细水雾灭火系统的实验研究
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摘要
随着我国高层建筑的逐年增多，高层建筑及企业内部的机电设备的消防安全也越来越突出。过去对于石油、化工以及各类机械设备的消防均采用的是以卤代烷为代表的哈龙灭火剂来进行灭火。但是，1974年科学家发现，卤代烷化合物是造成臭氧空洞形成的重要原因。因此，各国都在努力寻找高效、清洁的哈龙灭火剂替代产品，我国也不例外。目前国内应用的卤代烷灭火剂替代物主要有：FM-200、二氧化碳、烟烙尽、气溶胶、SDE共5种。本文通过对几种产品的经济技术分析，得出细水雾是最有应用前景的哈龙灭火剂替代产品。本文详细介绍了细水雾灭火系统的定义、起源及应用范围。
目前国内外对细水雾灭火系统的研究方法主要有两种：一种是建立数学模型，模拟火焰和水雾相互作用的过程；另一种就是实验，从直观的角度来分析细水雾的灭火机理和各种因素对灭火效率的影响。本文采用实验的研究方法，测定了压力、高度和喷嘴孔径的大小对细水雾灭火效果的影响。和其它实验相比，本实验的创新之处在于设计了自己的喷头，从而为国内外喷头的研究提供了一定的参考资料。通过对几种喷头的实验，我们可以看出，设计的离心式喷头所产生的雾滴均匀性良好，尺寸也满足细水雾的要求。实验中，我们测定了各种工况下的雾滴粒径、有效流量和雾锥角，从这三个方面来阐述各种因素对灭火效果影响的原因。从本实验中我们可以得出：压力越大、高度越小、喷嘴孔径越小，灭火效果越好。但是压力增加，对于管道的要求相应就高，系统也就要复杂一些，系统造价也就会高；高度也要满足安装的要求；孔径过小，容易堵塞，而且每个喷头的保护范围相应就小，对于相同的面积而言，要求的喷头个数就多，造价也就高。因此，对于特定的火灾场景，我们应该综合考虑各种因素，找出最优组合。对几种喷头的灭火效果进行比较，我们得出混合腔的长度对灭火效果也有影响：混合腔越长，灭火效果越好。
本文还对细水雾灭火系统的设计进行了探讨。由于目前国内还没有任何关于细水雾灭火系统设计的规范，因此作者参考了水喷雾灭火系统的设计，对细水雾系统设计中各种参数的选择提供了参考意见。
As the increase of high buildings by year, the requirement for the fire protection of the electric machine inside these buildings and the corporation is becoming higher. Previously, fire in the oil house, chemical plants and machinery spaces are extinguished by halogen-based fire suppressing agents. But in 1974 scientists found that the halogen-alkyl compound is the main factor of those can lead to the Ozone cavity. Thus, many countries including China have tried to find the a high-efficiency and clean fire extinguishing agents instead of the former one. Currently there are 5 kinds of alternative applied in China: FM-200, Carbon dioxide, Intergen, Aerosol and SDE. In this thesis I will get a result of that fine water mist system is the most useful and applicable alternative of Halon fire extinguishing agent via analysis economic and technology on five alternatives.
At present, there are two methods in the research of fine water mist system: one is to set up a mathematics model, simulate the process of the reaction between flame and water mist; another is experiment, analysising the principle of fine water mist and the influence to the efficiency of putting out a fire from all sorts of factors in a intuitionistic way. In this article, I will use the experiment method to determine the influence of the pressure, height and the size of the nozzle to the effect of the fire protection. Comparing with other experiments, mine is more creative in the design of the nozzle, and therefore it provides some information for the research of nozzle all over the world. Through the experiments of several kinds of nozzle, we can get hold of that the drop generated by the centrifugal pressure nozzle performs well in the uniformity and satisfy the request of the fine water mist in size. In the experiment, we determine drop size, effective water flux and spray angle in various conditions, an
d illustrate the influence of sorts of factors to the effect of fire protection. We can elicit that more pressure, lower height and smaller size of the nozzle is, the better efficiency we can achieve. But in other side, the increase of the pressure will cause a high requirement to the pipe and make the system more complicated and more expensive; the height also need to fit to demand of the build in; too small size will make the nozzle jam, besides the filed of protection for every muzzle is becoming smaller. For the same area, it needs more nozzles and will be more expensive. Hereby we should consider all factors for a special fire state and then we can get the most optimized solution. According to the compare among the effect of fire protection of these nozzles, we conclude that the length of mix cavity has an infection on the effect of fire protection: longer the length of mix cavity is, the better the effect of the fire protection is.
I still discusses the design of the fine water mist system. Due to the lack of the standard for the design of the fine water mist system in China, consulting the design of the water mist system, I supply some reference suggestion for the choice of the arguments in the design.
目前国内外对细水雾灭火系统的研究方法主要有两种：一种是建立数学模型，模拟火焰和水雾相互作用的过程；另一种就是实验，从直观的角度来分析细水雾的灭火机理和各种因素对灭火效率的影响。本文采用实验的研究方法，测定了压力、高度和喷嘴孔径的大小对细水雾灭火效果的影响。和其它实验相比，本实验的创新之处在于设计了自己的喷头，从而为国内外喷头的研究提供了一定的参考资料。通过对几种喷头的实验，我们可以看出，设计的离心式喷头所产生的雾滴均匀性良好，尺寸也满足细水雾的要求。实验中，我们测定了各种工况下的雾滴粒径、有效流量和雾锥角，从这三个方面来阐述各种因素对灭火效果影响的原因。从本实验中我们可以得出：压力越大、高度越小、喷嘴孔径越小，灭火效果越好。但是压力增加，对于管道的要求相应就高，系统也就要复杂一些，系统造价也就会高；高度也要满足安装的要求；孔径过小，容易堵塞，而且每个喷头的保护范围相应就小，对于相同的面积而言，要求的喷头个数就多，造价也就高。因此，对于特定的火灾场景，我们应该综合考虑各种因素，找出最优组合。对几种喷头的灭火效果进行比较，我们得出混合腔的长度对灭火效果也有影响：混合腔越长，灭火效果越好。
本文还对细水雾灭火系统的设计进行了探讨。由于目前国内还没有任何关于细水雾灭火系统设计的规范，因此作者参考了水喷雾灭火系统的设计，对细水雾系统设计中各种参数的选择提供了参考意见。
As the increase of high buildings by year, the requirement for the fire protection of the electric machine inside these buildings and the corporation is becoming higher. Previously, fire in the oil house, chemical plants and machinery spaces are extinguished by halogen-based fire suppressing agents. But in 1974 scientists found that the halogen-alkyl compound is the main factor of those can lead to the Ozone cavity. Thus, many countries including China have tried to find the a high-efficiency and clean fire extinguishing agents instead of the former one. Currently there are 5 kinds of alternative applied in China: FM-200, Carbon dioxide, Intergen, Aerosol and SDE. In this thesis I will get a result of that fine water mist system is the most useful and applicable alternative of Halon fire extinguishing agent via analysis economic and technology on five alternatives.
At present, there are two methods in the research of fine water mist system: one is to set up a mathematics model, simulate the process of the reaction between flame and water mist; another is experiment, analysising the principle of fine water mist and the influence to the efficiency of putting out a fire from all sorts of factors in a intuitionistic way. In this article, I will use the experiment method to determine the influence of the pressure, height and the size of the nozzle to the effect of the fire protection. Comparing with other experiments, mine is more creative in the design of the nozzle, and therefore it provides some information for the research of nozzle all over the world. Through the experiments of several kinds of nozzle, we can get hold of that the drop generated by the centrifugal pressure nozzle performs well in the uniformity and satisfy the request of the fine water mist in size. In the experiment, we determine drop size, effective water flux and spray angle in various conditions, an
d illustrate the influence of sorts of factors to the effect of fire protection. We can elicit that more pressure, lower height and smaller size of the nozzle is, the better efficiency we can achieve. But in other side, the increase of the pressure will cause a high requirement to the pipe and make the system more complicated and more expensive; the height also need to fit to demand of the build in; too small size will make the nozzle jam, besides the filed of protection for every muzzle is becoming smaller. For the same area, it needs more nozzles and will be more expensive. Hereby we should consider all factors for a special fire state and then we can get the most optimized solution. According to the compare among the effect of fire protection of these nozzles, we conclude that the length of mix cavity has an infection on the effect of fire protection: longer the length of mix cavity is, the better the effect of the fire protection is.
I still discusses the design of the fine water mist system. Due to the lack of the standard for the design of the fine water mist system in China, consulting the design of the water mist system, I supply some reference suggestion for the choice of the arguments in the design.
引文
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[2] 邹宗华，致力于开发绿色环保消防产品的我国消防行业[J]．消防人论坛，2001．
[3] 余明高等，哈龙替代产品的研究现状及发展趋势[J]．火灾科学，2002，11(2)：108-111．
[4] Molina M.J., Rowland F.S. CFS in the environment[J]. Nature, 1974(8).
[5] 范明豪等，纯水液压传动技术的消防应用设想[J]．液压气动与密封，2001(2)：30-31．
[6] 潘仁明等，“哈龙”替代物的现状和发展趋势[J]．爆破器材，2001，30(4)：30-33．
[7] 傅智敏，杨荣杰，哈龙灭火剂的替代与气溶胶灭火剂[J]．消防技术与产品信息，1999(5)．
[8] 朱海林，国外哈龙替代物的替代技术概况[J]，化工劳动保护(安全技术与管理分册)．1996(5)：16-18．
[9] 田丽，新一代哈龙替代灭火技术的理论及应用研究[J]，消防技术与产品信息，1999(10)：33-35．
[10] 从贵重设备房的气体灭火系统比较浅议以水代气灭火的可行性．消防人论坛．
[11] G. G. Back., P.J. DiNermo, L.T. Leonard, R. L. Darwin, Full scale tests of water mist fire suppression systems for Navy shipboard machinery space: Phase Ⅰ-unobstructed space, NRL Memorandum Report NRL/MR/6180-96-7830, March 1996.
[12] C. C. Ndubizi, R. Ananth, P.A. Tatem, V. Motevalli, On water mist fire suppression mechanisms in a gaseous diffusion flame, Fire Safety Journal, 1998, Vol. 31, pp. 253-276.
[13] V. M. Gameiro, Fine water spray technology, water mist suppression systems, Proc. Halon Alternative Technical Conf. Albuquerque, New Mexico, 11-13, 1993, pp. 137.
[14] J. R. Mawhinney, Design of water mist fire suppression systems for shipboard enclosures, Proc. Mist Instead of Halon-An Int. Conf. on Water Mist Fire Suppression Systems , Boras, Sweden, Nov. 1993.
[15] J. R. Mawhinney, Engineering criteria for water mist fire suppression systems, Proc. Water Mist Fire Suppression Workshop, 01-02.03.1993, Proceedings, pp. 37-39.
[16] 姚斌，廖光煊，范维澄，受限空间内细水雾与火相互作用的实验研究[J]，火灾科学，1997，6(2)：48-52．
[17] 姚斌，廖光煊，范维澄，秦俊，细水雾抑制扩散火焰的研究[J]，中国科学技术大学学报，
1998，28(5)：610-617．
[18] 王喜世，廖光煊，范维澄，细水雾与火焰相互作用的热成像全场动态测量[J]，激光与红外，1999，29(4)：221-224．
[19] 秦俊，姚斌，王喜世，廖光煊，细水雾与火焰相互作用的红外全场诊断方法研究[J]，红外与毫米波学报，1999，18(4)：311-316．
[20] 崔正心，廖光煊，秦俊，范志航，细水雾抑制障碍物稳定火焰的实验研究[J]，火灾科学，2001，10(3)：174-177．
[21] 刘江虹，廖光煊，秦俊，范维澄，细水雾与射流卷吸现象的LDV／APV测量研究[J]，激光杂志，2000，121(6)：58-60．
[22] 苏海林，许德毓等，细水雾灭火效果研究[J]，消防技术，1999(3)：32-35．
[23] 杨立军，水喷雾雾滴在灭火过程中的蒸发吸热分析[J]，消防技术与产品信息，1999(8)：14-15．
[24] 徐文，大型化工装置水喷雾灭火系统设计工业用水与废水，2000，31(1)：45-47．
[25] A. Jones and P. F. Nolan, Discussions on the use of fine water sprays or mists for fire suppression, Proc. J. Loss. Process Ind, 1995, 8(1):17-21.
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