桑沟湾筏式养殖栉孔扇贝环境影响评价
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摘要
由于长期高密度养殖,贝类向环境排放的代谢产物、粪便等有机物所造成的污染日趋严重,水体氮、磷、化学需氧量等含量升高,原有的水化学平衡产生了相应的改变,往往给潜在的有害生物创造了良好的滋生条件,给养殖环境带来沉重的压力。颗粒态贝类代谢产物不仅改变了底质组成而影响了底栖生物的多样性和生物地球化学循环,而且对养殖区造成自身污染;增养殖区的海域污染问题也日益突出。
针对上述问题,本论文根据2010年5月、8月、11月及2011年1月对桑沟湾养殖区水域的现场调查,从代谢产物排泄量,氮、磷、碳的收支,代谢产物对海水环境的影响评价和代谢产物对沉积环境的影响评价等四个方面对桑沟湾筏式养殖区域的环境质量状况进行了较为系统的分析评价,建立了桑沟湾筏式养殖栉孔扇贝环境影响评价方法,对研究制约海水增养殖区环境与养殖产品质量的环境与生态问题,提供技术支撑。主要研究工作如下:
1.养殖扇贝代谢产物排泄量的研究采用生态模拟实验和现场监测相结合的方法研究栉孔扇贝可溶态和颗粒态代谢产物的排泄量,建立排泄量的动态估算模型,并跟据现场实际测定结果进行验证和修正。结果表明,栉孔扇贝的排泄受规格、季节的影响,规格越大,排泄量越大;4个月份中8月份排泄量最大。对于溶解态和颗粒态的比例,不同规格的栉孔扇贝稍微有所不同。栉孔扇贝碳、氮、磷的排泄量随着温度升高总体上呈上升趋势。耦合季节、规格因素建立了栉孔扇贝排泄量与养殖周期的动态方程:碳为y = 56.70+0.21x+7.18×10~(-3)x~2+ 6.11×10-6x~3 -7.68×10~(-8)x~4;氮为y = 5.57-1.43×10~(-2)x~ +7.29×10~(-4)x~2 -1.88×10~(-6)x~3;磷为y = 20.61 + 0.70x-1.97×10~(-2)*x~2 + 2.25×10~(-4)x~3 -5.85×10~(-7)x~4。
2.养殖扇贝氮、磷、碳收支情况根据物质平衡的原理,通过室内模拟实验,对筏式养殖扇贝进行贝类组织、可溶性代谢产物、颗粒性代谢产物中总氮、总磷、有机碳的测定,建立贝类养殖氮、磷、碳物质平衡方程,测算栉孔扇贝的氮、磷、碳的收支情况,探讨贝类养殖污染的机理。结果表明:扇贝生物体吸收的氮、磷、有机碳的含量要远高于固体排泄物中氮、磷、有机碳的含量,贝类养殖总体上能够有效吸收环境中的氮、磷、有机碳等营养要素。
3.养殖扇贝代谢产物对海水环境的影响评价通过监测贝类养殖区海水化学参数(温度、盐度、pH、DO、COD、无机氮、磷酸盐、石油类、Hg、As),采用富营养化指数、有机污染评价指数和水质综合指数对养殖区海水环境质量进行评价,评估养殖贝类代谢产物对海水环境的影响。结果表明:5月份水质处于过度富营养化水平,属于严重污染状态。其它月份水质有轻微污染。
4.养殖扇贝代谢产物对沉积环境的影响评价借鉴挪威人Ervik等提出的MOM(Modelling-On-growing fish farms-Monitoring)系统,通过对生物参数、化学参数和感官指标等3个评价子集综合评价浅海筏式贝类养殖区沉积环境质量。结果表明:桑沟湾栉孔扇贝筏式养殖区的沉积环境质量保持在2级状态。
Due to the long high-density aquaculture, shellfish metabolites of the environmental emissions, waste and other organic matter,make the environment pollution grow. N, P, COD in water and other content increased, the original chemical balance of water produced a corresponding change, often to potentially harmful organisms to create a good breeding conditions, to the culture environment pressure. Shellfish metabolites of particulate not only changed the composition of sediment benthic biodiversity and biogeochemical cycles, but also self-pollution caused by farming area; by culture area of sea pollution has become increasingly prominent.
To solve the above problems, this paper in May , August , November 2010 and January 2011 invests Sanggou Bay aquaculture waters,from the excretion of metabolites, nitrogen, phosphorus, carbon balance, metabolites of the sea environmental impact assessment and metabolites on the sedimentary environment impact assessment of four aspects of raft culture Sanggou Bay region of the state environmental quality in a more systematic analysis and evaluation, establish raft culture Sanggou Bay Scallop environmental impact evaluation methods,and provide technical support in the research of the reltionship of the environment quality and aquaculture product quality issues.The main work is as follows:
1. Scallop farming excretion of metabolites
Use of ecological simulation experiment and the method of combining on-site monitoring of scallop soluble and particulate excretion of metabolites, the establishment of a dynamic estimation model for excretion, and with real determination, according to the results of field verification and correction. The results showed that: Szie and season effect scallops’excretion, the bigger size,the more excretion, Especially in August. The dissolved and particulate ratio, different specifications of the scallop is slightly different. Carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus excretion rise overall with the temperature. Coupling season, size factors to build a scallop farming cycle dynamic equation:Carbon is y = 56.70+0.21x+7.18×10~(-3)x~2+ 6.11×10~(-6)x~3 -7.68×10~(-8)x~4;Nitrogen is y = 5.57-1.43×10~(-2)x +7.29×10~(-4)x~2 -1.88×10~(-6)x~3;Phosphorus is y = 20.61 + 0.70x -1.97×10~(-2)*x~2 + 2.25×10~(-4)x~3 -5.85×10~(-7)x~4。
2. Scallop farming nitrogen, phosphorus, carbon income and expenditure According to the principle of material balance, through laboratory simulation experiments carried out on the raft culture of scallop shellfish tissue, soluble metabolites, metabolites of particulate nitrogen, total phosphorus, organic carbon determination, the establishment of shellfish culture of nitrogen, phosphorus, carbon material balance equation, calculation scallops nitrogen, phosphorus, carbon balance, the mechanism of contamination of shellfish aquaculture. The results showed that: Scallops absorbed nitrogen, phosphorus, organic carbon content is much higher than that of the solid waste of nitrogen, phosphorus, organic carbon content, scallop farming in general in the environment can absorb nitrogen, phosphorus, organic carbon and other nutrients.
3. Metabolites of cultured marine scallop Environmental Impact Assessment
By monitoring marine shellfish farming areas chemical parameters (temperature, salinity, pH, DO, COD, inorganic nitrogen, phosphate, oil, Hg, As), evaluate the marine environmental qualitya of culture area,using the methods——index of eutrophication, organic pollution assessment index and composite index of water quality.And assess the environmental impact of the marine shellfish metabolites. The results showed that: Water in May has a high level eutrophication and serious pollution condition. Other months there was a slight water pollution.
4. Metabolites of cultured scallops sedimentary environment impact assessment
Refer to Norwegian Ervik and other people proposed MOM (Modelling-On-growing fish farms-Monitoring) system, through the biological parameters, chemical parameters and sensory evaluation of indicators, three comprehensive evaluation of a subset of shallow sea shellfish aquaculture raft Sedimentary environmental quality. The results showed that: the sedimentary environment quality in Sanggou Bay raft culture areas maintais the second states.
针对上述问题,本论文根据2010年5月、8月、11月及2011年1月对桑沟湾养殖区水域的现场调查,从代谢产物排泄量,氮、磷、碳的收支,代谢产物对海水环境的影响评价和代谢产物对沉积环境的影响评价等四个方面对桑沟湾筏式养殖区域的环境质量状况进行了较为系统的分析评价,建立了桑沟湾筏式养殖栉孔扇贝环境影响评价方法,对研究制约海水增养殖区环境与养殖产品质量的环境与生态问题,提供技术支撑。主要研究工作如下:
1.养殖扇贝代谢产物排泄量的研究采用生态模拟实验和现场监测相结合的方法研究栉孔扇贝可溶态和颗粒态代谢产物的排泄量,建立排泄量的动态估算模型,并跟据现场实际测定结果进行验证和修正。结果表明,栉孔扇贝的排泄受规格、季节的影响,规格越大,排泄量越大;4个月份中8月份排泄量最大。对于溶解态和颗粒态的比例,不同规格的栉孔扇贝稍微有所不同。栉孔扇贝碳、氮、磷的排泄量随着温度升高总体上呈上升趋势。耦合季节、规格因素建立了栉孔扇贝排泄量与养殖周期的动态方程:碳为y = 56.70+0.21x+7.18×10~(-3)x~2+ 6.11×10-6x~3 -7.68×10~(-8)x~4;氮为y = 5.57-1.43×10~(-2)x~ +7.29×10~(-4)x~2 -1.88×10~(-6)x~3;磷为y = 20.61 + 0.70x-1.97×10~(-2)*x~2 + 2.25×10~(-4)x~3 -5.85×10~(-7)x~4。
2.养殖扇贝氮、磷、碳收支情况根据物质平衡的原理,通过室内模拟实验,对筏式养殖扇贝进行贝类组织、可溶性代谢产物、颗粒性代谢产物中总氮、总磷、有机碳的测定,建立贝类养殖氮、磷、碳物质平衡方程,测算栉孔扇贝的氮、磷、碳的收支情况,探讨贝类养殖污染的机理。结果表明:扇贝生物体吸收的氮、磷、有机碳的含量要远高于固体排泄物中氮、磷、有机碳的含量,贝类养殖总体上能够有效吸收环境中的氮、磷、有机碳等营养要素。
3.养殖扇贝代谢产物对海水环境的影响评价通过监测贝类养殖区海水化学参数(温度、盐度、pH、DO、COD、无机氮、磷酸盐、石油类、Hg、As),采用富营养化指数、有机污染评价指数和水质综合指数对养殖区海水环境质量进行评价,评估养殖贝类代谢产物对海水环境的影响。结果表明:5月份水质处于过度富营养化水平,属于严重污染状态。其它月份水质有轻微污染。
4.养殖扇贝代谢产物对沉积环境的影响评价借鉴挪威人Ervik等提出的MOM(Modelling-On-growing fish farms-Monitoring)系统,通过对生物参数、化学参数和感官指标等3个评价子集综合评价浅海筏式贝类养殖区沉积环境质量。结果表明:桑沟湾栉孔扇贝筏式养殖区的沉积环境质量保持在2级状态。
Due to the long high-density aquaculture, shellfish metabolites of the environmental emissions, waste and other organic matter,make the environment pollution grow. N, P, COD in water and other content increased, the original chemical balance of water produced a corresponding change, often to potentially harmful organisms to create a good breeding conditions, to the culture environment pressure. Shellfish metabolites of particulate not only changed the composition of sediment benthic biodiversity and biogeochemical cycles, but also self-pollution caused by farming area; by culture area of sea pollution has become increasingly prominent.
To solve the above problems, this paper in May , August , November 2010 and January 2011 invests Sanggou Bay aquaculture waters,from the excretion of metabolites, nitrogen, phosphorus, carbon balance, metabolites of the sea environmental impact assessment and metabolites on the sedimentary environment impact assessment of four aspects of raft culture Sanggou Bay region of the state environmental quality in a more systematic analysis and evaluation, establish raft culture Sanggou Bay Scallop environmental impact evaluation methods,and provide technical support in the research of the reltionship of the environment quality and aquaculture product quality issues.The main work is as follows:
1. Scallop farming excretion of metabolites
Use of ecological simulation experiment and the method of combining on-site monitoring of scallop soluble and particulate excretion of metabolites, the establishment of a dynamic estimation model for excretion, and with real determination, according to the results of field verification and correction. The results showed that: Szie and season effect scallops’excretion, the bigger size,the more excretion, Especially in August. The dissolved and particulate ratio, different specifications of the scallop is slightly different. Carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus excretion rise overall with the temperature. Coupling season, size factors to build a scallop farming cycle dynamic equation:Carbon is y = 56.70+0.21x+7.18×10~(-3)x~2+ 6.11×10~(-6)x~3 -7.68×10~(-8)x~4;Nitrogen is y = 5.57-1.43×10~(-2)x +7.29×10~(-4)x~2 -1.88×10~(-6)x~3;Phosphorus is y = 20.61 + 0.70x -1.97×10~(-2)*x~2 + 2.25×10~(-4)x~3 -5.85×10~(-7)x~4。
2. Scallop farming nitrogen, phosphorus, carbon income and expenditure According to the principle of material balance, through laboratory simulation experiments carried out on the raft culture of scallop shellfish tissue, soluble metabolites, metabolites of particulate nitrogen, total phosphorus, organic carbon determination, the establishment of shellfish culture of nitrogen, phosphorus, carbon material balance equation, calculation scallops nitrogen, phosphorus, carbon balance, the mechanism of contamination of shellfish aquaculture. The results showed that: Scallops absorbed nitrogen, phosphorus, organic carbon content is much higher than that of the solid waste of nitrogen, phosphorus, organic carbon content, scallop farming in general in the environment can absorb nitrogen, phosphorus, organic carbon and other nutrients.
3. Metabolites of cultured marine scallop Environmental Impact Assessment
By monitoring marine shellfish farming areas chemical parameters (temperature, salinity, pH, DO, COD, inorganic nitrogen, phosphate, oil, Hg, As), evaluate the marine environmental qualitya of culture area,using the methods——index of eutrophication, organic pollution assessment index and composite index of water quality.And assess the environmental impact of the marine shellfish metabolites. The results showed that: Water in May has a high level eutrophication and serious pollution condition. Other months there was a slight water pollution.
4. Metabolites of cultured scallops sedimentary environment impact assessment
Refer to Norwegian Ervik and other people proposed MOM (Modelling-On-growing fish farms-Monitoring) system, through the biological parameters, chemical parameters and sensory evaluation of indicators, three comprehensive evaluation of a subset of shallow sea shellfish aquaculture raft Sedimentary environmental quality. The results showed that: the sedimentary environment quality in Sanggou Bay raft culture areas maintais the second states.
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