内昆铁路龙塘山3#大桥抗滑墩施工技术研究
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摘要
龙塘山3~#大桥位于新建内昆铁路DK286+042处，原设计为高路堤，路堤置于一巨型岩堆体上，岩堆体分布范围为DK285+490～DK286+760，全长1270m。由于在路堤填筑过程中发生了大范围的工程滑坡，经充分论证后设计变更为以桥通过，采用了抗滑墩设计方案。抗滑墩集抗滑桩与桥墩功能于一体，在地质差，地下水丰富且含有较多坚硬大孤石的滑坡体中开挖面积之大、掘进之深、工期之紧、施工难度之大的竖井，实为国内铁路工程建设史上之首例。在施工中我们针对不同深度的不同地质条件，及时改变开挖、支护方法，成功地穿越深浅两层滑动面，确保了本工程的工期、安全、质量。该方案是铁路工程建设中的大胆创新，工程的顺利完成，其设计和施工技术的成功经验，必将为今后铁路工程和公路工程在不良地质条件下的设计与施工提供了宝贵的范例与经验，具有重要的经济和社会效益。本文研究了新建内昆铁路龙塘山3~#大桥抗滑墩的设计变更、施工关键技术、大体积混凝土配合比试验及施工监测，作了如下方面的工作：
(1) 在总结国内大型滑坡抗滑桩施工方法和经验的基础上，详细分析和叙述了内昆铁路龙塘山3~#大桥抗滑墩拟采用的施工方法及施工工艺情况。
(2) 抗滑墩施工过程中，开挖工艺、支护体系较为复杂，是抗滑墩施工的控制因素。本文在借鉴国内抗滑桩竖井开挖及支护方法的基础上，采用了微震动爆破开挖技术和信息化的支护手段，对微振动爆破进行了研究和监测，对支撑采用表面应变计和频率仪进行轴力监测，以指导施工。
(3) 针对大体积混凝土会产生大量水化热的特点，提出了低水化热混凝土的配合比应如何进行选择及其试配过程，指出了降低水化热的“双掺”技术措施及其他降温措施。
(4) 为了更深刻地了解DK286这一滑坡地段在施工过程中山体是否产生滑移、滑移速度以指导施工，及工程竣工后山体在雨季、列车动载情况下滑坡体抗滑墩的侧向受力情况，我们在2~#抗滑墩的主筋、墩身混凝土中均埋设了应力、应变计，实施了监测实验并对监测数据进行了分析。
The Longtang Shan No.3 Bridge is situated at DK286+042 district of the newly built Neikun Railway. It was originally designed with 1270m length , which was located on a huge rock pile with a range of distribution of DK285+490-DK286+760. As a large-scale earth slide occurred during the embankment filling, the design was changed into transiting with a bridge after abundant demonstrations. The design adopted the scheme of skid resistance piers, which combined the functions of skid resistance piles and piers. Under the condition of tough geology, enriched groundwater and large lonestones in sliding mass, the largeness of the excavating area, the deepness of the excavation, the tightness of the term of works and the difficulties of the construction doubtlessly make the skid resistance piers the first pattern in the history of internal railway constructions. According to different geological conditions, we duly changed the methods of excavating and supporting, thus we successfully got through the deep and low slid
ing surfaces, and ensured the term of works, security and the quality of the project. The scheme is an audacious effort in the range of railroad engineering. As the project is successfully completed, the experiences of the designing and the construction techniques will provide precious paradigms for the prospective road and railroad constructions under poor geologies. The design and the execution are in possession of important theoretical and social significance. By the way of studying the changes of design, the key techniques, the testing of mixing ratio of large-sized concrete and the construction monitoring of the Longtang Shan No.3 Bridge, the thesis expounds following aspects:
(1) Based on summarizing the construction methods and experiences of internal large scale skid resistance piles, the paper detailed states and analyzes the proposed execution methods and the execution techniques of the Longtang Shan No.3 Bridge of Neikun Railway.
(2) The excavating technology and the supporting system are the governing factors since they are complicated during the construction of the skid resistance
]piers. Based on drawing on the well shaft excavations and supporting systems of the internal skid resistance piles, the project adopted micro seismic activity blasting excavation technique and informatization supporting method, made investigation and monitoring to the micro seismic activity blasting, and inspected the supporting system with surface strain indicator and cymometer, in order to supervise the construction.
(3) Considering that large size concrete will produce a mass of hydration heat, the thesis introduces how to select the mixture ratio of the concrete to reduce the hydration heat and its test-mixing procedures, points out the 'double intermixing' technique of reducing hydration heat as well as other temperature dropping methods.
(4) In order to comprehend profoundly about whether the massif slides and the speed of the sliding during the construction at DK286 district, as well as the lateral stressing complexion of the massif under the situations of rainy season and trains' mobile loading after the project's completion, we laid stress meter and straining meter in the main reinforcements and pier shaft concrete of the No.2 skid resistance pier, made monitoring test and analyzed the monitoring data.
(1) 在总结国内大型滑坡抗滑桩施工方法和经验的基础上，详细分析和叙述了内昆铁路龙塘山3~#大桥抗滑墩拟采用的施工方法及施工工艺情况。
(2) 抗滑墩施工过程中，开挖工艺、支护体系较为复杂，是抗滑墩施工的控制因素。本文在借鉴国内抗滑桩竖井开挖及支护方法的基础上，采用了微震动爆破开挖技术和信息化的支护手段，对微振动爆破进行了研究和监测，对支撑采用表面应变计和频率仪进行轴力监测，以指导施工。
(3) 针对大体积混凝土会产生大量水化热的特点，提出了低水化热混凝土的配合比应如何进行选择及其试配过程，指出了降低水化热的“双掺”技术措施及其他降温措施。
(4) 为了更深刻地了解DK286这一滑坡地段在施工过程中山体是否产生滑移、滑移速度以指导施工，及工程竣工后山体在雨季、列车动载情况下滑坡体抗滑墩的侧向受力情况，我们在2~#抗滑墩的主筋、墩身混凝土中均埋设了应力、应变计，实施了监测实验并对监测数据进行了分析。
The Longtang Shan No.3 Bridge is situated at DK286+042 district of the newly built Neikun Railway. It was originally designed with 1270m length , which was located on a huge rock pile with a range of distribution of DK285+490-DK286+760. As a large-scale earth slide occurred during the embankment filling, the design was changed into transiting with a bridge after abundant demonstrations. The design adopted the scheme of skid resistance piers, which combined the functions of skid resistance piles and piers. Under the condition of tough geology, enriched groundwater and large lonestones in sliding mass, the largeness of the excavating area, the deepness of the excavation, the tightness of the term of works and the difficulties of the construction doubtlessly make the skid resistance piers the first pattern in the history of internal railway constructions. According to different geological conditions, we duly changed the methods of excavating and supporting, thus we successfully got through the deep and low slid
ing surfaces, and ensured the term of works, security and the quality of the project. The scheme is an audacious effort in the range of railroad engineering. As the project is successfully completed, the experiences of the designing and the construction techniques will provide precious paradigms for the prospective road and railroad constructions under poor geologies. The design and the execution are in possession of important theoretical and social significance. By the way of studying the changes of design, the key techniques, the testing of mixing ratio of large-sized concrete and the construction monitoring of the Longtang Shan No.3 Bridge, the thesis expounds following aspects:
(1) Based on summarizing the construction methods and experiences of internal large scale skid resistance piles, the paper detailed states and analyzes the proposed execution methods and the execution techniques of the Longtang Shan No.3 Bridge of Neikun Railway.
(2) The excavating technology and the supporting system are the governing factors since they are complicated during the construction of the skid resistance
]piers. Based on drawing on the well shaft excavations and supporting systems of the internal skid resistance piles, the project adopted micro seismic activity blasting excavation technique and informatization supporting method, made investigation and monitoring to the micro seismic activity blasting, and inspected the supporting system with surface strain indicator and cymometer, in order to supervise the construction.
(3) Considering that large size concrete will produce a mass of hydration heat, the thesis introduces how to select the mixture ratio of the concrete to reduce the hydration heat and its test-mixing procedures, points out the 'double intermixing' technique of reducing hydration heat as well as other temperature dropping methods.
(4) In order to comprehend profoundly about whether the massif slides and the speed of the sliding during the construction at DK286 district, as well as the lateral stressing complexion of the massif under the situations of rainy season and trains' mobile loading after the project's completion, we laid stress meter and straining meter in the main reinforcements and pier shaft concrete of the No.2 skid resistance pier, made monitoring test and analyzed the monitoring data.
引文
[1] 铁道部第三工程局主编．桥涵．中国铁道出版社：1998年
[2] 公路桥梁学术讨论会论文集．中国公路学会桥梁和结构工程学会．：1999年、2000年
[3] 城市隧道掘进的爆破控制及减振经验．铁道工程学报．：1998年增刊
[4] 铁道部建设司标准科情所．铁路工程材料及试验方法标准汇编．：1995年
[5] 杨文渊，路桥施工常用数据手册．人民交通出版社．
[6] 铁道部第三勘测设计院主编．桥梁地基和基础．中国铁道出版社．：1996年
[7] 铁道部第一勘测设计院主编．路基．中国铁道出版社．：1995年
[8] 何志勇，五九线κ210滑坡整治．路基工程．：2002年
[9] 郑章清 林星，抗滑桩失效原因分析．铁道标准设计．：2001年
[10] 王想平，六盘水南编组站抗滑桩施工技术．铁道标准设计．：2001年
[11] 张友良 朱瑞赓，滑坡整治中抗滑桩内力计算新方法．路基工程．：2000年
[12] 孙建平，对滑坡推力安全系数及抗滑桩配筋钢轨设计强度取值的探讨．路基工程．：2000年
[13] 熊治文，深埋式抗滑桩的受力分布规律．中国铁道科学．：2000年
[14] 邵启蒙，成昆线几种抗滑桩结构型式极其适应范围．路基工程．：1999年
[15] 朱焕新，采用抗滑桩整治路堑滑坡．铁道建筑．1999年
[16] 王孝君 杨当狮，抗滑桩施工探讨．山西建筑．：1999年
[17] 谭敦枝，抗滑桩基坑采用钢轨护壁的设计与施工．路基工程．：1997年
[18] 池淑兰 游敏清，成昆线K351抗滑桩设计及施工．路基工程．：1997年
[19] 马辉 廖小平，抗滑桩结构的力学分析和应用研究．中国地质灾害与防治学报．：1996年
[20] 郭升锡，采用抗滑桩整治襄渝线将军河站外滑坡的经验．郑铁科技通讯．：1989年
[21] 叶涛，抗滑桩在边坡治理中的应用．西部探矿工程．：2002年
[22] 俸远祁，桂柳一级公路石城坪滑坡抗滑桩研究．桂林工学院学报．：1997年
[23] 于清杨 马丽英，滑坡治理中的抗滑桩设计．吉林大学学报．：2002年
[24] 贺建清 张家生，弹性抗滑桩设计中几个问题的探讨．岩石力学与工程学报．：1999年
[25] poul．，HG，增强边坡稳定的抗滑桩设计．地基处理．：1997年
[26] 王士川 陈立新，抗滑桩的弹塑性理论分析(Ⅱ)．西安建筑科技大学学报．：1997年
[27] 陈敏林，抗滑桩的内力分析．水利电力科技．：1997年
[28] 王季青，抗滑桩锚组合支挡结构在边坡支护工程中的应用．中外建筑．：2002年
[29] 载自航 彭振斌，土体滑坡治理的合理设计与计算．中南工业大学学报．：2000年
[30] 李军海，滑坡体抗滑桩标准化设计．广西电力工程．：1999年
[31] 谢亮，复杂条件下抗滑桩施工方法．探矿工程科技信息．：1993年
[32] 王铁宏 张雁，深基坑支护结构与桩基工程新技术．中国环境科学出版社，北京．：1997年
[33] B.Broms & I.M.viest, Ulitimate Strength Analysis of Long Hinged Reinforced Concrete Columns, Proceedings.ASCE, V.84.ST1, Jan.., 1958.
[34] B.Broms & I.M.viest, "Ulitimate Strength Analysis of Long Hinged Reinforced Concrete Columns", Proceedings.ASCE, V.84.ST3, May, 1958.
[35] Wen, F.chang & Phil.M.Ferguson, Long Hinged Reinforced Concrete Colums , ACI Journal V.60, Jan., №1, 1963.
[36] Broms, B.B, Stabilization of Slopes With piles, Proc.of 1st International Symposium on Landslide Control, October, 1972.
[37] Broms, B.B, Stabilization of Flexible structures, General Report, Proc. Europ.Conf.SMFE, 1972.
[38] Ito, T, Matsui, T., Methods to Estimate Lateral Force Acting on Stabilizing Piles, Soil and Foundations, Vol.15, No.4, Dec., 1975.
[39] H.G.Poulos, E.h.Daris, Pile Foundation Analysis and Design, John wiley & Sons, Inc, 1980.
[2] 公路桥梁学术讨论会论文集．中国公路学会桥梁和结构工程学会．：1999年、2000年
[3] 城市隧道掘进的爆破控制及减振经验．铁道工程学报．：1998年增刊
[4] 铁道部建设司标准科情所．铁路工程材料及试验方法标准汇编．：1995年
[5] 杨文渊，路桥施工常用数据手册．人民交通出版社．
[6] 铁道部第三勘测设计院主编．桥梁地基和基础．中国铁道出版社．：1996年
[7] 铁道部第一勘测设计院主编．路基．中国铁道出版社．：1995年
[8] 何志勇，五九线κ210滑坡整治．路基工程．：2002年
[9] 郑章清 林星，抗滑桩失效原因分析．铁道标准设计．：2001年
[10] 王想平，六盘水南编组站抗滑桩施工技术．铁道标准设计．：2001年
[11] 张友良 朱瑞赓，滑坡整治中抗滑桩内力计算新方法．路基工程．：2000年
[12] 孙建平，对滑坡推力安全系数及抗滑桩配筋钢轨设计强度取值的探讨．路基工程．：2000年
[13] 熊治文，深埋式抗滑桩的受力分布规律．中国铁道科学．：2000年
[14] 邵启蒙，成昆线几种抗滑桩结构型式极其适应范围．路基工程．：1999年
[15] 朱焕新，采用抗滑桩整治路堑滑坡．铁道建筑．1999年
[16] 王孝君 杨当狮，抗滑桩施工探讨．山西建筑．：1999年
[17] 谭敦枝，抗滑桩基坑采用钢轨护壁的设计与施工．路基工程．：1997年
[18] 池淑兰 游敏清，成昆线K351抗滑桩设计及施工．路基工程．：1997年
[19] 马辉 廖小平，抗滑桩结构的力学分析和应用研究．中国地质灾害与防治学报．：1996年
[20] 郭升锡，采用抗滑桩整治襄渝线将军河站外滑坡的经验．郑铁科技通讯．：1989年
[21] 叶涛，抗滑桩在边坡治理中的应用．西部探矿工程．：2002年
[22] 俸远祁，桂柳一级公路石城坪滑坡抗滑桩研究．桂林工学院学报．：1997年
[23] 于清杨 马丽英，滑坡治理中的抗滑桩设计．吉林大学学报．：2002年
[24] 贺建清 张家生，弹性抗滑桩设计中几个问题的探讨．岩石力学与工程学报．：1999年
[25] poul．，HG，增强边坡稳定的抗滑桩设计．地基处理．：1997年
[26] 王士川 陈立新，抗滑桩的弹塑性理论分析(Ⅱ)．西安建筑科技大学学报．：1997年
[27] 陈敏林，抗滑桩的内力分析．水利电力科技．：1997年
[28] 王季青，抗滑桩锚组合支挡结构在边坡支护工程中的应用．中外建筑．：2002年
[29] 载自航 彭振斌，土体滑坡治理的合理设计与计算．中南工业大学学报．：2000年
[30] 李军海，滑坡体抗滑桩标准化设计．广西电力工程．：1999年
[31] 谢亮，复杂条件下抗滑桩施工方法．探矿工程科技信息．：1993年
[32] 王铁宏 张雁，深基坑支护结构与桩基工程新技术．中国环境科学出版社，北京．：1997年
[33] B.Broms & I.M.viest, Ulitimate Strength Analysis of Long Hinged Reinforced Concrete Columns, Proceedings.ASCE, V.84.ST1, Jan.., 1958.
[34] B.Broms & I.M.viest, "Ulitimate Strength Analysis of Long Hinged Reinforced Concrete Columns", Proceedings.ASCE, V.84.ST3, May, 1958.
[35] Wen, F.chang & Phil.M.Ferguson, Long Hinged Reinforced Concrete Colums , ACI Journal V.60, Jan., №1, 1963.
[36] Broms, B.B, Stabilization of Slopes With piles, Proc.of 1st International Symposium on Landslide Control, October, 1972.
[37] Broms, B.B, Stabilization of Flexible structures, General Report, Proc. Europ.Conf.SMFE, 1972.
[38] Ito, T, Matsui, T., Methods to Estimate Lateral Force Acting on Stabilizing Piles, Soil and Foundations, Vol.15, No.4, Dec., 1975.
[39] H.G.Poulos, E.h.Daris, Pile Foundation Analysis and Design, John wiley & Sons, Inc, 1980.