基于区域发展的黑河流域需水研究
|
摘要
黑河是我国第二大内陆河,发源于青藏高原北部祁连山中段,流经青海、甘肃、内蒙古三省(自治区),干流全长928km。流域南以祁连山为界,北与蒙古人民共和国接壤,东西分别与石羊河、疏勒河流域相邻,流域面积约13万平方公里。
黑河流域中游张掖地区,地处古丝绸之路和今日欧亚大陆桥之要地,农牧业开发历史悠久,已是甘肃省主要产粮区和全国十大商品粮基地之一,也是全国五大蔬菜基地之一；下游额济纳旗边陲,国境线长507km,建有我国重要的国防科研基地,境内额济纳绿洲,既是阻挡风沙侵袭、保护生态环境的天然屏障,也是当地人民生息繁衍、国防科研和边防建设的重要依托,战略位置十分重要。
但同时,黑河流域属于资源型缺水地区,中、下游地区极度干旱,区域水资源难以满足当地经济发展和生态平衡的需要。按照《黑河流域近期治理规划》的要求,要在不以牺牲中游经济发展的前提下,逐步增加进入下游三角洲地区和居延海的水量,使生态系统恢复到20世纪80年代初期水平。对于这样一个特定的生态经济区,要实现流域经济和生态的可持续发展,水资源问题是其根本的制约因素,做好流域水资源规划显得尤为重要。
本文通过对黑河中下游地区进行多次调查,发现流域中游地区张掖市三县区主要以农业生产为主要经济增长点,下游地区额济纳旗国家从战略的角度主要以生态建设来维持当地的经济社会发展,研究得出水资源为黑河流域区域发展的主要制约性因素,为此认真分析中下游不同用水需求和各行业用水特点,选取适合黑河中、下游地区不同种类需水量计算方法,计算出黑河中游、下游维持各自发展的需水量,并开展水量调度方案研究,提出上游不同来水情况和来水过程水量调度方案。为保证黑河流域可持续发展,本文还通过调整产业结构和用水结构,并辅以一定的工程措施,提出了水资源初步规划方案,为黑河流域区域经济社会可持续发展提供基础支撑和决策支持。
The Heihe River is the second largest of inland rivers in China, which originates at the middle sections of Mount Qilian north of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and runs through Qinghai and Gansu provinces and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region for a whole distance of 928 km. The river basin lies to north of the Qilian mountain and south of Mongolia people's republic, the east and west is the Shiyang river and Shule river respectively, The river area is 130,000 km2.
Zhangye area of the Midstream of Heihe river, located the key position of the ancient Silk Road and Eurasia bridge, which has a long history of agricultural development. And it has been the main grain-producing areas of Gansu Province, one of the top ten commodity grain base and the five major vegetable base of China. Ejina county, which located in the downstream of Heihe river, has 507km long borders and important national defense research base. The Ejina oasis, blocking sand invasion, protecting the eco-environment and the important basis of lives and breeds of local people, national defense and scientific research, and border construction, which the strategic position is very important.
However, the Heihe river is resources based water scarcity and the middle and downstream area of the Heihe river is extremely droughty. The limited water resources is hard to satisfy the demand of local economic development and ecological balance. In accordance with the "Heihe River Recent Management Planning" requirements, it will gradually increase the water quantity of delta and Juyan lake in downstream in premise of maintaining the economic development of the midstream. So the ecological system can back to the early 1980. For the specific ecological economic zone, water resources is the major constraint factor in order to achieve sustainable economic and ecological development. So the water resources planning of basin is very important.
By several surveys of the Mid-downstream of Heihe river, we found that, in the midstream of three counties of Zhangye City, the main economic growth is agricultural production, and in the downstream of Ejinaqi countries, from the strategic consideration, is the eco-construction. So the author think that the major constraint factor of Heihe river is water resources. By careful analysis of different water resources demand and characteristic of Mid-downstream, and selecting the method of different types of water resources demand in the Mid-downstream of Heihe river, the author calculated the water resources demand of perspective development in mid-downstream. By the project of water dispatch studying, the author put forward the water dispatch project of different runoff conditions and courses in the upstream. To ensure the sustainable development of the Heihe River, by adjusting the structure of industrial and water resources demand, and supplemented with some engineering measures, the author made a Initial planning of water resources in order to provide basic support and decision support for the regional economic and social sustainable development of the Heihe river.
黑河流域中游张掖地区,地处古丝绸之路和今日欧亚大陆桥之要地,农牧业开发历史悠久,已是甘肃省主要产粮区和全国十大商品粮基地之一,也是全国五大蔬菜基地之一；下游额济纳旗边陲,国境线长507km,建有我国重要的国防科研基地,境内额济纳绿洲,既是阻挡风沙侵袭、保护生态环境的天然屏障,也是当地人民生息繁衍、国防科研和边防建设的重要依托,战略位置十分重要。
但同时,黑河流域属于资源型缺水地区,中、下游地区极度干旱,区域水资源难以满足当地经济发展和生态平衡的需要。按照《黑河流域近期治理规划》的要求,要在不以牺牲中游经济发展的前提下,逐步增加进入下游三角洲地区和居延海的水量,使生态系统恢复到20世纪80年代初期水平。对于这样一个特定的生态经济区,要实现流域经济和生态的可持续发展,水资源问题是其根本的制约因素,做好流域水资源规划显得尤为重要。
本文通过对黑河中下游地区进行多次调查,发现流域中游地区张掖市三县区主要以农业生产为主要经济增长点,下游地区额济纳旗国家从战略的角度主要以生态建设来维持当地的经济社会发展,研究得出水资源为黑河流域区域发展的主要制约性因素,为此认真分析中下游不同用水需求和各行业用水特点,选取适合黑河中、下游地区不同种类需水量计算方法,计算出黑河中游、下游维持各自发展的需水量,并开展水量调度方案研究,提出上游不同来水情况和来水过程水量调度方案。为保证黑河流域可持续发展,本文还通过调整产业结构和用水结构,并辅以一定的工程措施,提出了水资源初步规划方案,为黑河流域区域经济社会可持续发展提供基础支撑和决策支持。
The Heihe River is the second largest of inland rivers in China, which originates at the middle sections of Mount Qilian north of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and runs through Qinghai and Gansu provinces and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region for a whole distance of 928 km. The river basin lies to north of the Qilian mountain and south of Mongolia people's republic, the east and west is the Shiyang river and Shule river respectively, The river area is 130,000 km2.
Zhangye area of the Midstream of Heihe river, located the key position of the ancient Silk Road and Eurasia bridge, which has a long history of agricultural development. And it has been the main grain-producing areas of Gansu Province, one of the top ten commodity grain base and the five major vegetable base of China. Ejina county, which located in the downstream of Heihe river, has 507km long borders and important national defense research base. The Ejina oasis, blocking sand invasion, protecting the eco-environment and the important basis of lives and breeds of local people, national defense and scientific research, and border construction, which the strategic position is very important.
However, the Heihe river is resources based water scarcity and the middle and downstream area of the Heihe river is extremely droughty. The limited water resources is hard to satisfy the demand of local economic development and ecological balance. In accordance with the "Heihe River Recent Management Planning" requirements, it will gradually increase the water quantity of delta and Juyan lake in downstream in premise of maintaining the economic development of the midstream. So the ecological system can back to the early 1980. For the specific ecological economic zone, water resources is the major constraint factor in order to achieve sustainable economic and ecological development. So the water resources planning of basin is very important.
By several surveys of the Mid-downstream of Heihe river, we found that, in the midstream of three counties of Zhangye City, the main economic growth is agricultural production, and in the downstream of Ejinaqi countries, from the strategic consideration, is the eco-construction. So the author think that the major constraint factor of Heihe river is water resources. By careful analysis of different water resources demand and characteristic of Mid-downstream, and selecting the method of different types of water resources demand in the Mid-downstream of Heihe river, the author calculated the water resources demand of perspective development in mid-downstream. By the project of water dispatch studying, the author put forward the water dispatch project of different runoff conditions and courses in the upstream. To ensure the sustainable development of the Heihe River, by adjusting the structure of industrial and water resources demand, and supplemented with some engineering measures, the author made a Initial planning of water resources in order to provide basic support and decision support for the regional economic and social sustainable development of the Heihe river.
引文
[1]黑河流域管理局.黑河流域基本资料[Z].2001.4
[2]黄河水利委员会水文局.黑河流域水资源初步评价[Z].2000.9
[3]国务院.《黑河近期治理规划》.2001.8
[4]河海大学.黑河调水及近期治理后评估.2007,12.
[5]黄河水利委员会黑河流域管理局.黑河水量调度的技术实践与效果[P].2003.10
[6]石忆邵.城市与区域发展中若干问题的探讨.同济大学学报.2002.2
[7]李浩然、郝滢洁、路紫.我国水资源特点及其对区域经济的影响.国土与自然资源研究.2007.4
[8]梁季阳.试论我国水资源持续利用与区域发展的几个问题.中国发展,2001.1
[9]孙飞、于今.从区域发展论中国西部城市开发.开放导报.2004(5)
[10]吴佩林.我国区域发展的水资源压力分析.水西北农林科技大学学报.2005(10)
[11]韩宇平、阮本清.中国区域发展的水资源压力及空间分布.四川师范大学学报.2002.9
[12]方创琳、步伟娜、鲍超.黑河流域水_生态_经济协调发展方案及用水效益.生态学报.2004.8
[13]陶战.生态经济区概论.生态农业研究,1996,(2):11-13
[14]甘肃省计委、水利厅.黑河流域水资源持续利用与管理研究[Z].1998.11
[15]盛国成.大力推广发展农业节水灌溉技术.现代农业装备
[16]张勃、郝建秀、李太安、张华、张凯.关于河西地区生态经济发展的几个问题.2003.11
[17]黄河水利委员会水文局研究所.甘肃省水科所.九五”国家重点科技攻关项目报告(96-912-03-01-03)：河西走廊水资源合理配置与管理对策[Z].1999.4
[18]李世明等.九五”国家重点科技攻关项目报告(96-912-03-01)：河西走廊可持续发展与水资源合理利用研究[M].中国环境科学出版社.2000.5
[19]陈江南、李会安、田玉青等.黑河下游额济纳旗天然林草植被保护措施调查与分析[J].中国水土保持科学.2003.(4)
[20]陈江南、李会安、王国庆等.黑河下游额济纳旗典型植被调查与分析[J].水土保 持学报.2003.17(5)
[21]额济纳旗林业治沙局.额济纳旗弱水下游近河戈壁人工绿洲生态建设试验试验研究[Z].1997.8
[22]龚家栋,董光荣,李森.黑河下游额济纳绿洲环境退化及综合治理.中国沙漠,1998
[23]龚家栋、董光荣等.黑河下游额济纳绿洲环境退化及综合治理[J].中国沙漠.1998,18(1)：44-50.
[24]王立明,张秋良,殷继艳.额济纳胡杨林生长规律及生物生长力的研究.[J],干旱区资源与环境,2003(2)
[25]清华大学.九五”国家重点科技攻关项目报告(96-912-01-04s-06):内蒙古西部水资源可持续利用战略研究[Z].2000.12
[26]黄河水利委员会黄河水利科学研究院.黑河下游额济纳地区生态综合整治技术研究[Z],2004,7.
[27]潘启民等.黑河流域生态需水量分析[J].黄河水利职业技术学院学报.2001(3)
[28]胡孟春、蒋建国、张更生、安锋、陈宁利、孔佐俊、王黎明等.黑河流域生态功能区划及其保护.农村生态环境2002.18
[29]程国栋.黑河流域可持续发展的生态经济学研究[J].冰川冻土.2002.(4)
[30]曲耀光、樊胜岳.黑河流域水资源承载能力分析计算与对策.中国沙漠.2000.3
[31]樊自立、马英杰等.干旱区内陆河流域生态系统类型及其整治途径-以新疆为例[J].中国沙漠.2000(4)
[32]汪党献、王浩、马静.中国区域发展的水资源支撑能力.水利规划设计.2001.4
[33]潘启民,任志远,郝国占.黑河流域生态需水量分析.黄河水利职业技术学院学报,2001,13(1)：14-16
[34]李歆月.区域发展走上生态循环之路.经济日报.2005.12.22
[35]中国水利水电科学研究院.西北地区水资源合理开发利用与生态环境保护研究.中国水利,2001.5
[36]陈锐.西北地区应以水定发展.2007.3.20
[37]何宏谋,杨丽丰,刘争胜.对黑河流域规划目标的商榷.水利水电技术,2003,34(7)：14-15
[38]黑河水资源合理分配及额济纳绿洲植被恢复[Z].
[39]胡孟春,马荣华.黑河流域生态功能区划遥感制图方法.干旱区资源与环境,2003,17(1)：49-54
[40]华北水利水电学院.黑河流域东部子水系水资源承载能力研究[P].2003.3
[41]黄河水利委员会.黑河干流(含梨园河)水资源近期规划意见[P].2001.3
[42]潘启民、田水利编著.黑河流域水资源[M].黄河水利出版社.2001.12
[43]中国科学院兰州冰川冻土研究所.黑河流域水资源合理利用与社会经济和生态环境协调发展研究[P].1999.3
[44]黄河水利委员会设计院.黑河工程与非工程措施三年实施方案专题研究报告[Z].2002.4
[2]黄河水利委员会水文局.黑河流域水资源初步评价[Z].2000.9
[3]国务院.《黑河近期治理规划》.2001.8
[4]河海大学.黑河调水及近期治理后评估.2007,12.
[5]黄河水利委员会黑河流域管理局.黑河水量调度的技术实践与效果[P].2003.10
[6]石忆邵.城市与区域发展中若干问题的探讨.同济大学学报.2002.2
[7]李浩然、郝滢洁、路紫.我国水资源特点及其对区域经济的影响.国土与自然资源研究.2007.4
[8]梁季阳.试论我国水资源持续利用与区域发展的几个问题.中国发展,2001.1
[9]孙飞、于今.从区域发展论中国西部城市开发.开放导报.2004(5)
[10]吴佩林.我国区域发展的水资源压力分析.水西北农林科技大学学报.2005(10)
[11]韩宇平、阮本清.中国区域发展的水资源压力及空间分布.四川师范大学学报.2002.9
[12]方创琳、步伟娜、鲍超.黑河流域水_生态_经济协调发展方案及用水效益.生态学报.2004.8
[13]陶战.生态经济区概论.生态农业研究,1996,(2):11-13
[14]甘肃省计委、水利厅.黑河流域水资源持续利用与管理研究[Z].1998.11
[15]盛国成.大力推广发展农业节水灌溉技术.现代农业装备
[16]张勃、郝建秀、李太安、张华、张凯.关于河西地区生态经济发展的几个问题.2003.11
[17]黄河水利委员会水文局研究所.甘肃省水科所.九五”国家重点科技攻关项目报告(96-912-03-01-03)：河西走廊水资源合理配置与管理对策[Z].1999.4
[18]李世明等.九五”国家重点科技攻关项目报告(96-912-03-01)：河西走廊可持续发展与水资源合理利用研究[M].中国环境科学出版社.2000.5
[19]陈江南、李会安、田玉青等.黑河下游额济纳旗天然林草植被保护措施调查与分析[J].中国水土保持科学.2003.(4)
[20]陈江南、李会安、王国庆等.黑河下游额济纳旗典型植被调查与分析[J].水土保 持学报.2003.17(5)
[21]额济纳旗林业治沙局.额济纳旗弱水下游近河戈壁人工绿洲生态建设试验试验研究[Z].1997.8
[22]龚家栋,董光荣,李森.黑河下游额济纳绿洲环境退化及综合治理.中国沙漠,1998
[23]龚家栋、董光荣等.黑河下游额济纳绿洲环境退化及综合治理[J].中国沙漠.1998,18(1)：44-50.
[24]王立明,张秋良,殷继艳.额济纳胡杨林生长规律及生物生长力的研究.[J],干旱区资源与环境,2003(2)
[25]清华大学.九五”国家重点科技攻关项目报告(96-912-01-04s-06):内蒙古西部水资源可持续利用战略研究[Z].2000.12
[26]黄河水利委员会黄河水利科学研究院.黑河下游额济纳地区生态综合整治技术研究[Z],2004,7.
[27]潘启民等.黑河流域生态需水量分析[J].黄河水利职业技术学院学报.2001(3)
[28]胡孟春、蒋建国、张更生、安锋、陈宁利、孔佐俊、王黎明等.黑河流域生态功能区划及其保护.农村生态环境2002.18
[29]程国栋.黑河流域可持续发展的生态经济学研究[J].冰川冻土.2002.(4)
[30]曲耀光、樊胜岳.黑河流域水资源承载能力分析计算与对策.中国沙漠.2000.3
[31]樊自立、马英杰等.干旱区内陆河流域生态系统类型及其整治途径-以新疆为例[J].中国沙漠.2000(4)
[32]汪党献、王浩、马静.中国区域发展的水资源支撑能力.水利规划设计.2001.4
[33]潘启民,任志远,郝国占.黑河流域生态需水量分析.黄河水利职业技术学院学报,2001,13(1)：14-16
[34]李歆月.区域发展走上生态循环之路.经济日报.2005.12.22
[35]中国水利水电科学研究院.西北地区水资源合理开发利用与生态环境保护研究.中国水利,2001.5
[36]陈锐.西北地区应以水定发展.2007.3.20
[37]何宏谋,杨丽丰,刘争胜.对黑河流域规划目标的商榷.水利水电技术,2003,34(7)：14-15
[38]黑河水资源合理分配及额济纳绿洲植被恢复[Z].
[39]胡孟春,马荣华.黑河流域生态功能区划遥感制图方法.干旱区资源与环境,2003,17(1)：49-54
[40]华北水利水电学院.黑河流域东部子水系水资源承载能力研究[P].2003.3
[41]黄河水利委员会.黑河干流(含梨园河)水资源近期规划意见[P].2001.3
[42]潘启民、田水利编著.黑河流域水资源[M].黄河水利出版社.2001.12
[43]中国科学院兰州冰川冻土研究所.黑河流域水资源合理利用与社会经济和生态环境协调发展研究[P].1999.3
[44]黄河水利委员会设计院.黑河工程与非工程措施三年实施方案专题研究报告[Z].2002.4