水工建筑物进水口前立轴旋涡的研究
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摘要
立轴旋涡现象在电站引水管、溢洪道、导流隧洞、大型水泵、船闸输水廊道等进水口前时有发生。它的存在，将给水工建筑物和水电设备带来严重的危害，造成巨大的经济损失。但由于立轴旋涡涉及学科门类众多，机理复杂，自由面与水工建筑物等边界条件难于模拟，研究难度大。
本文从实际流体运动微分方程出发，结合立轴旋涡运动规律和流场特征，采用对称恒定性假设，简化N—S方程，研究了立轴旋涡的水流流态、速度与压力的分布规律，分析了若干理论解，如平面螺旋流解、轴向流解等。同时还研究了柯氏力对立轴旋涡产生的影响。
运用数理统计的方法分析了模型试验与工程原型立轴旋涡现象的观测数据，立轴旋涡的比尺效应研究具有新意，讨论了模拟立轴旋涡运动的各种准则。设计了试验室小型模型，进行了试验研究，分析了临界淹没水深的计算方法，总结了立轴旋涡的发展过程，研究了立轴旋涡对孔口流量的影响。
在立轴旋涡的研究中，本文采用了水气两相流的VOF方法与K—ε模型，首次进行了三维流场的数值模拟，得出了旋涡流场的全场特性，与过去相比，更为真实全面地模拟了立轴旋涡的运动规律。分析了立轴旋涡自由面的形成过程，总结了立轴旋涡运动形态，对旋涡吸气现象、流场压力、速度分布等进行了研究。结合两种不同的流量与环量对立轴旋涡的运动形态进行了对比。同时分析了进水口的淹没水深、出流流量、环量与边界条件对立轴旋涡产生和运动的影响。
四川大学工学硕士学位论文
结合实际工程中电站进水口进行了模型试验和数值模拟。通过模型试验
研究，分析了立轴旋涡的运动形态，研究了流量、水深与立轴旋涡的关系。数
值模拟采用了实际地形资料，设置了喇叭口和通气孔，对进水口前旋涡流场进
行了模拟，与模型试验结果符合良好。
The vertical vortex is a normal hydraulic phenomenon before intakes of hydraulic structure such as diversion pipeline of hydraulic power station, spillway, diversion tunnel, high-power water pump, canal for water conveyance. The existence of vertical vortex will decrease the discharge ability, influence the efficiency of hydraulic turbine generator unit, increase the fluctuation of water and absorb the floating substances. Those can endanger seriously hydraulic structure or hydraulic equipment and impose huge economic loss. However, due to its complexity, breakthrough in vertical vortex has not been made by far. The research result cannot satisfy the need of engineering design.
In this paper, according to practical liquid differential equation ,allowing for moving rule and characteristic of moving field of vertical vortex , simplifying N-S equation, I have studied the discipline of condition, velocity and pressure of vertical vortex and analyzed some theory solutions such as plain vortex solution and solution in axial direction.
The observed data of vertical vortex model test and prototype are analyzed. The study of scale effect of vertical-axial vortex is a little novel. Many rules of model movement of vertical-axial have been discussed. A little model in laboratory was designed for experiment. This article analyzed calculating means of critical submergence depth, summed up developing process of vertical vortex and studied effect on discharge of orifice by vertical vortex.
In the study of vertical vortex, VOF method of two phases of water and air and K
-ε model have been applied. Three-dimensional moving field is numerically simulated first in this paper and characteristic of the whole vortex moving field has been acquired. The moving discipline of vertical vortex has been simulated more factually by contrast with previous study. The developing process of free face of vertical-axial vortex has been analyzed. Moving shape of vertical vortex has been summed up. Inspirations of vortex, pressure of moving field and distributing of velocity have been studied. With two different flux and circulation moving shape of vertical vortex has been compared. At the same time the effect of submergence, outflow and boundary condition of intake and moving of vertical vortex have been analyzed.
Model test and numerical simulation have combined with practical power station. Through model test the moving shape of vertical-axial vortex has been analyzed and the relationship of flux, submergence with exit of vertical-axial vortex. In numerical simulation, practical landform data and set up horn-shape intake and air vent pipe are adopted. The moving shape of vortex has been simulated and the result of model test accords with simulation result well.
本文从实际流体运动微分方程出发，结合立轴旋涡运动规律和流场特征，采用对称恒定性假设，简化N—S方程，研究了立轴旋涡的水流流态、速度与压力的分布规律，分析了若干理论解，如平面螺旋流解、轴向流解等。同时还研究了柯氏力对立轴旋涡产生的影响。
运用数理统计的方法分析了模型试验与工程原型立轴旋涡现象的观测数据，立轴旋涡的比尺效应研究具有新意，讨论了模拟立轴旋涡运动的各种准则。设计了试验室小型模型，进行了试验研究，分析了临界淹没水深的计算方法，总结了立轴旋涡的发展过程，研究了立轴旋涡对孔口流量的影响。
在立轴旋涡的研究中，本文采用了水气两相流的VOF方法与K—ε模型，首次进行了三维流场的数值模拟，得出了旋涡流场的全场特性，与过去相比，更为真实全面地模拟了立轴旋涡的运动规律。分析了立轴旋涡自由面的形成过程，总结了立轴旋涡运动形态，对旋涡吸气现象、流场压力、速度分布等进行了研究。结合两种不同的流量与环量对立轴旋涡的运动形态进行了对比。同时分析了进水口的淹没水深、出流流量、环量与边界条件对立轴旋涡产生和运动的影响。
四川大学工学硕士学位论文
结合实际工程中电站进水口进行了模型试验和数值模拟。通过模型试验
研究，分析了立轴旋涡的运动形态，研究了流量、水深与立轴旋涡的关系。数
值模拟采用了实际地形资料，设置了喇叭口和通气孔，对进水口前旋涡流场进
行了模拟，与模型试验结果符合良好。
The vertical vortex is a normal hydraulic phenomenon before intakes of hydraulic structure such as diversion pipeline of hydraulic power station, spillway, diversion tunnel, high-power water pump, canal for water conveyance. The existence of vertical vortex will decrease the discharge ability, influence the efficiency of hydraulic turbine generator unit, increase the fluctuation of water and absorb the floating substances. Those can endanger seriously hydraulic structure or hydraulic equipment and impose huge economic loss. However, due to its complexity, breakthrough in vertical vortex has not been made by far. The research result cannot satisfy the need of engineering design.
In this paper, according to practical liquid differential equation ,allowing for moving rule and characteristic of moving field of vertical vortex , simplifying N-S equation, I have studied the discipline of condition, velocity and pressure of vertical vortex and analyzed some theory solutions such as plain vortex solution and solution in axial direction.
The observed data of vertical vortex model test and prototype are analyzed. The study of scale effect of vertical-axial vortex is a little novel. Many rules of model movement of vertical-axial have been discussed. A little model in laboratory was designed for experiment. This article analyzed calculating means of critical submergence depth, summed up developing process of vertical vortex and studied effect on discharge of orifice by vertical vortex.
In the study of vertical vortex, VOF method of two phases of water and air and K
-ε model have been applied. Three-dimensional moving field is numerically simulated first in this paper and characteristic of the whole vortex moving field has been acquired. The moving discipline of vertical vortex has been simulated more factually by contrast with previous study. The developing process of free face of vertical-axial vortex has been analyzed. Moving shape of vertical vortex has been summed up. Inspirations of vortex, pressure of moving field and distributing of velocity have been studied. With two different flux and circulation moving shape of vertical vortex has been compared. At the same time the effect of submergence, outflow and boundary condition of intake and moving of vertical vortex have been analyzed.
Model test and numerical simulation have combined with practical power station. Through model test the moving shape of vertical-axial vortex has been analyzed and the relationship of flux, submergence with exit of vertical-axial vortex. In numerical simulation, practical landform data and set up horn-shape intake and air vent pipe are adopted. The moving shape of vortex has been simulated and the result of model test accords with simulation result well.
引文
1, A.J. Jacob Odgaard, Free surface air core vortex, J. of Hyd. Eng,.July, 1986.
2, A. J, Odgaard, Free-surface air core vortex, J. Hydr. Div., ASCE,7,1986
3, A. J, Odgaard, Discussion of free-surface air core vortex, J. Hydr. Div.,ASCE, 4,1988
4, A.J. WardSmith, The fluid dynamics of flow in pipes and ducts, Clarendon Press, oxford, 1980
5, C.T. Subhash, Free surface swirling flows in vertical droshaft, J. Hydr. Div, Sep, 1987.
6, D. F Denny, G.A Young, The prevention of vortex and smirl at intakes, IAHR. Lisbon, 1957.
7, D. F Denny, An experimental study of air-entraining vertices in pump, Proceedings of the institution of mechanical engineers, Vol170, 1956
8, E, Levi, Vortices in hydraulics, Nat. Hydr. Engrg. Conf. ASCE, July, 1990
9, E, Levi, Experiments on unstable vortices, J. Engrg. Mech., ASCE, 1998(2)
10, E, Levi, A universal strouhal law, J. Engrg. Mech., ASCE, 1983(3)
11, F.D. Siervi, H.C. Viguier, E.M, greitzer, Mechnism of inlet vortex formation, Journal of Fluid Mechenics, Vol.124,1982
12, G.E. Hecker, Model-prototype comparision of free surface vortices, J. Hydr. Div, Oct ,1981.
13, G.E. Sweeney, R. Aelder, D. Hay, Pump sump design experimence summary, J. Hydr. Div, March, 1982
14, G.H. Vastistal, Ananysis of fine particle concentration in a combined vortex, Journal of hydraulic Research, Mar, 1989.
15, G.H. Vatistas, A similar profile for the tangential velocity in vortex chambers, Experiments in Fluids, Vol6,1988.
16, G.S, Constantinescu, V.C, Patel, A numerical model for simulation of pump-intake flow and vortices, J. of Hyd. Eng, ASCE, 124(2),1998
17, G.S. Constantinescu, V.C. Pater, Role of turbulence model in prediction of pump-bay vortices, J. of Hyd. Eng,May, 2000
18, H.A Einstein, Le vortex permanent dans un fluide reel, La Houille Blanche, NO. 4,1955
19, H.C, Chen, V. C, Pater, Near-wall turbulence models for complex flows including separation, AIAA J., 26, 1988
20, H.O,Anwar, Welter, J.A, Amphlett, M.B, Similarity of free-vortex at horizontal intake, J. of Hydr. Res.,16(2),1972
21, J. E, Hite J, Walter, Velocity of air-core vortices at hydraulic intakes, J. of Hyd. Eng,,Vol. 120, No. 3,1994.
22, J.H, Faler, S, Leibovich, Distupted states of vortex flow and vortex breakdown, Physics of Fluids, 9,1977
23, J.S, Gulliver, Discussion of free-surface air core vortex, J. Hydr. Div.,ASCE, 4,1988
24, J.S. Gulliver, A.J. Rindels, R. C. Lindlom, Design intakes to avoid free surface vortices, Water Power, Sep, 1986.
25, J.S. Gulliver, A.I. Rindels, Weak vortex at vertical intake, Journal of hydraulic division, Sep, 1987.
26, J.S. Gulliver, Discussion of free surface air core vortex, J. of Hyd. Eng,, Apr, 1988.
27, L.L, Daggett, G. H, Reulegan, Similitude conditions in free-surface vortex formation, J. Hydr. Div, ASCE, 11,1974
28, M.C Quick, Scale relationships between geometrically similar free spiral vortices ,Civil engineering and P.W.R ,Vol 57,1962.10
29, M. Padmanabhan, Air ingestion due to free surface vortices, J. of Hyd. Eng,, Dec, 1984
30, M. Padmanabhan, G. E. Hecker, Scale effects in pump models, Journal of
hydraulic division, Nov, 1984
31, N. Yildirim, S.C. Jain, Surface tension effect on profile of a free vortex, Journal of the Hydraulic Division, Jan, 1981.
32, P.G, Jackson, Sedimentological and fluid-dynamic implications of the turbulent bursting in geophysical flows, J. Fluid Mech.,7,1976
33, P.Y. Julien, Concentration of very fine silts in a steady vortex, Journal of Hydraulic Research, Sep, 1986.
34, V. P, Rajendran, S.G, Constantinescu, Experimen-tal validation of a numerical model of flow in pump-intake bays, J. Hydr. Engry.,ASCE
35, Z. Meyer, Veratified circulation in density stratified resevorir, J. Hyd Div., July, 1982.
36，方雷，水电站低水位发电引水管进口旋涡吸气问题的试验报告及研究探讨，1960年。
37，福原华一，抽水蓄能电站进出口的水理设计，日本电力土木，No．161，1959．
38，获原能男，流出涡的实验研究，山梨大学工学部研究报告，第15号，昭和39年12月。
39，获原能男，流出涡的形状，山梨大学工学部研究报告，第20号，昭和44年12月
40，获原能男，空气吸入涡的研究，土木学会论文报告集，1973。
41，安徽水科所，水电部低水位发电旋涡吸气问题试验研究探讨，1960．10
42，陈景仁，湍流模型及其有限分析法，上海交通大学出版社，1989年12月
43，戴成器，紧水滩水电站浅水中消涡试验研究，华东水电科研，No．1，1986．
44，邓淑嫒，泄水建筑物进口水面旋涡的形成及其克服方法的探讨，水利水运科学研究，NO．4，1986．
45，丁志华，抽水蓄能电站进出口的水力设计，水利水电勘测设计，NO．1，1985
46，窦国仁，紊流力学(上、下)，高等教育出版社，1982年2月
47，苟兴智，泄洪洞无涡进口的体型设计，西北水利科技，No．3，1985。
48，胡去劣，南水北调东线穿黄工程进口水工模型试验报告，南京水科所，1983
49，黄中元，蓄能电站进出口的水力设计，国外水利水电科技译文，No．11，1981
50，金忠青，N—S方程的数值解和紊流模型，河海大学出版社，1989年6月
51，林宗燊，进水口前立轴旋涡区水流流速特性，水力发电学报，No．2，1987
52，卢永金，进水口前的水流运动，水动力学研究与进展，No．1，1989
53，卢永金，郭子中，进水口旋涡研究成果综述，河海大学科技情报，No．3，1988
54，马丁斯，水力模拟上的涡流相似，国际水工模型缩尺影响专题讨论会译文集，1985
55，倪汉根，消除进水口前旋涡漏斗的一个方法，水利学报，No．12，1986．
56，汝树勋，刘亚辉，隧洞进口漏斗旋涡对脉动壁压的影响及其沿程衰减，成都科技大学学报，No．5，1990
57，汝树勋，段维钧，漫湾水电站施工导流中的自由表面漏斗旋涡问题，高速水流，No．1，1990
58，汝树勋，旋桨式旋涡强度仪，高速水流，No．2，1990
59，天津大学，水工建筑物，水利出版社，1981
60，天津水电勘测设计院，水工建筑物进水口旋涡译文选编，1979。
61，谭伯鲤，水电站虹吸式进水口的设计与分析，武汉水利电力学院学报，No．4．1980
62，谭颍，抽水蓄能电站取水口水力学的基本问题，水利水电勘测设计，No1，1988
63，童秉纲，张炳暄，崔尔杰，非定常流与涡运动，国防工业出版社，1993
64，王水田，水工建筑物漏斗吸气旋涡问题研究与进展，1964．8。
65，王水田、钱炳法，黄坛口水电站进水口旋涡运动的初步研究报告，1964。
66，吴变根，十三陵抽水蓄能电站上下池取水口水力学模型实验研究，1987
67，夏毓常，进水口旋涡特性的初步试验，水利水电科学研究院科学研究论文集，1980。
68，杨正骏等，水工建筑物进水口自有表面旋涡的实验研究，水力发电学报，No．1，1987
69，朱咸，轴对称进水口流动的分析和试验研究，水利学报，No．3，1988
2, A. J, Odgaard, Free-surface air core vortex, J. Hydr. Div., ASCE,7,1986
3, A. J, Odgaard, Discussion of free-surface air core vortex, J. Hydr. Div.,ASCE, 4,1988
4, A.J. WardSmith, The fluid dynamics of flow in pipes and ducts, Clarendon Press, oxford, 1980
5, C.T. Subhash, Free surface swirling flows in vertical droshaft, J. Hydr. Div, Sep, 1987.
6, D. F Denny, G.A Young, The prevention of vortex and smirl at intakes, IAHR. Lisbon, 1957.
7, D. F Denny, An experimental study of air-entraining vertices in pump, Proceedings of the institution of mechanical engineers, Vol170, 1956
8, E, Levi, Vortices in hydraulics, Nat. Hydr. Engrg. Conf. ASCE, July, 1990
9, E, Levi, Experiments on unstable vortices, J. Engrg. Mech., ASCE, 1998(2)
10, E, Levi, A universal strouhal law, J. Engrg. Mech., ASCE, 1983(3)
11, F.D. Siervi, H.C. Viguier, E.M, greitzer, Mechnism of inlet vortex formation, Journal of Fluid Mechenics, Vol.124,1982
12, G.E. Hecker, Model-prototype comparision of free surface vortices, J. Hydr. Div, Oct ,1981.
13, G.E. Sweeney, R. Aelder, D. Hay, Pump sump design experimence summary, J. Hydr. Div, March, 1982
14, G.H. Vastistal, Ananysis of fine particle concentration in a combined vortex, Journal of hydraulic Research, Mar, 1989.
15, G.H. Vatistas, A similar profile for the tangential velocity in vortex chambers, Experiments in Fluids, Vol6,1988.
16, G.S, Constantinescu, V.C, Patel, A numerical model for simulation of pump-intake flow and vortices, J. of Hyd. Eng, ASCE, 124(2),1998
17, G.S. Constantinescu, V.C. Pater, Role of turbulence model in prediction of pump-bay vortices, J. of Hyd. Eng,May, 2000
18, H.A Einstein, Le vortex permanent dans un fluide reel, La Houille Blanche, NO. 4,1955
19, H.C, Chen, V. C, Pater, Near-wall turbulence models for complex flows including separation, AIAA J., 26, 1988
20, H.O,Anwar, Welter, J.A, Amphlett, M.B, Similarity of free-vortex at horizontal intake, J. of Hydr. Res.,16(2),1972
21, J. E, Hite J, Walter, Velocity of air-core vortices at hydraulic intakes, J. of Hyd. Eng,,Vol. 120, No. 3,1994.
22, J.H, Faler, S, Leibovich, Distupted states of vortex flow and vortex breakdown, Physics of Fluids, 9,1977
23, J.S, Gulliver, Discussion of free-surface air core vortex, J. Hydr. Div.,ASCE, 4,1988
24, J.S. Gulliver, A.J. Rindels, R. C. Lindlom, Design intakes to avoid free surface vortices, Water Power, Sep, 1986.
25, J.S. Gulliver, A.I. Rindels, Weak vortex at vertical intake, Journal of hydraulic division, Sep, 1987.
26, J.S. Gulliver, Discussion of free surface air core vortex, J. of Hyd. Eng,, Apr, 1988.
27, L.L, Daggett, G. H, Reulegan, Similitude conditions in free-surface vortex formation, J. Hydr. Div, ASCE, 11,1974
28, M.C Quick, Scale relationships between geometrically similar free spiral vortices ,Civil engineering and P.W.R ,Vol 57,1962.10
29, M. Padmanabhan, Air ingestion due to free surface vortices, J. of Hyd. Eng,, Dec, 1984
30, M. Padmanabhan, G. E. Hecker, Scale effects in pump models, Journal of
hydraulic division, Nov, 1984
31, N. Yildirim, S.C. Jain, Surface tension effect on profile of a free vortex, Journal of the Hydraulic Division, Jan, 1981.
32, P.G, Jackson, Sedimentological and fluid-dynamic implications of the turbulent bursting in geophysical flows, J. Fluid Mech.,7,1976
33, P.Y. Julien, Concentration of very fine silts in a steady vortex, Journal of Hydraulic Research, Sep, 1986.
34, V. P, Rajendran, S.G, Constantinescu, Experimen-tal validation of a numerical model of flow in pump-intake bays, J. Hydr. Engry.,ASCE
35, Z. Meyer, Veratified circulation in density stratified resevorir, J. Hyd Div., July, 1982.
36，方雷，水电站低水位发电引水管进口旋涡吸气问题的试验报告及研究探讨，1960年。
37，福原华一，抽水蓄能电站进出口的水理设计，日本电力土木，No．161，1959．
38，获原能男，流出涡的实验研究，山梨大学工学部研究报告，第15号，昭和39年12月。
39，获原能男，流出涡的形状，山梨大学工学部研究报告，第20号，昭和44年12月
40，获原能男，空气吸入涡的研究，土木学会论文报告集，1973。
41，安徽水科所，水电部低水位发电旋涡吸气问题试验研究探讨，1960．10
42，陈景仁，湍流模型及其有限分析法，上海交通大学出版社，1989年12月
43，戴成器，紧水滩水电站浅水中消涡试验研究，华东水电科研，No．1，1986．
44，邓淑嫒，泄水建筑物进口水面旋涡的形成及其克服方法的探讨，水利水运科学研究，NO．4，1986．
45，丁志华，抽水蓄能电站进出口的水力设计，水利水电勘测设计，NO．1，1985
46，窦国仁，紊流力学(上、下)，高等教育出版社，1982年2月
47，苟兴智，泄洪洞无涡进口的体型设计，西北水利科技，No．3，1985。
48，胡去劣，南水北调东线穿黄工程进口水工模型试验报告，南京水科所，1983
49，黄中元，蓄能电站进出口的水力设计，国外水利水电科技译文，No．11，1981
50，金忠青，N—S方程的数值解和紊流模型，河海大学出版社，1989年6月
51，林宗燊，进水口前立轴旋涡区水流流速特性，水力发电学报，No．2，1987
52，卢永金，进水口前的水流运动，水动力学研究与进展，No．1，1989
53，卢永金，郭子中，进水口旋涡研究成果综述，河海大学科技情报，No．3，1988
54，马丁斯，水力模拟上的涡流相似，国际水工模型缩尺影响专题讨论会译文集，1985
55，倪汉根，消除进水口前旋涡漏斗的一个方法，水利学报，No．12，1986．
56，汝树勋，刘亚辉，隧洞进口漏斗旋涡对脉动壁压的影响及其沿程衰减，成都科技大学学报，No．5，1990
57，汝树勋，段维钧，漫湾水电站施工导流中的自由表面漏斗旋涡问题，高速水流，No．1，1990
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