福建氮肥施用量的现状调查及应对策略
|
摘要
氮肥产业在我国农业中占据着十分重要的地位,氮素是农田生产力的主要限制因子之一,我国是世界农业大国,化肥产量在上世纪末已年产9000万t,其中绝大部分为氮肥,其用量占世界氮肥用量的1/4,大量使用氮肥对增加农作物的产量起了积极的作用,目前我省农业上水稻施用的氮肥主要有尿素、硝酸氨、碳酸氢氨、氯化氨、硫酸氨等,肥料中的氮主要以NH+和NO-3的形式被植物吸收然而,随着氮肥使用量的增加,农田氮素损失引起的地表水体富营养化、农产品品质下降等一系列环境和食品安全问题日益严重,并日益受到人们的重视许多研究表明,不控制农业面源污染就不可能根本解决水质污染问题,化肥中氮素在地面中的富集与输出,是面源污染贡献大但又难以控制的问题之一,治理氮素的面源污染,对生态环境的保护和农业的可持续发展有很大贡献因此,本课题选择氮肥作为研究对象,与生产实际结合紧密,具有十分现实的意义,我省使用化肥首先是氮肥,其次是磷肥,接着是钾肥和微量元素化肥等,化肥的使用经历了不断提高的进程,20世纪50年代,我省围绕不同化肥品种在不同土壤和作物的效应做了大量肥效鉴定工作,为因土、因作物配方施肥提供了科学依据,60年代我省又针对如何减少肥分损失、提高肥料利用率和增进肥效开展研究工作,取得了很好的成果,80年代,随着化肥施用量的迅速增加,施用单一肥料和依靠经验的施肥方法已越来越不能适应农业生产发展的需求.化肥适宜用量及氮磷钾肥合理配比的研究应运而生。
Nitrogen fertilizer industry occupies a very important position in China's agriculture, nitrogen productivity of farmland are the main limiting factor, our country is the world's large agricultural, chemical fertilizer production in the last century, has an annual output of 9 million t, most of them nitrogen fertilizer, nitrogen fertilizer use accounts for the amount of the world's 1 / 4, heavy use of nitrogen fertilizer to increase crop production has played a positive role in the present province of nitrogen fertilizer applied in agriculture are mainly urea, ammonium nitrate, ammonium bicarbonate, chloride, ammonia, sulfuric acid ammonia. Nitrogen fertilizer mainly NH 'and NO' form absorbed by plants, however, with increased nitrogen fertilizer use, nitrogen loss of farmland caused by surface water eutrophication, declining quality of agricultural products, such as a series of environmental and food safety is becoming increasingly serious and growing attention in many studies have shown that does not control the agricultural non-point source pollution can not fundamentally solve the water pollution problems. Nitrogen fertilizer on the ground of the concentration and output, are non-point source pollution contributed to large but difficult to control one of the issues, governance of nitrogen non-point source pollution, the ecological environment protection and sustainable development of agriculture has great contribution, therefore, subject selection for the study of nitrogen fertilizer, and production of the actual combination of working closely with a very practical significance. First of all, our province the use of chemical fertilizers are nitrogen, followed by the phosphate fertilizer, followed by potash and trace elements such as chemical fertilizers. Fertilizer use has undergone continuous improvement process, the 20th century, the 50's and province around the different varieties of fertilizers in different soils and crops to do a lot of fertilizer effects of exercise, as a result of soil due to crop Fertilization to provide a scientific basis for the 60's. Our Province address how to reduce losses, improve efficiency of fertilizer utilization and promotion of research work, and achieved very good results. 80's, with the fertilizer application amount of the rapid increase in a single application of fertilizer and rely on the experience of the fertilization method has been the development of agricultural production can not meet the growing demand. Fertilizer NPK appropriate dosage and a reasonable proportion of research came into being.
Nitrogen fertilizer industry occupies a very important position in China's agriculture, nitrogen productivity of farmland are the main limiting factor, our country is the world's large agricultural, chemical fertilizer production in the last century, has an annual output of 9 million t, most of them nitrogen fertilizer, nitrogen fertilizer use accounts for the amount of the world's 1 / 4, heavy use of nitrogen fertilizer to increase crop production has played a positive role in the present province of nitrogen fertilizer applied in agriculture are mainly urea, ammonium nitrate, ammonium bicarbonate, chloride, ammonia, sulfuric acid ammonia. Nitrogen fertilizer mainly NH 'and NO' form absorbed by plants, however, with increased nitrogen fertilizer use, nitrogen loss of farmland caused by surface water eutrophication, declining quality of agricultural products, such as a series of environmental and food safety is becoming increasingly serious and growing attention in many studies have shown that does not control the agricultural non-point source pollution can not fundamentally solve the water pollution problems. Nitrogen fertilizer on the ground of the concentration and output, are non-point source pollution contributed to large but difficult to control one of the issues, governance of nitrogen non-point source pollution, the ecological environment protection and sustainable development of agriculture has great contribution, therefore, subject selection for the study of nitrogen fertilizer, and production of the actual combination of working closely with a very practical significance. First of all, our province the use of chemical fertilizers are nitrogen, followed by the phosphate fertilizer, followed by potash and trace elements such as chemical fertilizers. Fertilizer use has undergone continuous improvement process, the 20th century, the 50's and province around the different varieties of fertilizers in different soils and crops to do a lot of fertilizer effects of exercise, as a result of soil due to crop Fertilization to provide a scientific basis for the 60's. Our Province address how to reduce losses, improve efficiency of fertilizer utilization and promotion of research work, and achieved very good results. 80's, with the fertilizer application amount of the rapid increase in a single application of fertilizer and rely on the experience of the fertilization method has been the development of agricultural production can not meet the growing demand. Fertilizer NPK appropriate dosage and a reasonable proportion of research came into being.
引文
[1]刘佩英.中国农业百科全书[M].北京:农业出版社,1990
[2]曾希柏,李菊梅.中国不同地区化肥施用及其对粮食生产的影响[J].中国农业科学, 2004,37(3):387–392.
[3]林葆,李家康,金继运.中国肥料的跨世纪展望.北京:化学工业出版社,1999.
[4]中华人民共和国农业部,中国农业年鉴,北京:农业出版社. 2004
[5]朱兆良,文启孝.中国土壤氮素[M].江苏科学技术出版社,1992.
[6]福建省人民政府.福建省统计年鉴.福州.福建人民出版社, 2007
[7]吴玉光.刘立新.化肥使用指南,北京:中国农业出版社, 2002
[8]福建计划委员会.福建农业大全,福建人民出版社1991
[9]李会合,王正银,李宝珍.蔬菜营养与硝酸盐的关系〔J].应用生态学报,2004,15(9):1667-1672.
[10]叶恩发,黄金煌.加强福建省农业面源污染防治工作的对策与建议〔J],福建农业,2003,5(3):5-10
[11]朱明龙.福州市化肥使用现状与对策[J] .福建农业科技,2000,9(4):28-29
[12]郭志凯.氮素肥料的环境问题农业环境保护[J].福建农业科技, 1987,6(4):25-27
[13]康天宇,李延,杨卓亚.中国有机肥产业前景广阔,福建农业科技,2001, 9(4):7-10
[14]金为民.土壤养分状况与化学肥料[M],中国农业出版社,2001,6(5):107-113
[15]任胜去摘译,无机肥料的施用与环堆污染.土壤学进展,中国农业出版社1985(2):40一44
[16]卓旭升.福州市作物施肥现状、问题与对策[J].福建农业科技,2004,8(3):39—40
[17]蔡燕华.氮肥施用中的污染问题及防治对策[J],安徽农学通报,2007, 13 (18) : 48– 50
[18]李生秀.植物营养与肥料学科的现状与展望[J] ,植物营养与肥料学报, 1999,11(3 ):193-205
[19]李永梅,杜彩琼,林春苗等.铵态氮肥施人土壤中的转化[J].云南农业大学学报,2003,18(1):26-29.
[20]黄丽,黄云霞.氮素面源污染的危害与防治措施[J] ,农业环境与发展, 3006, 10(17):23-28
[21]吕殿青,同延安,孙本华.氮肥施用对环境污染影响的研究.植物营养与肥料学报,1998
[22]孙志梅武志杰,利军等,农业生产中的氮肥施用现状及其环境效应研究进展[J], ,土壤通报, 2006,12(3):22-24
[23]朱兆良.关于土壤氮素研究中的几个问题[J],中国科学院南京土壤研究所学报, 2001,11(3):11-16
[24]Zhu ZL Wen Q X. Nitrogen in soils of China. Nanjing : JiangsuScience and Technology Publishing House , 1 234- 2361
[25]土壤理化分析,中国科学院南京土壤研究所编[M] ,上海:上海科学出版社,2001
[26]金继运主编.土壤养分状况系统研究法学术讨论会论文集.北京:中国农业科技出版社,1995.40 -51
[27]沈善敏.氮肥在中国农业发展中的贡献和农业中氮的损失.土壤学报, 2002, 39 : 12 - 25.
[28]Zhu ZL. On the prediction of soil nitrogen supplying capacity and theuse of mean optimal application rate of nitrogen in fertilizer recommen2dation for rice[J ] . Soils , 1988 : 57- 611
[29]巨晓棠,张福锁.中国北方土壤硝态氮的累积及其对环境的影响[J] .生态环境,2003,12(1):24-28
[30]胡克林,李保国,黄元仿等.农田尺度下土体硝酸盐淋失的随机模拟及其风险性评价团.土壤学报,2005,42(6):909-915.
[31]孙志梅,武志杰,陈利军,刘永农业生产中的氮肥施用现状及其环境效应研究进展土壤通报, 2006,12(5):18-23
[32]杨景辉,土壤污染与防治[M] ,北京:北京科学出版社,1995,10(7):112-218
[33]白岚卜,白宝埠氮肥流失的危害与应采取的对策[J].农业与技术,2002,12(22):71-75.
[34]全国农业技术推广服务中心.中国平衡施肥[M] ,北京:中国农业出版社, 1999,12(1):340-341
[35]赵琦,曹林奎.农田氮素流失模型的构建与应用[J] ,广州环境科学,2007,11(4):12-17
[36]王兴仁,张福锁,现代肥料试验设计[M].北京:中国农业出版社1996:81-185
[37]罗志祥,苏泽胜,施伏芝等.氮肥高效利用水稻育种的现状与展望[J].中国农学通报,2003,19(1):66—67,116
[38]北京农业局,配方施肥[M].北京:农业出版社1989.45-47
[39]周明铮,中国的测土施肥[J] .土壤通报, 1987,18(1):7-13
[40]徐中儒.回归分析与试验设计[M],北京:中国农业出版社, 1998:102-152
[41]毛达如.植物营养研究法[M],北京:北京农业大学出版社1994
[42]陈映霞,黄泥田连作晚稻氮磷钾肥料效应函数与分析[J] .福建农业科技, 2003,12(5):9-13
[43]蔡金玉.再生稻不同施氮水平对分成穗的影响[J] .福建稻麦科技,2001 ,11(3):17-19
[44]黄元财,王伯伦,王术等.施氮量对水稻产量和品质的影响[J].沈阳农业大学学报,2006,37(5):688-692.
[45]张福锁,张卫峰.马文奇等.中国化肥产业技术与展望[M],化学工业出版社2007:32-35
[46]朱兆良,农田中氮肥的损失与对策[J],土壤与环境2000,9(1):1- 6
[47]林光.试论提高稻田肥料利用率的对策[J],福建稻麦科技.20010,5(3):13-16,
[48]朱兆良,我国氮肥的适用现状、存在问题和对策[M].中国持续农业发展中的肥料问题.南昌:江西科技出版社, 1998;38 - 51.
[49]王光火,张奇春,黄昌勇提高水稻氮肥利用率、控制氮肥污染的新途径一SSNM[J] ,浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版).2003,9(1):67～70
[50]刘士奇.维护农业生态环境促进农业持续发展[J].福建农业科技. 2003,3(2):2-5
[51]张琴.治理农业面源污染加大控释氮肥研究[J].创新与发展2002,6(2):13-15
[52]赵其国.现代生态农业与农业安全[ J ].生态环境, 2003, 12 ( 3) :253 - 259.
[53]李淑芬,纪易凡.化肥使用与环境效应研究进展[ J ].南京农专学报2003,19(2) :59 -67
[54]何盈.蔡顺香.何春梅等,施氮量和DCD对莱菜生长、硝酸盐累积及土壤氮素形态的影响[ J ],北方园艺, 2007(12):10-14
[55]与[日]长谷川木治著,谭俊杰、孙绥中译:科学施肥新方法[M],北京:化学工业出版社, 1989:30-35
[56]张福珠.熊先哲,成同顺等,研究土壤一植物系统中氮素淋失动态[ J ] .环境科学,1984,5(1):21-24
[57]任胜去摘译.无机肥料的施用与环境污染[ J ].土壤学进展,1995,7(2):40一44
[58]吕森伟,李晓玲.农村农业面源污染现状及其防治对策IJ] ,丽水学院学报,2001,6(2):18-20
[59]金继运,林葆.化肥在农业发展中的作用-历史、现状和展望[A ],北京, 1996.
[60]葛诚.生物肥料概述[ J ].土壤肥料.1993 5(6):14-17
[61]黄道永唐昆等.不同生态经济类型区生态农业模式与技术研究[ J ] ,长江流域资源与环境.2003:12(4):358-362.
[62]马骥,蔡晓羽.农户降低氮肥施用量的意愿及其影响因素分析[ J ] .中国农村经济,2007,9(3):21-26
[2]曾希柏,李菊梅.中国不同地区化肥施用及其对粮食生产的影响[J].中国农业科学, 2004,37(3):387–392.
[3]林葆,李家康,金继运.中国肥料的跨世纪展望.北京:化学工业出版社,1999.
[4]中华人民共和国农业部,中国农业年鉴,北京:农业出版社. 2004
[5]朱兆良,文启孝.中国土壤氮素[M].江苏科学技术出版社,1992.
[6]福建省人民政府.福建省统计年鉴.福州.福建人民出版社, 2007
[7]吴玉光.刘立新.化肥使用指南,北京:中国农业出版社, 2002
[8]福建计划委员会.福建农业大全,福建人民出版社1991
[9]李会合,王正银,李宝珍.蔬菜营养与硝酸盐的关系〔J].应用生态学报,2004,15(9):1667-1672.
[10]叶恩发,黄金煌.加强福建省农业面源污染防治工作的对策与建议〔J],福建农业,2003,5(3):5-10
[11]朱明龙.福州市化肥使用现状与对策[J] .福建农业科技,2000,9(4):28-29
[12]郭志凯.氮素肥料的环境问题农业环境保护[J].福建农业科技, 1987,6(4):25-27
[13]康天宇,李延,杨卓亚.中国有机肥产业前景广阔,福建农业科技,2001, 9(4):7-10
[14]金为民.土壤养分状况与化学肥料[M],中国农业出版社,2001,6(5):107-113
[15]任胜去摘译,无机肥料的施用与环堆污染.土壤学进展,中国农业出版社1985(2):40一44
[16]卓旭升.福州市作物施肥现状、问题与对策[J].福建农业科技,2004,8(3):39—40
[17]蔡燕华.氮肥施用中的污染问题及防治对策[J],安徽农学通报,2007, 13 (18) : 48– 50
[18]李生秀.植物营养与肥料学科的现状与展望[J] ,植物营养与肥料学报, 1999,11(3 ):193-205
[19]李永梅,杜彩琼,林春苗等.铵态氮肥施人土壤中的转化[J].云南农业大学学报,2003,18(1):26-29.
[20]黄丽,黄云霞.氮素面源污染的危害与防治措施[J] ,农业环境与发展, 3006, 10(17):23-28
[21]吕殿青,同延安,孙本华.氮肥施用对环境污染影响的研究.植物营养与肥料学报,1998
[22]孙志梅武志杰,利军等,农业生产中的氮肥施用现状及其环境效应研究进展[J], ,土壤通报, 2006,12(3):22-24
[23]朱兆良.关于土壤氮素研究中的几个问题[J],中国科学院南京土壤研究所学报, 2001,11(3):11-16
[24]Zhu ZL Wen Q X. Nitrogen in soils of China. Nanjing : JiangsuScience and Technology Publishing House , 1 234- 2361
[25]土壤理化分析,中国科学院南京土壤研究所编[M] ,上海:上海科学出版社,2001
[26]金继运主编.土壤养分状况系统研究法学术讨论会论文集.北京:中国农业科技出版社,1995.40 -51
[27]沈善敏.氮肥在中国农业发展中的贡献和农业中氮的损失.土壤学报, 2002, 39 : 12 - 25.
[28]Zhu ZL. On the prediction of soil nitrogen supplying capacity and theuse of mean optimal application rate of nitrogen in fertilizer recommen2dation for rice[J ] . Soils , 1988 : 57- 611
[29]巨晓棠,张福锁.中国北方土壤硝态氮的累积及其对环境的影响[J] .生态环境,2003,12(1):24-28
[30]胡克林,李保国,黄元仿等.农田尺度下土体硝酸盐淋失的随机模拟及其风险性评价团.土壤学报,2005,42(6):909-915.
[31]孙志梅,武志杰,陈利军,刘永农业生产中的氮肥施用现状及其环境效应研究进展土壤通报, 2006,12(5):18-23
[32]杨景辉,土壤污染与防治[M] ,北京:北京科学出版社,1995,10(7):112-218
[33]白岚卜,白宝埠氮肥流失的危害与应采取的对策[J].农业与技术,2002,12(22):71-75.
[34]全国农业技术推广服务中心.中国平衡施肥[M] ,北京:中国农业出版社, 1999,12(1):340-341
[35]赵琦,曹林奎.农田氮素流失模型的构建与应用[J] ,广州环境科学,2007,11(4):12-17
[36]王兴仁,张福锁,现代肥料试验设计[M].北京:中国农业出版社1996:81-185
[37]罗志祥,苏泽胜,施伏芝等.氮肥高效利用水稻育种的现状与展望[J].中国农学通报,2003,19(1):66—67,116
[38]北京农业局,配方施肥[M].北京:农业出版社1989.45-47
[39]周明铮,中国的测土施肥[J] .土壤通报, 1987,18(1):7-13
[40]徐中儒.回归分析与试验设计[M],北京:中国农业出版社, 1998:102-152
[41]毛达如.植物营养研究法[M],北京:北京农业大学出版社1994
[42]陈映霞,黄泥田连作晚稻氮磷钾肥料效应函数与分析[J] .福建农业科技, 2003,12(5):9-13
[43]蔡金玉.再生稻不同施氮水平对分成穗的影响[J] .福建稻麦科技,2001 ,11(3):17-19
[44]黄元财,王伯伦,王术等.施氮量对水稻产量和品质的影响[J].沈阳农业大学学报,2006,37(5):688-692.
[45]张福锁,张卫峰.马文奇等.中国化肥产业技术与展望[M],化学工业出版社2007:32-35
[46]朱兆良,农田中氮肥的损失与对策[J],土壤与环境2000,9(1):1- 6
[47]林光.试论提高稻田肥料利用率的对策[J],福建稻麦科技.20010,5(3):13-16,
[48]朱兆良,我国氮肥的适用现状、存在问题和对策[M].中国持续农业发展中的肥料问题.南昌:江西科技出版社, 1998;38 - 51.
[49]王光火,张奇春,黄昌勇提高水稻氮肥利用率、控制氮肥污染的新途径一SSNM[J] ,浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版).2003,9(1):67～70
[50]刘士奇.维护农业生态环境促进农业持续发展[J].福建农业科技. 2003,3(2):2-5
[51]张琴.治理农业面源污染加大控释氮肥研究[J].创新与发展2002,6(2):13-15
[52]赵其国.现代生态农业与农业安全[ J ].生态环境, 2003, 12 ( 3) :253 - 259.
[53]李淑芬,纪易凡.化肥使用与环境效应研究进展[ J ].南京农专学报2003,19(2) :59 -67
[54]何盈.蔡顺香.何春梅等,施氮量和DCD对莱菜生长、硝酸盐累积及土壤氮素形态的影响[ J ],北方园艺, 2007(12):10-14
[55]与[日]长谷川木治著,谭俊杰、孙绥中译:科学施肥新方法[M],北京:化学工业出版社, 1989:30-35
[56]张福珠.熊先哲,成同顺等,研究土壤一植物系统中氮素淋失动态[ J ] .环境科学,1984,5(1):21-24
[57]任胜去摘译.无机肥料的施用与环境污染[ J ].土壤学进展,1995,7(2):40一44
[58]吕森伟,李晓玲.农村农业面源污染现状及其防治对策IJ] ,丽水学院学报,2001,6(2):18-20
[59]金继运,林葆.化肥在农业发展中的作用-历史、现状和展望[A ],北京, 1996.
[60]葛诚.生物肥料概述[ J ].土壤肥料.1993 5(6):14-17
[61]黄道永唐昆等.不同生态经济类型区生态农业模式与技术研究[ J ] ,长江流域资源与环境.2003:12(4):358-362.
[62]马骥,蔡晓羽.农户降低氮肥施用量的意愿及其影响因素分析[ J ] .中国农村经济,2007,9(3):21-26