively,the total P concentrations of runoff water were not different significant,with 0.17,0.73,1.92 mg P/L respectively;for leakage the total P losses were different significant with 0.77,3.03 and 12.12 kg P/hm~2 respectively,the total P concentration of leakage water were different significant,with 0.30,1.03,2.73 mg P/L respectively.
The N amount of the three application could be classed to 3 level,with 0,＜500 kgN/hm~2 (220～440 kg N/hm~2) and＞500 kg N/hm~2(660～1320 kg N/hm~2),for surface runoff, the total N losses were not different significant with 4.89,12.75 and 23.6 kg N/hm~2 respectively,the total dissolved nitrogen concentration of runoff water were different significant,with 0.81,2.3 and 5.62 mg N/L respectively;for leakage the average total N lose were not different significant with 20.99,38.56 and 51.02 kg N/hm~2 respectively.
3.Under the manure application amounts 0～320 Tg·/hm~2,with two application measurements:surface application and plowing application,the runoff total P losing were different significant,with 7.92 kg P/hm~2和2.6 kg P/hm~2 respectively,the leakage total P losing were different significant,with 11.97 kg P/hm~2和5.19 kg P/hm~2 respectively, the total N lose were not different significant,the runoff lose were 45.42 kg N/hm~2 respectively,the leakage lose were 44.16 kg N/hm~2 respectively.
4.Under the condition of P amounts 75 kg P/hm~2,for surface application,the total P losses of runoff with cattle manure,pig manure,chicken manure were 5.20,3.41 and 5.43 kg P/hm~2 respectively,total N losses were 11.02,47.19 and13.79 kg P/hm~2 respectively, the total P losses of leakage were 7.03,2.70 and 2.92 kg P/hm~2 respectively,total N losses were 23.6,56.88 and 34.99 kg N/hm~2 respectively;for plowing application,the total P lose of runoff with cattle manure,pig manure,chicken manure were 2.18,1.89 and 2.43 kg P/hm~2 respectively,total N lose were 3.74,15.34 and 10.83 kg N/hm~2 respectively,the total P lose of leakage were 6.48,3.03 and 3.14 kg P/hm~2 respectively,total N lose were 35.57,45.37 and 64.66 kg N/hm~2 respectively.
Under the condition of P amounts 225 kg P/hm~2,for surface application,the total P losses of runoff with cattle manure,pig manure,chicken manure were 13.28,8.28 and9.17 kg P/hm~2 respectively,total N losses were 18.05,22.47 and 22.95 kg N/hm~2 respectively,the total P losses of leakage were 18.51,13.55 and 22.17 kg P/hm~2 respectively,total N losses were 42.84,54.52 and 59.71 kg N/hm~2 respectively;for plowing application,the total P losses of runoff with cattle manure,pig manure,chicken manure were 3.91,2.47 and 2.86 kg P/hm~2 respectively,total N losses were 14.17,20.71 and 17.81 kg N/hm~2 respectively, the total P losses of leakage were 6.27,5.12 and 7.08 kg P/hm~2 respectively,total N losses were 29.71,58.50 and 31.17 kg N/hm~2 respectively.
Based on the results obtained,for organic fertilizer there is more environmental risk by surface application compare with plowing application.With the organic fertilizer application amount 0～320 Tg/hm~2,there would be twice total P losses for surface application compared with plowing application in despite of runoff or leakage.Under the condition of big amount manure application,the leakage P losses were very heavy,it could be as high as 12.12 kg P/hm~2 twice that of runoff losses.This study also show that, in North China,the runoff by heavy rain or the leakage by continuous rainfall both cause the nitrogen and phosphorus lose of farm field,result in agricultural non-point source pollution.
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