改性聚丙烯酰胺反相微乳液聚合及其性能研究
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摘要
高相对分子质量和功能型聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)是当今材料领域的研究热点之一。由于反相微乳液法可以在温和的反应条件和缓慢的反应进程中,以可控制的步骤进行化学反应,被认为是目前最有前途的制备纳米材料的方法之一。
     本文以制备具有较高相对分子质量和功能型PAM为研究目的,将反相微乳液法运用到其制备及改性的有关环节,通过反相微乳液聚合工艺,将几种改性功能单体2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基-丙磺酸(简称AMPS)、荧光单体2-(4-甲氧基-1,8-萘二甲酰亚胺基)-乙基二甲基烯丙基氯化铵(简称为FM)、荧光单体4-(N’-甲基-1-哌嗪基)-N-丁基-1,8-萘烯丙氯季铵盐(简称为FC)、阳离子单体丙烯酰氧乙基-二甲基-乙基溴化铵(简称DMB)和疏水单体丙烯酸十八酯(简称OA)与AM共聚,制备AMPS改性PAM、荧光示踪型PAM、阳离子单体DMB改性PAM和OA改性PAM等四类(五种)不同功能单体改性PAM,并研究其应用性能。采用Materials Studio 3.0程序包模拟了5种改性PAM分子与Al_2O_3(012)面的动态相互作用,获得了各体系的结合能、非键相互作用能和形变能等,探讨了相互作用的本质,为阐释絮凝作用机理、研发、评价新型高效絮凝剂提供理论依据。
     主要内容如下:
     (1)以电导法为基础,较为系统的研究AOT/异辛烷反相微乳液、Span80-Tween80/液体石蜡(异辛烷)反相微乳液体系的增溶及其电导性质,并研究正丁醇、氯化钠、醋酸钠等添加剂对反相微乳液电导性质的影响;
     (2)较为系统的研究CTAB-正丁醇/环己烷/水、CTAB-正丁醇/异辛烷/水和CTAB-正丁醇/正庚烷/水等三种拟三元反相微乳液体系的相行为,及其反相微乳液体系的增溶与电导性质;
     (3)采用电子显微镜、激光纳米粒度仪等测试手段,研究AMPS改性PAM在1%高岭土悬浮介质中的微观结构、絮凝过程、机理等絮凝特性,及其耐温、抗盐性能。结果表明,AMPS改性PAM具有较好的絮凝性能、耐温性能和抗盐性能;
     (4)荧光功能单体FM、FC改性的功能聚合物P(FM-AM)和P(FC-AM)的荧光强度随其浓度的增大而增加,其浓度与荧光强度呈较好的线性关系,P(FM-AM)和P(FC-AM)的检测下限分别为和1.83 mg·L~(-1)和0.81mg·L~(-1);
     (5) P(DMB-AM)为阳离子型聚电解质,在同一浓度的分散介质中,P(DMB-AM)的絮凝效果较PAM、AMPS改性PAM好。疏水缔合共聚物P(OA-AM)具有较强的抗盐性和较好抗温性;
     (6)通过计算5种改性PAM分子在AL_2O_3(012)面上的结合能,得到结合能排序为P(DMB-AM)>P(OA-AM)>P(AA-AM)>P(DMA-AM)>PAM,则分子动力学模拟絮凝能力的强弱依次为P(DMB-AM)>P(OA-AM)>P(AA-AM)>P(DMA-AM)>PAM,分子动力学模拟得到的预测结果与实验结果基本一致。
Novel functional and high-relative molecule weight polyacrylamide was extensivelystudied in present material field. The reverse microemulsion method is considered as oneof the most outlook method in fabricating new nano-materials because of its uniquereacting characteristics, such as mild reaction condition, lower reaction speed, controllableprocess. In this Ph. D. dissertation, reverse microemulsion method was fully used infabricating and modifying polyacrylamide with functional and high-relative moleculeweight. The copolymerization of 2-acrylamide-2-methylpxopanesulfonic acid (shortenedby AMPS), fluorescent monomer 4-methoxy-N-(2-N', N'-dimethylamino ethyl)naphthalimide alkyl chloride quaternary ammonium salt (shortened by FM), fluorescentmonomer 4-(N'-methyl-1-piperazinylallyl)-N-butyl-naphthalimide chloride quaternaryammonium salt (shortened by FC), Cationic monomer dimethylethyl (acryloxyethyl)ammonium bromide (shortened by DMB) and hydrophobical monomer octadecylacrylate(shortened by OA) with acrylamide (AM) and properties of the copolymers werestudied. The interaction between five polymers and Al_2O_3(012) crystal surface have beensimulated by Materials Studio 3.0 program package, binding energies and non-bondinteraction energies and deformation energies have also been acquired. The analysis ofinteraction essence can be applied as theoretic basis for interpreting the mechanism offlocculation and developing more effective flocculation agents.
     The dissertation was mainly focused on:
     (1) The reverse microemulsion systems of AOT/isooctane/H_2O, Span80-Tween80/liquidparaffin/H_2O and Span80-TweenS0/isooctane/H_2O were prepared. The solublizationeffect and the regular changes of electrical conductance of the reverse microemulsionsystems at different HLB values were studied by conductivity method. The effects ofadding n-butanol, NaCl and CH_3COONa on the changes of conductivity properties ofthe systems were discussed.
     (2) The phase behavior, solubilization and electrical conductivity of CTAB-n-butanol/cyclohexane/H_2O, CTAB-n-butanol/heptane/H_2O and CTAB-n-butanol/isooctane/H_2Oheterophase reverse microemulsions were researched.
     (3) The microstructure, process and mechanism of flocculation of PAM modified withAMPS in suspension medium of 1% kaolin were researched using EM, AFM, lasernanometer measurement and fluorescent spectrophotometer.
     (4) Fluorescent intensity increased with the concentration of P(FM-AM) and P(FC-AM).The relationship between fluorescent intensity and concentration of P(FM-AM) orP(FC-AM) was linear. The lowest detection limits of P(FM-AM) and P(FC-AM)were 1.83 mg.L~(-1) and 0.81mg·L~(-1).
     (5) P(DMB-AM) was an cationic polyelectrolyte, and possessed better flocculation effectsthan that of normal PAM or AMPS modified PAM at the same suspension medium of1% kaolin. Hydrophobically associating water-soluble polymer of P(OA-AM) hadbetter salt-resistance and temperature-resistance.
     (6) The sequence of binding energies between polymers and AL_2O_3 (012) crystal surfaceby cacualtion was: P(DMB-AM)>P(OA-AM)>P(AA-AM)>P(DMA-AM)>PAM,which means the sequence of flocculation capability is P(DMB-AM)>P(OA-AM)>P(AA-AM)>P(DMA-AM)>PAM. The above forecasting results were consistent withthe experiment results.
引文
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