8种园林树木生理特征及其生态效应的研究
|
摘要
本项研究在乌鲁木齐市植物园内进行，选取孤植状态下的8种常用落叶阔叶乔灌木树种：美国大叶白蜡（Fraxinus americana Linn.）、新疆小叶白蜡（Fraxinus sogdiana Bge.）、夏橡（Quercus robur L.）、圆冠榆 （Ulmus densa Litw.）、垂榆（Ulmus pumila L. var. pendula (Kirchn.) Rend.）、暴马丁香（Syringa reticulata (Bl.) Hara. var. mandshuica (Maxim.) Hara.）、珍珠梅（Sorbaria sorbifolia A. Br.）和榆叶梅（Prunus triloba Lindl.） 的标准样株，在生长期7、8、9三个月内对其光合速率（Pn）、光能利用效率(LUE)、光饱和点(Im)、光补偿点(Io)、蒸腾速率(E)、水分利用效率(WUE)和水分竞争能力(WCC) 等光合及水分生理指标进行量化测定分析，了解不同园林树种的生理特征及其生态效应，并进行综合评价，为干旱区城市生态园林建设中的树种选择与植物优化配置提供科学依据。
主要研究结果：1）对8种园林树木的净光合速率、光能利用效率、蒸腾速率及水分利用效率等进行了量化测定和排序，用以指导园林树种的选择与配置。2）当周围环境CO2浓度显著增高时，圆冠榆和小叶白蜡吸收利用高浓度CO2的能力强。3）各树种在生长期对弱光的利用效率均大于强光利用效率，光能利用效率（LUE）随着光强的提高而逐渐下降。4）8树种的平均水分利用效率存在着差异，其水分竞争能力与光能利用效率也存在差异。5）分析了8种园林树木的碳氧平衡能力、增湿降温作用、绿量等生态效应。
From July to September, eight single planted arbor trees and bushes: Fraxinus americana Linn. , Fraxinus sogdiana Bge. , Quercus robur L. , Ulmus densa Litw. , Ulmus pumila L. var. pendula (Kirchn.) Rend. , Syringa reticulata (Bl.) Hara. var. mandshuica (Maxim.) Hara. , Sorbaria sorbifolia A. Br. and Prunus triloba Lindl. were selected as standard sample trees in the botanical garden of Urumqi. Some physiological indexes such as: net photosynthetic rate, photosynthetic radiation-use efficiency, light saturation point, light compensation point, transpiration rate, water use efficiency and water competitive capacity were determined and analyzed. By understanding physiological characteristics and ecological function of landscape trees and comprehensive evaluating, some scientific grounds were drawn for the choice and arrangement of trees in ecological landscape gardens of arid region city.
From the analyses, the conclusions were drawn out that: 1) Net photosynthetic rate, photosynthetic radiation-use efficiency, transpiration rate and water use efficiency were determined and queued up for guiding the choice and arrangement of landscape trees. 2) When the density of Carbon dioxide increase remarkably, the capability of absorption and utilization to Carbon dioxide of Ulmus densa Litw. and Fraxinus sogdiana Bge. is stronger than others’. 3) Light use efficiency to the weak light of landscape trees is bigger than that to the strong light, and LUE reduces gradually with the strengthening intensity of light. 4) Water use efficiency of landscape trees is different, and the difference exists between water competitive capacity and light use efficiency of eight species of landscape trees. 5) Some ecological function: the balance between Carbon dioxide and oxygen、increasing humidity and reducing temperature、green biomass were analyzed.
主要研究结果：1）对8种园林树木的净光合速率、光能利用效率、蒸腾速率及水分利用效率等进行了量化测定和排序，用以指导园林树种的选择与配置。2）当周围环境CO2浓度显著增高时，圆冠榆和小叶白蜡吸收利用高浓度CO2的能力强。3）各树种在生长期对弱光的利用效率均大于强光利用效率，光能利用效率（LUE）随着光强的提高而逐渐下降。4）8树种的平均水分利用效率存在着差异，其水分竞争能力与光能利用效率也存在差异。5）分析了8种园林树木的碳氧平衡能力、增湿降温作用、绿量等生态效应。
From July to September, eight single planted arbor trees and bushes: Fraxinus americana Linn. , Fraxinus sogdiana Bge. , Quercus robur L. , Ulmus densa Litw. , Ulmus pumila L. var. pendula (Kirchn.) Rend. , Syringa reticulata (Bl.) Hara. var. mandshuica (Maxim.) Hara. , Sorbaria sorbifolia A. Br. and Prunus triloba Lindl. were selected as standard sample trees in the botanical garden of Urumqi. Some physiological indexes such as: net photosynthetic rate, photosynthetic radiation-use efficiency, light saturation point, light compensation point, transpiration rate, water use efficiency and water competitive capacity were determined and analyzed. By understanding physiological characteristics and ecological function of landscape trees and comprehensive evaluating, some scientific grounds were drawn for the choice and arrangement of trees in ecological landscape gardens of arid region city.
From the analyses, the conclusions were drawn out that: 1) Net photosynthetic rate, photosynthetic radiation-use efficiency, transpiration rate and water use efficiency were determined and queued up for guiding the choice and arrangement of landscape trees. 2) When the density of Carbon dioxide increase remarkably, the capability of absorption and utilization to Carbon dioxide of Ulmus densa Litw. and Fraxinus sogdiana Bge. is stronger than others’. 3) Light use efficiency to the weak light of landscape trees is bigger than that to the strong light, and LUE reduces gradually with the strengthening intensity of light. 4) Water use efficiency of landscape trees is different, and the difference exists between water competitive capacity and light use efficiency of eight species of landscape trees. 5) Some ecological function: the balance between Carbon dioxide and oxygen、increasing humidity and reducing temperature、green biomass were analyzed.
引文
[1]白伟岚,任建武.园林植物的耐荫性研究[J].林业科技通讯.1999(2): 12-15.
[2]白玉荣,刘福才.绿化模式与气候效益研究[J].园林科技通讯.1994(94): 2-23.
[3]鲍淳松,楼建华等.杭州城市园林绿化对小气候的影响[J].浙江大学学报:生命科学版. 2001,27(4): 415-418.
[4]柴一新, 祝宁等.城市绿化树种滞尘效应——以哈尔滨为例[J].应用生态学报. 2002,13(9): 1121-1126.
[5]车代弟,王军虹.丰花月季抗寒生理指标和抗寒性的关系[J].北方园艺.2000(2):57.
[6]陈绍云,周国宁.水分对山茶林某些生理特性的影响[J].浙江林学院学报.1992,9(1): 49-53.
[7]陈有民主编.园林树木学[M]. 中国林业出版社,1990.
[8]陈自新，苏雪痕,刘少宗等.北京城市园林绿化生态效益的研究[J]. 中国园林.1998,14(1): 57-56,14((2): 51-54,14(3):53-56,14(4):46-49,14(5):57-60,14(6):53-56.
[9]丛者福.SO2污染空气影响下树木叶片叶绿素含量动态变化[J].新疆农业大学学报.1998,21(4): 297-300.
[10]崔骁勇,杜占池.内蒙古半干旱草原区沙地植物群落光合特征的动态研究[J].植物生态学报.2000,24(5): 541-546.
[11]崔骁勇,陈佐忠，杜占池.半干旱草原主要植物光能和水分利用特征的研究[J].草业学报2001,10(2):14-21.
[12]董学军,刘志茂. 几种沙生植物水分生理生态特征的研究[J].植物生态学报.1994,18(1): 86-94.
[13]范燕萍,郭志华.观叶植物长心叶蔓绿绒光合特性的研究[J].华南农业大学学报.1996,17(4): 68-70.
[14]范燕萍,余让才.遮荫对匙叶天南星生长及光合特性的影响.园艺学报[J].1998,25(3): 270-274.
[15]冯雁军.愿人人拥有一棵树[J].绿化与生活.2001,18(4): 41.
[16]傅徽楠,严玲璋等.上海城市园林植物群落生态结构的研究[J].中国园林.2000,16(2): 22-25.
[17]高洁,叶洪刚.攀枝花干热河谷14个树种耐旱性研究[J].西南林学院学报.1996,16(3): 135-139.
[18]高峻,杨名静等.上海市绿地景观格局的分析研究[J].中国园林.2000,161):53-56.
[19]弓弼,田养森.西安市游憩绿地需求及现状调查分析[J].西北林学院学报.1999,14(4): 99-103.
[20]郭志华，王伯荪等.银杏的蒸腾特性及其对遮荫的响应[J].植物学报.1998,40:567-572.
[21]郭志华,张宝达等. 银杏叶光合特性的研究[J].生态科学.1997,16:30-34.
[22]何兴东,丛培芳等.荒漠植物蒸腾速率的变化与组织含水量的关系[J].干旱区资源与环境.2001,15(3): 68-70.
[23]贺东祥,沈允钢.几种常绿植物光合特性的季节变化[J].植物生理学报.1995,21(1):1-7.
[24]胡先居,孙久梅.关于丘陵区域绿化模式研究[J].林业月报.1997(4):4.
[25]黄晓鸾,张国强等.城市生存环境绿色量值群的研究[J].中国园林.1998,14(1): 61-63,14(2): 55-57,14(3):57-59,14(4):50-52,14(5:61-63,14(6):57-60.
[26]黄振英,董学军等.沙柳光合作用和蒸腾作用日动态变化的初步研究[J].西北植物学报.2002,22(4): 817-823.
[27]绛丽艳,李桂华等.济南市绿化质量分析及生存效益的计算.林业资源管理.2001,(2):32-3
[28]拉斯卡托夫著.张良诚，万莼湘译.植物生理学[M].科学出版社，1960.
[29]李寒娥.佛山城市行道树生长现状调查[J].佛山科学技术学院学报:自然科学版.1999.17(1): 58-61 79.
[30]李慧卿,马文元.沙生植物抗旱性比较的主要指标及分析方法[J].干旱区研究.1998,15(4): 12-15.
[31]李敏.现代城市绿地系统规划[M].中国建筑工业出版社,2002.
[32]刘福才，饶孝栋.城市绿化模式的研究[J].园林科技通讯.1994(94):24-29.
[33]刘禹全,谢玉常.成都市园林绿化与环境的可持续发展[J].四川林业科技,1999,20(4): 61-64.
[34]娄义龙,高嘉麟等.唐菖蒲、月季、菊花、香石竹的光合特性和叶表特征研究[J].园艺学报.1998,25(3): 280-286.
[35]娄义龙,田应生等.郁金香光合特性及不同基肥对生长发育的影响[J].园艺学报.1996,23(2): 165-168.
[36]骆琴娅，漆龙霖.山茶属植物五个物种光合作用的研究[J].林业科学研究.1936（3）：311-316.
[37]孟繁静，刘道宏，苏业瑜编著.植物生理生化[M].中国农业出版社，1992.
[38]P.J克累默尔，T.T.考兹洛夫斯基著.汪振儒等译.木本植物生理学[M].中国林业出版社，1985
[39]潘建平,韩士杰等.山杨叶片相对水分含量的日变化[J].东北林业大学学报.1999,23(1): 15-19.
[40]彭尽晖,肖红华等. 遮荫对四季桂光合特性的影响[J].湖南农业大学学报.2002,28(3): 218-219.
[41]钱妙芬,张友金.行道树绿化夏季小气候效应研究及模糊综合评[J]价.南京林业大学学报.2000,24(6):54-58.
[42]宋丽华,吴忠梅.银川市城市绿化树种调查与分析.宁夏农学院学报[J].1999,20(3): 55-60.
[43]王丹虹,尹群智等.浅谈城郊绿化对城市生态环境的作用[J].防护林科技.1999,(4):52-54.
[44]王得祥,杨正礼等.四种城区绿色树种生理特性比较研究[J].西北林学院学报.2002.17(3):
5-7.
[45]王明启,张银慧.蔷薇属植物抗寒性指标的研究[J].吉林林学院学报.1993,9(1):51-58.
[46]王沙生,高荣孚,吴贯明.植物生理学[M].中国林业出版社,1981.
[47]王勇进,李沛琼等.深圳市园林绿化树种的调查玉评估[J].中国园林.1998,16(1):49-52.
[48]吴能表,谈锋.不同光照条件下生长的少花桂幼苗水分状况研究[J].西南农业大学学报.2001,23(5): 457-458 462.
[49]谢彩云,计燕.郑州市草坪及地被植物调查报告[J].河南林业科技.1996,(2):29.
[50]谢田,韩见宇.三种室内观叶植物光合特性与抗SO2能力研究[J].园艺学报.1998,25(3): 287-291.
[51]徐筱昌,左莉萍.27种行道树离体叶片耐热性的比较[J].植物资源与环境.1994,3(2):59-61.
[52]杨瑞兴.天津城市园林树木物候观测的研究[J].园林科技通讯.1997(28):11-20 8.
[53]杨士弘.城市绿化树木碳氧平衡效益研究[J].城市环境与城市生态.1996,9(1):37-39.
[54]杨学军,林源祥等.上海城市园林植物群落的物种丰富度的调查[J].中国园林.2000,16(3): 67-69.
[55]于汝元.北京城市绿化效益调查分析[J].林业经济.2001,(7):49-52.
[56]袁秀云,叶永忠.郑州市行道树的调查及其树种的区域性选择[J].河南科学.1999,17(A06): 96-99.
[57]张长芹,罗吉风等.六种杜鹃花的耐旱适应性研究[J].广西植物.2002,22(2):174-176.
[58]张德顺,李秀芬.24个园林树种耐荫性分析[J].山东林业科技.1997(3):27-30.
[59]张国胜.干旱半干旱地区乔灌木树种耐旱性及林地水分动态研究进展[J].中国沙漠.2000, 20(4):363-368.
[60]张进宝.火炬树容器育苗及耐旱性实验[J].山西林业科技.2002(2): 24-27.
[61]张新献,古润泽.北京城市居住区绿地的滞尘效应[J].北京林业大学学报. 1997,19(4): 12-17.
[62]章利民,李健.南京市行道树现状及其优化组合[J].江苏绿化,1996,(6):14-15.
[63]周国宁,卜昭辉.白花杜鹃生长发育规律与环境因子关系的研究[J].园艺学报.1992,19(4): 363-366.
[64]周海燕,黄子琛.不同时期毛乌素沙区主要植物种光合作用和蒸腾作用的变化[J].植物生态学报.1996,20(2): 120-131.
[65]周海燕,赵亮等.脆弱生态带典型区域几种锦鸡儿属优势灌木的光合特征[J].中国沙漠.2001,21(3): 227-231.
[66]祝宁,李敏等.哈尔滨市绿地系统生态功能分析[J].应用生态学报.2002,13(9): 1117-1120.
[67]邹天才,娄义龙.贵州山茶属五种野生植物的光合特性研究[J].园艺学报.1994,214(): 366-370.
[68]Alaimo M G. Recognition of environmental trace metal contamination using pine needles as bioindicators[J]. Springer Verlag Berlin, 2000,39(8): 914-924.
[69]Balok C A，Hilaire R S. Drought responses among seven southwestern landscape tree taxa[J]. American Social Horticultural Science, 2002,127(2): 211-218.
[70]Breda N, Cochard H, Dreyer E. Water transfer in a mature oak stand (Q. petraea) :seasonal evolution and effects of a severe drought[J]. National Research Council of Canada, 1993,23(6): 1136-1143.
[71]Bussotti F, Bettini D. Structural and functional traits of Quercus ilex in response to water availability[J]. Elsevier Science, 2002,47(1): 11-23.
[72]Chen Xiongwen. Study of the Short-time Eco-physiological Response of Plant Leaves to Dust[J]. Acta Botanica sinica,2001, 43(10): 1058-1064.
[73]Cregg B M, Zhang J M. Physiology and morphology Pinus sylvestris seedlings from diverse sources under cyclic drought stress[J]. Elsevier Science, 2001,154(1/2): 131-139.
[74]Davis M A, Wrage K J, Reich P B. Survival, growth, and photosynthesis of tree seedlings competing with herbaceous vegetation along a water-light-nitrogen gradient[J]. Kluwer Academic Publishing, 1999,145(10): 341-350.
[75]Elowsson T, Liukko K. How to achieve effective wet storage of pine logs(Pinus sylvestris) with a minimum amount of water[J].Forest Products Society, 1995,45(11/12):36-42.
[76]Feng Jinzhao, Huang Zichen. Advance in quantitative research of environmental plant physiology[J]. Journal of Desert Research, 1997(1): 89-94.
[77]Feng Jinzhao. Water characteristic curves and water rekatuins if desert plants[J].Journal of Desert Research,1995,15(3):222-226.
[78]Fitter A H, Hay R M. Environmental physiology of plants [M].Londen: Acadamic Press,1981.
[79]Gardiner E S, Krauss K W. Photosynthetic light response of flooded cherrybark oak seedlings grown in two light regimes[J]. Heron Publishing, 2001,21(15):1103-1111.
[80]Guo Lianshen, Tian Youliang. Study on drought resistance evaluation of common afforestation species in North China by Pv technique[J]. Journal of Neimenggu Forestry College, 1998,20(3): 1-8.
[81]Guo Zhihua, Wang Bosun. The characteristics of transpiration in of Liriodendren chineses seedkings in Lushan[J]. Journal of Tropical and Subtropical Botany.1997, (5): 22-26.
[82]Guo Y, Shelton M G. Effects of light regimes on the growth of cherrybark oak seedlings[J]. Society of American Foresters, 2001,47(2): 270-277.
[83]Han Deru, Yang Wenbing. The Dynamic Water Relationship of Brushes Growing in Arid and Semi-arid Aeolian Sandy Soil and It’s Application[M]. Beijing: China Science and Technology,1996.
[84]Jiang Gaoming, He Weiming. Species and Habitat-variability of Photosynthesis, Transpiration and Water Use Efficiency of different Plant species in Maowusu Sand Area[J]. Acta Botanica Sinica, 1999,40(10): 1114-1124.
[85]Kleiner K W, Abrams M D, Schultz J C. The impact of water and nutrient deficiencies on the growth, gas exchange and water relations of red oak and chestnut oak[J]. Heron Publishing, 1992,11(3): 271-287.
[86]Kolb T E, Stone J E. Differences in leaf gas exchange and water relations among species and tree sizes in a Arizona pine-oak forest[J]. Heron Publishing, 2000,20(1):1-12.
[87]Li Jiyue, Zhang Jianguo. Study on classification models and mechanisms of drought tolerance of chief afforestation species in the northern part of China(I)-The classification of relationships between seedling leaf water potential and soil water content [J].Journal of Beijing Forestry University,1993,15(3):1-11.
[88]Luoma S.Geographical pattern in photosynthetic light response of Pinus sylvestris in Europe[J].British Ecological Society: Blackwell Scientific Publications,1997,11(3): 273-281.
[89]McNamara S. Comparison of the cold hardiness of landscape tree and shrub cultivars growing at two disparate geographic locations[J]. Horticultural Research Institute, 2002,20(2): 77-81.
[90]Montague T. Surface energy balance affects gas exchange and ;growth of two irrigated landscape tree species in an arid climate[J]. American Social Horticultural Science, 2000,125(3): 299-309.
[91]Neal B A, Whitlow T H. Using tree growth rates to evaluate urban tree planting specifications[J]. Horticultural Research Institute, 1997,15(2): 115-118.
[92]Palmroth S, Hari P. Evaluation of the important of acclimation of needle structure,photosynthesis and respiration to available photosynthetically active radiation in a Scots pine canopy[J]. National Research Council of Canada, 2001:31(7) : 1235-1243.
[93]Park A D. Environmental influences on post-harvest natural regeneration in Mexican pine-oak forests[J]. Elsevier Science, 2001,144(1/3): 213-228.
[94]Perry E. A survey to determine the leaf nitrogen concentrations of 25 landscape tree species[J]. International Society of Arboriculture, 2001,27(3): 152-159.
[95]Perry E. Correlating foliar nitrogen levels with growth in two landscape tree species[J]. International Society of Arboriculture, 1998,24(3): 149-153.
[96]Ponton S, Dupauey J L. Comparison of water-use efficiency of seedlings from two sympatric oak species:genotype x environment interactions[J]. Heron Publishing, 2002, 22(6): 413-422.
[97]Raftoyannis Y, Radoglou K. Physiological responses of beech and sessile oak in a natural mixed stand during a dry summer[J]. Academic Press, 2002,89(6): 723-730.
[98]Robison S A, Carthy B C. Potential factors affecting the estimation of light availability using hemispherical photography in oak forest understories[J]. The Torrey Botanical Society,Allen Press,1999,126(4): 344-349.
[99]Schoefs B, Franck F. Chlorophyll synthesis in dark-grown pine primary needles[J]. American Society of Plant Physiologists, 1998,118(4): 1159-1168.
[100]Schwanz P, Polle A. Differential stress responses of antioxidative systems to drought in pendunculate oak(Quercus robur)and maritime pine (Pinus pinaster)grown under high CO2concentrations[J]. Oxford University Press, 2001,51(354): 133-143.
[101]Stenberg P, Palmroth S, Bond B J. Shoot structure and photosynthetic efficiency along the light gradient in a Scots pine canopy[J]. Heron Publishing,2001,21(12/13): 805-814.
[102]Valentini R,Epron D.In situation estimation of net CO2 assimilation, photosynthetic electron flow and photorespiration in Turkey oak leaves: diurnal cycles under different levels of water supply [J].Blackwell Scientific Publishers, 1995,18(6):631-640.
[103]Wang Mengben, Li Hongjian. A comparison of transpiration, photosynthesis and transpiration efficiency in four species in the loess region[J]. Acta Phytoecologica Sinica, 1999,23(5): 401-410.
[104]Xu Daquan ,Shen Yungang. Diurnal Variations in the Photosynthetic Efficiency in Plants [J]. Acta Phytophysiologica sinica,1997,23(4):410-416.
[105]Xu DQ, Ding Y,Wu H. Relationship between diurnal variations of photosynthetic efficiency and midday depression of photosynthetic rate in wheat leaves under field conditions[J]. Acta Phytophysiologica sinica,1992,(18):279-289.
[106]Zhao Wenzhi,Chang Xueli. Study on the relationship between stomatal movement and transpiration rate of Mongnlia Soctch Pine [J].Journal of Desert Research, 1995,15(3): 241-243.
[2]白玉荣,刘福才.绿化模式与气候效益研究[J].园林科技通讯.1994(94): 2-23.
[3]鲍淳松,楼建华等.杭州城市园林绿化对小气候的影响[J].浙江大学学报:生命科学版. 2001,27(4): 415-418.
[4]柴一新, 祝宁等.城市绿化树种滞尘效应——以哈尔滨为例[J].应用生态学报. 2002,13(9): 1121-1126.
[5]车代弟,王军虹.丰花月季抗寒生理指标和抗寒性的关系[J].北方园艺.2000(2):57.
[6]陈绍云,周国宁.水分对山茶林某些生理特性的影响[J].浙江林学院学报.1992,9(1): 49-53.
[7]陈有民主编.园林树木学[M]. 中国林业出版社,1990.
[8]陈自新，苏雪痕,刘少宗等.北京城市园林绿化生态效益的研究[J]. 中国园林.1998,14(1): 57-56,14((2): 51-54,14(3):53-56,14(4):46-49,14(5):57-60,14(6):53-56.
[9]丛者福.SO2污染空气影响下树木叶片叶绿素含量动态变化[J].新疆农业大学学报.1998,21(4): 297-300.
[10]崔骁勇,杜占池.内蒙古半干旱草原区沙地植物群落光合特征的动态研究[J].植物生态学报.2000,24(5): 541-546.
[11]崔骁勇,陈佐忠，杜占池.半干旱草原主要植物光能和水分利用特征的研究[J].草业学报2001,10(2):14-21.
[12]董学军,刘志茂. 几种沙生植物水分生理生态特征的研究[J].植物生态学报.1994,18(1): 86-94.
[13]范燕萍,郭志华.观叶植物长心叶蔓绿绒光合特性的研究[J].华南农业大学学报.1996,17(4): 68-70.
[14]范燕萍,余让才.遮荫对匙叶天南星生长及光合特性的影响.园艺学报[J].1998,25(3): 270-274.
[15]冯雁军.愿人人拥有一棵树[J].绿化与生活.2001,18(4): 41.
[16]傅徽楠,严玲璋等.上海城市园林植物群落生态结构的研究[J].中国园林.2000,16(2): 22-25.
[17]高洁,叶洪刚.攀枝花干热河谷14个树种耐旱性研究[J].西南林学院学报.1996,16(3): 135-139.
[18]高峻,杨名静等.上海市绿地景观格局的分析研究[J].中国园林.2000,161):53-56.
[19]弓弼,田养森.西安市游憩绿地需求及现状调查分析[J].西北林学院学报.1999,14(4): 99-103.
[20]郭志华，王伯荪等.银杏的蒸腾特性及其对遮荫的响应[J].植物学报.1998,40:567-572.
[21]郭志华,张宝达等. 银杏叶光合特性的研究[J].生态科学.1997,16:30-34.
[22]何兴东,丛培芳等.荒漠植物蒸腾速率的变化与组织含水量的关系[J].干旱区资源与环境.2001,15(3): 68-70.
[23]贺东祥,沈允钢.几种常绿植物光合特性的季节变化[J].植物生理学报.1995,21(1):1-7.
[24]胡先居,孙久梅.关于丘陵区域绿化模式研究[J].林业月报.1997(4):4.
[25]黄晓鸾,张国强等.城市生存环境绿色量值群的研究[J].中国园林.1998,14(1): 61-63,14(2): 55-57,14(3):57-59,14(4):50-52,14(5:61-63,14(6):57-60.
[26]黄振英,董学军等.沙柳光合作用和蒸腾作用日动态变化的初步研究[J].西北植物学报.2002,22(4): 817-823.
[27]绛丽艳,李桂华等.济南市绿化质量分析及生存效益的计算.林业资源管理.2001,(2):32-3
[28]拉斯卡托夫著.张良诚，万莼湘译.植物生理学[M].科学出版社，1960.
[29]李寒娥.佛山城市行道树生长现状调查[J].佛山科学技术学院学报:自然科学版.1999.17(1): 58-61 79.
[30]李慧卿,马文元.沙生植物抗旱性比较的主要指标及分析方法[J].干旱区研究.1998,15(4): 12-15.
[31]李敏.现代城市绿地系统规划[M].中国建筑工业出版社,2002.
[32]刘福才，饶孝栋.城市绿化模式的研究[J].园林科技通讯.1994(94):24-29.
[33]刘禹全,谢玉常.成都市园林绿化与环境的可持续发展[J].四川林业科技,1999,20(4): 61-64.
[34]娄义龙,高嘉麟等.唐菖蒲、月季、菊花、香石竹的光合特性和叶表特征研究[J].园艺学报.1998,25(3): 280-286.
[35]娄义龙,田应生等.郁金香光合特性及不同基肥对生长发育的影响[J].园艺学报.1996,23(2): 165-168.
[36]骆琴娅，漆龙霖.山茶属植物五个物种光合作用的研究[J].林业科学研究.1936（3）：311-316.
[37]孟繁静，刘道宏，苏业瑜编著.植物生理生化[M].中国农业出版社，1992.
[38]P.J克累默尔，T.T.考兹洛夫斯基著.汪振儒等译.木本植物生理学[M].中国林业出版社，1985
[39]潘建平,韩士杰等.山杨叶片相对水分含量的日变化[J].东北林业大学学报.1999,23(1): 15-19.
[40]彭尽晖,肖红华等. 遮荫对四季桂光合特性的影响[J].湖南农业大学学报.2002,28(3): 218-219.
[41]钱妙芬,张友金.行道树绿化夏季小气候效应研究及模糊综合评[J]价.南京林业大学学报.2000,24(6):54-58.
[42]宋丽华,吴忠梅.银川市城市绿化树种调查与分析.宁夏农学院学报[J].1999,20(3): 55-60.
[43]王丹虹,尹群智等.浅谈城郊绿化对城市生态环境的作用[J].防护林科技.1999,(4):52-54.
[44]王得祥,杨正礼等.四种城区绿色树种生理特性比较研究[J].西北林学院学报.2002.17(3):
5-7.
[45]王明启,张银慧.蔷薇属植物抗寒性指标的研究[J].吉林林学院学报.1993,9(1):51-58.
[46]王沙生,高荣孚,吴贯明.植物生理学[M].中国林业出版社,1981.
[47]王勇进,李沛琼等.深圳市园林绿化树种的调查玉评估[J].中国园林.1998,16(1):49-52.
[48]吴能表,谈锋.不同光照条件下生长的少花桂幼苗水分状况研究[J].西南农业大学学报.2001,23(5): 457-458 462.
[49]谢彩云,计燕.郑州市草坪及地被植物调查报告[J].河南林业科技.1996,(2):29.
[50]谢田,韩见宇.三种室内观叶植物光合特性与抗SO2能力研究[J].园艺学报.1998,25(3): 287-291.
[51]徐筱昌,左莉萍.27种行道树离体叶片耐热性的比较[J].植物资源与环境.1994,3(2):59-61.
[52]杨瑞兴.天津城市园林树木物候观测的研究[J].园林科技通讯.1997(28):11-20 8.
[53]杨士弘.城市绿化树木碳氧平衡效益研究[J].城市环境与城市生态.1996,9(1):37-39.
[54]杨学军,林源祥等.上海城市园林植物群落的物种丰富度的调查[J].中国园林.2000,16(3): 67-69.
[55]于汝元.北京城市绿化效益调查分析[J].林业经济.2001,(7):49-52.
[56]袁秀云,叶永忠.郑州市行道树的调查及其树种的区域性选择[J].河南科学.1999,17(A06): 96-99.
[57]张长芹,罗吉风等.六种杜鹃花的耐旱适应性研究[J].广西植物.2002,22(2):174-176.
[58]张德顺,李秀芬.24个园林树种耐荫性分析[J].山东林业科技.1997(3):27-30.
[59]张国胜.干旱半干旱地区乔灌木树种耐旱性及林地水分动态研究进展[J].中国沙漠.2000, 20(4):363-368.
[60]张进宝.火炬树容器育苗及耐旱性实验[J].山西林业科技.2002(2): 24-27.
[61]张新献,古润泽.北京城市居住区绿地的滞尘效应[J].北京林业大学学报. 1997,19(4): 12-17.
[62]章利民,李健.南京市行道树现状及其优化组合[J].江苏绿化,1996,(6):14-15.
[63]周国宁,卜昭辉.白花杜鹃生长发育规律与环境因子关系的研究[J].园艺学报.1992,19(4): 363-366.
[64]周海燕,黄子琛.不同时期毛乌素沙区主要植物种光合作用和蒸腾作用的变化[J].植物生态学报.1996,20(2): 120-131.
[65]周海燕,赵亮等.脆弱生态带典型区域几种锦鸡儿属优势灌木的光合特征[J].中国沙漠.2001,21(3): 227-231.
[66]祝宁,李敏等.哈尔滨市绿地系统生态功能分析[J].应用生态学报.2002,13(9): 1117-1120.
[67]邹天才,娄义龙.贵州山茶属五种野生植物的光合特性研究[J].园艺学报.1994,214(): 366-370.
[68]Alaimo M G. Recognition of environmental trace metal contamination using pine needles as bioindicators[J]. Springer Verlag Berlin, 2000,39(8): 914-924.
[69]Balok C A，Hilaire R S. Drought responses among seven southwestern landscape tree taxa[J]. American Social Horticultural Science, 2002,127(2): 211-218.
[70]Breda N, Cochard H, Dreyer E. Water transfer in a mature oak stand (Q. petraea) :seasonal evolution and effects of a severe drought[J]. National Research Council of Canada, 1993,23(6): 1136-1143.
[71]Bussotti F, Bettini D. Structural and functional traits of Quercus ilex in response to water availability[J]. Elsevier Science, 2002,47(1): 11-23.
[72]Chen Xiongwen. Study of the Short-time Eco-physiological Response of Plant Leaves to Dust[J]. Acta Botanica sinica,2001, 43(10): 1058-1064.
[73]Cregg B M, Zhang J M. Physiology and morphology Pinus sylvestris seedlings from diverse sources under cyclic drought stress[J]. Elsevier Science, 2001,154(1/2): 131-139.
[74]Davis M A, Wrage K J, Reich P B. Survival, growth, and photosynthesis of tree seedlings competing with herbaceous vegetation along a water-light-nitrogen gradient[J]. Kluwer Academic Publishing, 1999,145(10): 341-350.
[75]Elowsson T, Liukko K. How to achieve effective wet storage of pine logs(Pinus sylvestris) with a minimum amount of water[J].Forest Products Society, 1995,45(11/12):36-42.
[76]Feng Jinzhao, Huang Zichen. Advance in quantitative research of environmental plant physiology[J]. Journal of Desert Research, 1997(1): 89-94.
[77]Feng Jinzhao. Water characteristic curves and water rekatuins if desert plants[J].Journal of Desert Research,1995,15(3):222-226.
[78]Fitter A H, Hay R M. Environmental physiology of plants [M].Londen: Acadamic Press,1981.
[79]Gardiner E S, Krauss K W. Photosynthetic light response of flooded cherrybark oak seedlings grown in two light regimes[J]. Heron Publishing, 2001,21(15):1103-1111.
[80]Guo Lianshen, Tian Youliang. Study on drought resistance evaluation of common afforestation species in North China by Pv technique[J]. Journal of Neimenggu Forestry College, 1998,20(3): 1-8.
[81]Guo Zhihua, Wang Bosun. The characteristics of transpiration in of Liriodendren chineses seedkings in Lushan[J]. Journal of Tropical and Subtropical Botany.1997, (5): 22-26.
[82]Guo Y, Shelton M G. Effects of light regimes on the growth of cherrybark oak seedlings[J]. Society of American Foresters, 2001,47(2): 270-277.
[83]Han Deru, Yang Wenbing. The Dynamic Water Relationship of Brushes Growing in Arid and Semi-arid Aeolian Sandy Soil and It’s Application[M]. Beijing: China Science and Technology,1996.
[84]Jiang Gaoming, He Weiming. Species and Habitat-variability of Photosynthesis, Transpiration and Water Use Efficiency of different Plant species in Maowusu Sand Area[J]. Acta Botanica Sinica, 1999,40(10): 1114-1124.
[85]Kleiner K W, Abrams M D, Schultz J C. The impact of water and nutrient deficiencies on the growth, gas exchange and water relations of red oak and chestnut oak[J]. Heron Publishing, 1992,11(3): 271-287.
[86]Kolb T E, Stone J E. Differences in leaf gas exchange and water relations among species and tree sizes in a Arizona pine-oak forest[J]. Heron Publishing, 2000,20(1):1-12.
[87]Li Jiyue, Zhang Jianguo. Study on classification models and mechanisms of drought tolerance of chief afforestation species in the northern part of China(I)-The classification of relationships between seedling leaf water potential and soil water content [J].Journal of Beijing Forestry University,1993,15(3):1-11.
[88]Luoma S.Geographical pattern in photosynthetic light response of Pinus sylvestris in Europe[J].British Ecological Society: Blackwell Scientific Publications,1997,11(3): 273-281.
[89]McNamara S. Comparison of the cold hardiness of landscape tree and shrub cultivars growing at two disparate geographic locations[J]. Horticultural Research Institute, 2002,20(2): 77-81.
[90]Montague T. Surface energy balance affects gas exchange and ;growth of two irrigated landscape tree species in an arid climate[J]. American Social Horticultural Science, 2000,125(3): 299-309.
[91]Neal B A, Whitlow T H. Using tree growth rates to evaluate urban tree planting specifications[J]. Horticultural Research Institute, 1997,15(2): 115-118.
[92]Palmroth S, Hari P. Evaluation of the important of acclimation of needle structure,photosynthesis and respiration to available photosynthetically active radiation in a Scots pine canopy[J]. National Research Council of Canada, 2001:31(7) : 1235-1243.
[93]Park A D. Environmental influences on post-harvest natural regeneration in Mexican pine-oak forests[J]. Elsevier Science, 2001,144(1/3): 213-228.
[94]Perry E. A survey to determine the leaf nitrogen concentrations of 25 landscape tree species[J]. International Society of Arboriculture, 2001,27(3): 152-159.
[95]Perry E. Correlating foliar nitrogen levels with growth in two landscape tree species[J]. International Society of Arboriculture, 1998,24(3): 149-153.
[96]Ponton S, Dupauey J L. Comparison of water-use efficiency of seedlings from two sympatric oak species:genotype x environment interactions[J]. Heron Publishing, 2002, 22(6): 413-422.
[97]Raftoyannis Y, Radoglou K. Physiological responses of beech and sessile oak in a natural mixed stand during a dry summer[J]. Academic Press, 2002,89(6): 723-730.
[98]Robison S A, Carthy B C. Potential factors affecting the estimation of light availability using hemispherical photography in oak forest understories[J]. The Torrey Botanical Society,Allen Press,1999,126(4): 344-349.
[99]Schoefs B, Franck F. Chlorophyll synthesis in dark-grown pine primary needles[J]. American Society of Plant Physiologists, 1998,118(4): 1159-1168.
[100]Schwanz P, Polle A. Differential stress responses of antioxidative systems to drought in pendunculate oak(Quercus robur)and maritime pine (Pinus pinaster)grown under high CO2concentrations[J]. Oxford University Press, 2001,51(354): 133-143.
[101]Stenberg P, Palmroth S, Bond B J. Shoot structure and photosynthetic efficiency along the light gradient in a Scots pine canopy[J]. Heron Publishing,2001,21(12/13): 805-814.
[102]Valentini R,Epron D.In situation estimation of net CO2 assimilation, photosynthetic electron flow and photorespiration in Turkey oak leaves: diurnal cycles under different levels of water supply [J].Blackwell Scientific Publishers, 1995,18(6):631-640.
[103]Wang Mengben, Li Hongjian. A comparison of transpiration, photosynthesis and transpiration efficiency in four species in the loess region[J]. Acta Phytoecologica Sinica, 1999,23(5): 401-410.
[104]Xu Daquan ,Shen Yungang. Diurnal Variations in the Photosynthetic Efficiency in Plants [J]. Acta Phytophysiologica sinica,1997,23(4):410-416.
[105]Xu DQ, Ding Y,Wu H. Relationship between diurnal variations of photosynthetic efficiency and midday depression of photosynthetic rate in wheat leaves under field conditions[J]. Acta Phytophysiologica sinica,1992,(18):279-289.
[106]Zhao Wenzhi,Chang Xueli. Study on the relationship between stomatal movement and transpiration rate of Mongnlia Soctch Pine [J].Journal of Desert Research, 1995,15(3): 241-243.