碳基电化学传感器在常见农药残留检测中的应用研究
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摘要
农药给水果、蔬菜等产品带来增产的同时,过量的使用也给人们的健康带来严重的危害。随着生活水平的不断提高,农产品的质量安全问题越来越引起人们的关注,尤其是水果和蔬菜中农药残留问题己经成为公众关注的焦点。因此,出于从健康和环境保护考虑,做好水果和蔬菜农药残留检测及预防是当前分析工作者关注的热点。
农药的种类很多,其中毒性较大的如有机磷农药等。目前,报道检测有机磷农药的方法主要有：色谱法、色质联用法、光谱法、免疫分析法、生物传感法等等。色谱法、色质联用法和光谱法具有较高的灵敏度并且能够实现对多组分测定,但是色谱法、色质联用法和光谱法通常具有需要相对昂贵的仪器设备、耗时长、成本高和不适合现场监测等特点；相对而言,利用酶抑制原理的生物传感器检测法为有机磷等农药的检测提供一条简便、快速的途径,而且酶传感法无需大型的仪器设备,适合于现场的检测及大量样品的筛选。但是酶传感法也有自身的缺点,如：灵敏度不高、操作步骤繁琐、易失活、稳定性差等特点。况且,目前很多其它种类的农药很难由某一种酶传感法实现同时检测。
很多农药本身不具备电化学活性,因此要想对其实现电化学测定,可以先对其进行化学衍生。本论文旨在主要探索简便、灵敏、快速的衍生电化学法对本身不具备电活性的有机磷农药除线磷、毒死蜱、杀真菌剂农药咪酰胺等实现快速检测,另外还研究了本身具有电活性杀真菌剂邻苯基苯酚的电化学行为及其测定。具体研究内容及结果如下：
1、运用纳米孔径的麦饭石,首次建立了一种超灵敏、简单和方便的电化学方法以2,4,6-三氯苯酚的形式测定咪酰胺及其代谢物。相比较未掺杂的可抛式电极,掺杂纳米孔径麦饭石的可抛式电极不仅提高了2,4,6-三氯苯酚的氧化峰电流而且降低了其氧化过电位。表明了掺杂纳米孔径麦饭石的可抛式电极可以显著地提高测定2,4,6-三氯苯酚的灵敏度。优化了2,4,6-三氯苯酚的测定条件如：缓冲液的pH值、纳米孔径麦饭石的掺杂比例、富集电位和时间等。在最佳条件下,在6.0×10-9至8.0×10-5mol L-1范围内,2,4,6-三氯苯酚的氧化峰电流与其浓度成线性关系。最后,这种新颖的方法被成功地应用到检测橘皮里的咪酰胺及其代谢物,检测限为8.4×10-10molL-1(0.3ng g-1),且这种方法得到气相色谱法的验证。
2、本研究制作了基于纳米二氧化钛耦合丝网印刷电极对有机磷农药除线磷的新型光电化学传感。非电活性的除线磷可通过纳米二氧化钛光催化降解后间接进行电化学测定。采用循环伏安法(CV)和差示脉冲阳极溶出伏安法(DPASV)分别考察了降解后除线磷的电化学性能和阳极溶出伏安性能。DPASV提供了一种简便、快速、灵巧的定量检测除线磷的方法。对测试过程中的操作参数,包括光催化时间、缓冲溶液pH值、沉积电压和富集时间进行了优化。溶出伏安法对降解后的除线磷测试的线性范围分别为0.02-0.1μmol L-1和0.2-1.0μmol L-1,检出限为2.0nmol L-1。对青菜样品中除线磷进行检测,结果表明,本文提出的方法与传统的气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用法的测定结果一致。这种传感器有望成为一种简便、快速、灵敏地检测环境中有机磷农药的新方法。
3、在十二烷基磺酸钠存在条件下,邻苯基苯酚于可抛式电极(改进的浸蜡石墨电极)上的电化学行为得到了研究。结果表明,邻苯基苯酚的电化学反应伴随着2电子2质子过程,电子转移系数(α)和扩散系数(DR)分别为0.8126和1.36×10-5cm2s-1,十二烷基磺酸钠明显地提高了邻苯基苯酚的电化学信号。在1.0×10-9至4.0×10-6mol L-1浓度范围内,邻苯基苯酚的氧化峰电流与其浓度成良好的线性关系,检出限为8.7×10-1。molL-1。该新颖且高灵敏的检测方法被成功地应用于橘皮中邻苯基苯酚的测定。
4、首次利用聚(3-己基噻吩)功能化纳米二氧化钛构建可见光、零电位的农药分子光电化学传感器。聚(3-己基噻吩)是通过三氯化铁氧化单分子3-己基噻吩聚合而成。功能化的纳米二氧化钛颗粒是通过合适比例的聚(3-己基噻吩)和纳米二氧化钛超声复合而成。利用扫描电镜、拉曼光谱和X-射线粉末衍射仪对功能化纳米二氧化钛颗粒进行表征。在可见光的照射下,光子激发聚(3-己基噻吩)电子从价带跃迁到导带,并注入到纳米二氧化钛的导带,最后传递到电极上；同时纳米二氧化钛的空穴从价带跃迁到聚(3-己基噻吩)的价带,并与水反应生成羟基自由基,于是被测物毒死蜱被氧化成其自由基的形式并促进了光电流信号的放大。基于提出的光电化学反应机理,建立了一种对毒死蜱灵敏检测的光电化学方法。在优化的实验条件下,毒死蜱的线性检测范围是0.2-16μmol L-1,检出限为0.01μmol L-1。在其他杀虫剂存在的条件下,该光电化学传感器对毒死蜱具有极好的特异性,并能够用于青菜样品中毒死蜱的检测,展示出很好的应用前景。
Pesticides can bring good harvest for fruits, vegetables and so on. Meanwhile, superfluous pesticides sprayed on the crops can make people's health worse. With the development of people's living standard, the quality of crops has been caused paying more attention on it. Especially the pesticide residues in the fruits and vegetables have been a focal point for the public. Therefore, considering the people's health and environmental protection, it is the duty for the analysts to detect and precontrol the pesticide residues in the fruits and vegetables.
There are many kinds of pesticides for crops, one of them organophosphorus pesticide is more toxic than others. At present, there are many methods reported for the determination of organophosphorus pesticides, such as chromatography, chromatography-MS, spectrum method, immunoassay, biosensor method and so on. Although, chromatography, chromatography-MS and spectrum method are sensitive and allow discrimination among different organophosphorus pesticides, they are expensive and require a long time not to satisfy the need of fast detection on the scene. Contrasting the above methods, biosensors based on enzyme inhibition technique provided a promising way to determine organophosphorus pestieides, which was both rapid and simple. With this method plenty of samples can be detected quickly and no expensive instrumenis. Though, the biosensors based on enzyme inhibition technique also have many disadvantages, such as low sensitivity, procedures trival, easy inactivation, instability and so on. In addition, the biosensors only can service for the single kinds of pesticides.
Many kinds of pesticides have not the performance of electroactive. So, chemical derivatization is one of methods that can change the structures of them before the electrochemistry detecting. The aim of this work is mainly to explore the simple, sensitive and fast way to detect the no electroactive organophosphorus pestieides dichlofenthion, chlopyrifos and fungicide prochloraz and so on. In addition, the electrochemical dynamics parameters of ortho-phenyl phenol have also been studied and the electrochemistry method has been described for successfully used to detect its residue in orange rind. The specified studying content and results as followers:
1. A ultrasensitive, simple and convenient electrochemical method was firstly developed for the determination of prochloraz and its metabolites as2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP) using nano-aperture medical stone. Compared with the undoped disposable electrode (UDE), nano-aperture medical stone doped disposable electrode (MSDDE) not only significantly enhances the oxidation peak current of2,4,6-TCP but also lowers the oxidation overpotential, suggesting that the nano-aperture MSDDE can remarkably improve the sensitivity of2,4,6-TCP. The experimental conditions such as pH values of buffer solution, the content of nano-aperture medical stone, accumulation potential and time were optimized for the determination of2,4,6-TCP. At optimal conditions, the oxidation peak current is proportional to the concentration of2,4,6-TCP over the range from6.0×10-9to8.0×10-5mol L-1. Finally, this novel method was successfully employed to detect prochloraz and its metabolites in orange rind with the detection limit of8.4×10-10mol L-1(0.3ng g-1) and the method was validated by gas chromatography.
2. A novel photoelectric sensor for detection of organophosphorus pesticide (OP) dichlofenthion using nanometer titania coupled with screen printed electrode is presented. Nonelectroactive dichlofenthion can be indirectly determined through the nanometer titania photocatalytical degradation of dichlofenthion. The electrochemical characterization and anodic stripping voltammetric performance of dichlofenthion were evaluated using cyclic voltammetric (CV) and differential pulse anode stripping voltammetric (DPASV) analysis, respectively. DPASV was used to monitor the amount of dichlofenthion and provide a simple, fast, and facile quantitative method for dichlofenthion. Operational parameters, including the photocatalysis time, pH of buffer solution, deposition potential and accumulation time have been optimized. The stripping voltammetric response is linear over the0.02-0.1μmol L-1and0.2-1.0μmol L-1ranges with a detection limit of2.0nmol L-1. The assay result of dichlofenthion in green vegetables with the proposed method was in acceptable agreement with that of the gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) method. The promising sensor opens a new opportunity for fast, portable and sensitive analysis of OPs in environmental samples.
3. The electrochemical behavior of ortho-phenylphenol (OPP) at a disposable electrode (an improved wax-impregnated graphite electrode) in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) was studied. The results demonstrated that the electrocatalytic oxidation process of OPP was accompanied with two-charge-two-proton transference. The electronic transmission coefficient (a) and diffusion coefficient (DR) for OPP were calculated to be0.8126and1.36×10-5cm2s-1, respectively. The electrochemical signal was apparently improved by SDS at the disposable electrode and the oxidative peaks current was proportional to the concentration of OPP over the range from1.0×10-9to4.0×10-6mol L-1with the detection limit of8.7×10-10mol L-1. This novel and highly sensitive method can be successfully applied to detect OPP in the orange rind sample.
4. A dramatic visible light photoelectrochemical sensing platform for the detection of pesticide molecules at zero potential was firstly constructed using Poly(3-hexylthiophene)-functionalized TiO2nanoparticles. Poly(3-hexylthiophene)(P3HT) was synthesized via chemical oxidative polymerization with anhydrous FeCl3as oxidant,3-hexylthiophene as monomer, chloroform as solvent and the functional TiO2nanoparticles were facilely prepared by blending TiO2nanoparticles and P3HT in chloroform solution. The resulting photoelectrocatalysts were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray diffractometer. Under visible light irradiation, P3HT generated transition from valence band to conduction band, delivering the excited electrons into the conduction band of TiO2, and then to the glass carbon electrode. Simultaneously, a positive charged hole (h+) of TiO2may form and migrate to the valence band of P3HT, which can react with H2O to generate·OH and then it converted chlopyrifos into chlopyrifos·that promoted the amplifying photocurrent response. Based on the proposed photoelectrochemical mechanism, a methodology for sensitive photoelectrochemical sensing for chlopyrifos at zero potential was thus developed. Under optimal conditions, the proposed photoelectrochemical method could detect chlopyrifos ranging from0.2to16μmol L-1with a detection limit of0.01μmol L-1at a signal-to-noise ratio of3. The photoelectrochemical sensor had an excellent specificity against the other pesticides and could be successfully applied to the detection of reduced chlopyrifos in green vegetables, showing a promising application in photoelectrochemical sensing.
农药的种类很多,其中毒性较大的如有机磷农药等。目前,报道检测有机磷农药的方法主要有：色谱法、色质联用法、光谱法、免疫分析法、生物传感法等等。色谱法、色质联用法和光谱法具有较高的灵敏度并且能够实现对多组分测定,但是色谱法、色质联用法和光谱法通常具有需要相对昂贵的仪器设备、耗时长、成本高和不适合现场监测等特点；相对而言,利用酶抑制原理的生物传感器检测法为有机磷等农药的检测提供一条简便、快速的途径,而且酶传感法无需大型的仪器设备,适合于现场的检测及大量样品的筛选。但是酶传感法也有自身的缺点,如：灵敏度不高、操作步骤繁琐、易失活、稳定性差等特点。况且,目前很多其它种类的农药很难由某一种酶传感法实现同时检测。
很多农药本身不具备电化学活性,因此要想对其实现电化学测定,可以先对其进行化学衍生。本论文旨在主要探索简便、灵敏、快速的衍生电化学法对本身不具备电活性的有机磷农药除线磷、毒死蜱、杀真菌剂农药咪酰胺等实现快速检测,另外还研究了本身具有电活性杀真菌剂邻苯基苯酚的电化学行为及其测定。具体研究内容及结果如下：
1、运用纳米孔径的麦饭石,首次建立了一种超灵敏、简单和方便的电化学方法以2,4,6-三氯苯酚的形式测定咪酰胺及其代谢物。相比较未掺杂的可抛式电极,掺杂纳米孔径麦饭石的可抛式电极不仅提高了2,4,6-三氯苯酚的氧化峰电流而且降低了其氧化过电位。表明了掺杂纳米孔径麦饭石的可抛式电极可以显著地提高测定2,4,6-三氯苯酚的灵敏度。优化了2,4,6-三氯苯酚的测定条件如：缓冲液的pH值、纳米孔径麦饭石的掺杂比例、富集电位和时间等。在最佳条件下,在6.0×10-9至8.0×10-5mol L-1范围内,2,4,6-三氯苯酚的氧化峰电流与其浓度成线性关系。最后,这种新颖的方法被成功地应用到检测橘皮里的咪酰胺及其代谢物,检测限为8.4×10-10molL-1(0.3ng g-1),且这种方法得到气相色谱法的验证。
2、本研究制作了基于纳米二氧化钛耦合丝网印刷电极对有机磷农药除线磷的新型光电化学传感。非电活性的除线磷可通过纳米二氧化钛光催化降解后间接进行电化学测定。采用循环伏安法(CV)和差示脉冲阳极溶出伏安法(DPASV)分别考察了降解后除线磷的电化学性能和阳极溶出伏安性能。DPASV提供了一种简便、快速、灵巧的定量检测除线磷的方法。对测试过程中的操作参数,包括光催化时间、缓冲溶液pH值、沉积电压和富集时间进行了优化。溶出伏安法对降解后的除线磷测试的线性范围分别为0.02-0.1μmol L-1和0.2-1.0μmol L-1,检出限为2.0nmol L-1。对青菜样品中除线磷进行检测,结果表明,本文提出的方法与传统的气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用法的测定结果一致。这种传感器有望成为一种简便、快速、灵敏地检测环境中有机磷农药的新方法。
3、在十二烷基磺酸钠存在条件下,邻苯基苯酚于可抛式电极(改进的浸蜡石墨电极)上的电化学行为得到了研究。结果表明,邻苯基苯酚的电化学反应伴随着2电子2质子过程,电子转移系数(α)和扩散系数(DR)分别为0.8126和1.36×10-5cm2s-1,十二烷基磺酸钠明显地提高了邻苯基苯酚的电化学信号。在1.0×10-9至4.0×10-6mol L-1浓度范围内,邻苯基苯酚的氧化峰电流与其浓度成良好的线性关系,检出限为8.7×10-1。molL-1。该新颖且高灵敏的检测方法被成功地应用于橘皮中邻苯基苯酚的测定。
4、首次利用聚(3-己基噻吩)功能化纳米二氧化钛构建可见光、零电位的农药分子光电化学传感器。聚(3-己基噻吩)是通过三氯化铁氧化单分子3-己基噻吩聚合而成。功能化的纳米二氧化钛颗粒是通过合适比例的聚(3-己基噻吩)和纳米二氧化钛超声复合而成。利用扫描电镜、拉曼光谱和X-射线粉末衍射仪对功能化纳米二氧化钛颗粒进行表征。在可见光的照射下,光子激发聚(3-己基噻吩)电子从价带跃迁到导带,并注入到纳米二氧化钛的导带,最后传递到电极上；同时纳米二氧化钛的空穴从价带跃迁到聚(3-己基噻吩)的价带,并与水反应生成羟基自由基,于是被测物毒死蜱被氧化成其自由基的形式并促进了光电流信号的放大。基于提出的光电化学反应机理,建立了一种对毒死蜱灵敏检测的光电化学方法。在优化的实验条件下,毒死蜱的线性检测范围是0.2-16μmol L-1,检出限为0.01μmol L-1。在其他杀虫剂存在的条件下,该光电化学传感器对毒死蜱具有极好的特异性,并能够用于青菜样品中毒死蜱的检测,展示出很好的应用前景。
Pesticides can bring good harvest for fruits, vegetables and so on. Meanwhile, superfluous pesticides sprayed on the crops can make people's health worse. With the development of people's living standard, the quality of crops has been caused paying more attention on it. Especially the pesticide residues in the fruits and vegetables have been a focal point for the public. Therefore, considering the people's health and environmental protection, it is the duty for the analysts to detect and precontrol the pesticide residues in the fruits and vegetables.
There are many kinds of pesticides for crops, one of them organophosphorus pesticide is more toxic than others. At present, there are many methods reported for the determination of organophosphorus pesticides, such as chromatography, chromatography-MS, spectrum method, immunoassay, biosensor method and so on. Although, chromatography, chromatography-MS and spectrum method are sensitive and allow discrimination among different organophosphorus pesticides, they are expensive and require a long time not to satisfy the need of fast detection on the scene. Contrasting the above methods, biosensors based on enzyme inhibition technique provided a promising way to determine organophosphorus pestieides, which was both rapid and simple. With this method plenty of samples can be detected quickly and no expensive instrumenis. Though, the biosensors based on enzyme inhibition technique also have many disadvantages, such as low sensitivity, procedures trival, easy inactivation, instability and so on. In addition, the biosensors only can service for the single kinds of pesticides.
Many kinds of pesticides have not the performance of electroactive. So, chemical derivatization is one of methods that can change the structures of them before the electrochemistry detecting. The aim of this work is mainly to explore the simple, sensitive and fast way to detect the no electroactive organophosphorus pestieides dichlofenthion, chlopyrifos and fungicide prochloraz and so on. In addition, the electrochemical dynamics parameters of ortho-phenyl phenol have also been studied and the electrochemistry method has been described for successfully used to detect its residue in orange rind. The specified studying content and results as followers:
1. A ultrasensitive, simple and convenient electrochemical method was firstly developed for the determination of prochloraz and its metabolites as2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP) using nano-aperture medical stone. Compared with the undoped disposable electrode (UDE), nano-aperture medical stone doped disposable electrode (MSDDE) not only significantly enhances the oxidation peak current of2,4,6-TCP but also lowers the oxidation overpotential, suggesting that the nano-aperture MSDDE can remarkably improve the sensitivity of2,4,6-TCP. The experimental conditions such as pH values of buffer solution, the content of nano-aperture medical stone, accumulation potential and time were optimized for the determination of2,4,6-TCP. At optimal conditions, the oxidation peak current is proportional to the concentration of2,4,6-TCP over the range from6.0×10-9to8.0×10-5mol L-1. Finally, this novel method was successfully employed to detect prochloraz and its metabolites in orange rind with the detection limit of8.4×10-10mol L-1(0.3ng g-1) and the method was validated by gas chromatography.
2. A novel photoelectric sensor for detection of organophosphorus pesticide (OP) dichlofenthion using nanometer titania coupled with screen printed electrode is presented. Nonelectroactive dichlofenthion can be indirectly determined through the nanometer titania photocatalytical degradation of dichlofenthion. The electrochemical characterization and anodic stripping voltammetric performance of dichlofenthion were evaluated using cyclic voltammetric (CV) and differential pulse anode stripping voltammetric (DPASV) analysis, respectively. DPASV was used to monitor the amount of dichlofenthion and provide a simple, fast, and facile quantitative method for dichlofenthion. Operational parameters, including the photocatalysis time, pH of buffer solution, deposition potential and accumulation time have been optimized. The stripping voltammetric response is linear over the0.02-0.1μmol L-1and0.2-1.0μmol L-1ranges with a detection limit of2.0nmol L-1. The assay result of dichlofenthion in green vegetables with the proposed method was in acceptable agreement with that of the gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) method. The promising sensor opens a new opportunity for fast, portable and sensitive analysis of OPs in environmental samples.
3. The electrochemical behavior of ortho-phenylphenol (OPP) at a disposable electrode (an improved wax-impregnated graphite electrode) in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) was studied. The results demonstrated that the electrocatalytic oxidation process of OPP was accompanied with two-charge-two-proton transference. The electronic transmission coefficient (a) and diffusion coefficient (DR) for OPP were calculated to be0.8126and1.36×10-5cm2s-1, respectively. The electrochemical signal was apparently improved by SDS at the disposable electrode and the oxidative peaks current was proportional to the concentration of OPP over the range from1.0×10-9to4.0×10-6mol L-1with the detection limit of8.7×10-10mol L-1. This novel and highly sensitive method can be successfully applied to detect OPP in the orange rind sample.
4. A dramatic visible light photoelectrochemical sensing platform for the detection of pesticide molecules at zero potential was firstly constructed using Poly(3-hexylthiophene)-functionalized TiO2nanoparticles. Poly(3-hexylthiophene)(P3HT) was synthesized via chemical oxidative polymerization with anhydrous FeCl3as oxidant,3-hexylthiophene as monomer, chloroform as solvent and the functional TiO2nanoparticles were facilely prepared by blending TiO2nanoparticles and P3HT in chloroform solution. The resulting photoelectrocatalysts were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray diffractometer. Under visible light irradiation, P3HT generated transition from valence band to conduction band, delivering the excited electrons into the conduction band of TiO2, and then to the glass carbon electrode. Simultaneously, a positive charged hole (h+) of TiO2may form and migrate to the valence band of P3HT, which can react with H2O to generate·OH and then it converted chlopyrifos into chlopyrifos·that promoted the amplifying photocurrent response. Based on the proposed photoelectrochemical mechanism, a methodology for sensitive photoelectrochemical sensing for chlopyrifos at zero potential was thus developed. Under optimal conditions, the proposed photoelectrochemical method could detect chlopyrifos ranging from0.2to16μmol L-1with a detection limit of0.01μmol L-1at a signal-to-noise ratio of3. The photoelectrochemical sensor had an excellent specificity against the other pesticides and could be successfully applied to the detection of reduced chlopyrifos in green vegetables, showing a promising application in photoelectrochemical sensing.
引文
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