间作垄沟灌溉作物水分调控试验研究
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摘要
间作是世界范围内提高和保持粮食产量稳定性的最有效措施之一。以往有关间作的研究主要集中在充分灌水和平地大水漫灌条件下，虽然提高了产量，但不利于水资源可持续利用，影响了农业生产系统的稳定性。针对以上问题，本研究将沟灌节水模式引入间作复合群体，提出了“间作垄沟灌溉种植模式”，简称“垄沟间作”。于2010年4月~9月春播作物生长季和2010年7月~11月夏播作物生长季进行大田试验，以玉米和大豆作为供试材料，在春播405mm(W1)、270mm(W2)和135mm灌水量(W3)、夏播180mm(W1)、90mm(W2)和0mm(W3)灌水量下设105cm垄沟间作(RF105)、90cm垄沟间作(RF90)、75cm垄沟间作(RF75)、60cm垄沟间作(RF60)、传统间作(TI)、玉米单作(SM)和大豆单作(SS)7个种植方式，研究间作垄沟灌溉模式对农田土壤水分动态和耗水特征、作物光合生态生理特性、产量和水分利用效率(WUE)的影响。初步得出如下主要研究结果：
1）垄沟间作在作物生育前期增大了土壤蒸发量，明显降低播种~玉米拔节期/大豆花芽分化期0-40cm土壤含水量，其中以RF60较平作下降幅度最大。在作物生育后期，垄沟间作有利于抑制蒸发，促进蒸腾，在水分充足时将将更多的水分保蓄在土层中，在缺水时，通过尽可能的消耗土壤贮水而为作物多供水。
2）不同地表操作和栽培措施明显影响土壤水分在各层次之间的一致性。随着灌水量降低，垄沟间作各处理不同土层水分之间的一致性增强；在相同灌水处理下，RF75各土层土壤水分变化之间一致性较好，有利于外来水分的入渗和农田水分的保蓄。
3）灌水量对生育期总耗水量影响显著，种植方式间总耗水量无明显差异。随灌水量减少，农田总耗水量以及灌水占农田总耗水量的比例显著降低，降雨和土壤贮水消耗量占农田总耗水量的比例显著升高。春季作物135mm灌水和夏季作物不灌溉条件下垄沟间作能通过对土壤水分的充分利用尽可能的较少产量损失。棵间蒸发占蒸散量的比例(E/ET)随灌水量减少而降低。垄沟间作显著降低E/ET，在W1、W2、W3下较传统间作分别降低7.14%和7.35、11.83%。特别是RF90和RF75在生育后期较TI明显降低E/ET，增加农田耗水的有效性。
4）全生育期内，W2玉米叶片水分利用效率较W1和W3分别平均提高9.37%和2.82%。在W1、W2和W3灌水量下分别以RF75、RF90和RF75叶片WUE最大，较TI处理分别提高15.66%、27.46%和21.77%。大豆叶片水分利用效率在W2和W3灌水下分别较W1下提高33.62%和46.71%。间作处理提高大豆功能叶WUE，其中，在W2和W3灌水下，RF90和RF75叶片水平WUE较TI明显提高。W1灌水下，垄沟间作较TI对提高作物水分利用效率效果不明显，甚至有所降低。
5）不同灌水量和种植方式对复合群体作物总产量影响显著。玉米//大豆垄沟间作春播作物在W2下增产效果最好、夏播W3增产效果最好。间作较SM减产，但较SS明显增产。适宜的垄沟间作处理土地当量比(LER)较TI显著提高，尤其是RF75，较TI平均提高9.86%，增产效应最大。通过土地当量比与垄宽之间的相关关系发现垄沟间作条件下，在W1、W2和W3灌水条件下，当垄宽分别为85.07cm、75.87cm和72.71cm时，春季作物可以获得最大的增产潜力，当垄宽分别为95.63cm、74.91cm和71.5cm时，夏季作物可以获得最大的增产潜力。而且，垄沟间作和传统间作相比，能够通过转化农田组分之间的竞争关系而获得更高的产量。
6）春播作物W1、W2和W3下间作系统的平均WUE分别为9.95kg·hm~(-2)·mm~(-1)、12.93kg·hm~(-2)·mm~(-1)和14.34kg·hm~(-2)·mm~(-1)，分别较SM降低28.26%、23.67%和28.18%，较SS升高239.43%、168.38%和189.02%。夏播作物间作系统平均水分利用效率在W1、W2、W3下分别较SM降低13.87%、13.95%和-4.83%，较SS升高234.73%、189.36%和185.15%。RF75处理WUE较SM降低幅度最小较SS增加幅度最大，节水优势明显。回归分析表明，在W1、W2和W3灌水下，垄沟间作分别在85.17cm、77.16cm和79.33cm垄宽下可以取得最大的水分利用效率。
Intercropping system is one of the most effective practices to preserve and enchance thesustainability of grain yield in worldwide. There are many precious studies on intercroppingsystems, which have improved grain yield greatly, but those practices would do harm to thesustainable utilization of water resources, which have affected the the stabilization ofagricultural production system. Based on the problem discussed above, we cooperatedintercropping models into furrow irrigation and proposed a new plant technique called ridgeand furrow irrigated intercropping(RFII) system. Field experiments (using maize and soybeanas indicator crops) were conducted in the experimental station of Institute of Water-savingAgriculture in Arid Areas of China(IWSA), Northwest A＆F University(108°04ˊE,34°20ˊN) during the spring planted crop growth duration (from April toSuptember,2010) and summer planted crop growth duration (from July to November,2010).In order to investigate the effects of RFII system, the experiment comprised soil waterdynamics, crop water consumption, eco-physiological characteristics and the yield and wateruse efficiency under two experimental factors, which are irrigation quato and plant model,respectively. The irrigation quato was set three levels which are405mm (W1),270mm(W2)and135mm(W3) in spring planted crop growth duration and180mm (W1),90mm(W2) and0(W3) in summer planted crop growth duration, respectively. The plant models wereconventional flat practice including sole maize(SM), sole soybean(SS) and traditional maizeand soybean intercropping system (TI), and ridge and furrow planting system includingRF105, RF90, RF75and RF60(furrow width was all60cm and ridge width was105cm,90cm,75cm and60cm respectively). The main results showed as follows:
1）RFII system decreased soil water content compared with that of conventional practice(TI, SM and SS) in0~40cm soil layer before the maize jointing stage/soybean flower buddifferentiation stage. In maize flowering stage/soybean podding and blossom stage, soil watercontent has a larger amplitude of decrease in RFII system compared with that in conventionalflat practice in spring planted crop growth duration. RFII system was helpful to soil water reservation in summer planted crop growth duration.
2）Different soil surface management and cultivation significantly affected the soil moistureuniformity between soil moisture of different soil layers. Soil moisture uniformity in RFIIsystem increased with the decrease of irrigation quato. Soil moisture uniformity in RF75wasthe highest at the same irrigation level, which was helpful for the external water infiltrationand soil moisture conservation.
3）Irrigation quato has significant effects on total crop water consumption, plant models,however, has little effect. With the decrease of irrigation quato, total water consumptiondecreased and the ratios of precipitation and soil water consumption to total crop waterconsumption increased significantly. RFII under W2irrigation quato in spring planted cropduration and W3n summer planted crop duration could reduce yield loss ceused by watershortage as far as possible by making full use of the soil moisture.The ratio of soilevaporation to evaportraspiration(E/ET) decreased with the decrease of irrigation quota. E/ETin RFII system decrease by7.14%,7.35and11.83%compared with that in TI under W1, W2and W3respectively. RFII system could decrease E/ET in the later of crop growth duration,especially for RF90and RF75, which could increase the valibility of field water consumption.
4）Mean leaf instantaneous WUE under W2increased by9.37%and2.82%, comparedwith that under W1and W3, respectively. Leaf instantaneous WUE of RF75under W1, RF90under W2and RF75under W3was the largest in the corresponding irrigation amount, whichincreased by15.66%,27.46%and21.77%compared with that of TI1, respectively. Leafinstantaneous WUE was also increased by intercropping system. Leaf instantaneous WUE ofRF90and RF75under W2and W3was obviously higher than that of TI. Under W1, leafinstantaneous WUE in RFII system even declined.
5）Irrigation and plant models effected crop yield in interopping system significantly. Inspring planted and summer planted, mean crop yield in W2and W3was the largest,respectively. Total yield in intercropping system decreased compared with that in SM andincreased significantly compared with that in SS. RF75was the best treatment because of thesmallest yield decrease amplitude and the largest yield increase amplitude. Proper RFIIsystem could increase LER siggnificantly, especially for RF75, yield increasing effect was themost significant. Correlation analysis between LER and ridge width showed that the yieldincreasing effects was the largest when ridge width was85.07cm,75.87cm and72.71cm inspring planted crop growth duration and95.63cm,74.91cm and71.5cm in summer plantedcrop growth duration under W1, W2and W3, respectively.
6) For spring planted crops, water use efficiency(WUE) in intercropping system was9.95kg·hm~(-2)·mm~(-1),12.93kg·hm~(-2)·mm~(-1)and14.34kg·hm~(-2)·mm~(-1)which decreased by28.26%, 23.67%and28.18%compared with that in SM and increased by239.43%,168.38%and189.02%compared with that in SS, under W1, W2and W3, respectively. For summer plantedcrops, mean WUE in intercropping system decreased by13.87%,13.95%and-4.83%compared with that in SM and increased by234.73%,189.36%and185.15%compared withthat in SS, under W1, W2and W3, respectively. RF75was the best treatment because of thesmallest WUE decrease amplitude compared with that of SM and the largest WUE increaseamplitude compared with that of SS. Correlation analysis between LER and ridge widthshowed that WUE was the highest when ridge width was85.17cm,77.16cm and79.33cmunder W1, W2and W3, respectively.
1）垄沟间作在作物生育前期增大了土壤蒸发量，明显降低播种~玉米拔节期/大豆花芽分化期0-40cm土壤含水量，其中以RF60较平作下降幅度最大。在作物生育后期，垄沟间作有利于抑制蒸发，促进蒸腾，在水分充足时将将更多的水分保蓄在土层中，在缺水时，通过尽可能的消耗土壤贮水而为作物多供水。
2）不同地表操作和栽培措施明显影响土壤水分在各层次之间的一致性。随着灌水量降低，垄沟间作各处理不同土层水分之间的一致性增强；在相同灌水处理下，RF75各土层土壤水分变化之间一致性较好，有利于外来水分的入渗和农田水分的保蓄。
3）灌水量对生育期总耗水量影响显著，种植方式间总耗水量无明显差异。随灌水量减少，农田总耗水量以及灌水占农田总耗水量的比例显著降低，降雨和土壤贮水消耗量占农田总耗水量的比例显著升高。春季作物135mm灌水和夏季作物不灌溉条件下垄沟间作能通过对土壤水分的充分利用尽可能的较少产量损失。棵间蒸发占蒸散量的比例(E/ET)随灌水量减少而降低。垄沟间作显著降低E/ET，在W1、W2、W3下较传统间作分别降低7.14%和7.35、11.83%。特别是RF90和RF75在生育后期较TI明显降低E/ET，增加农田耗水的有效性。
4）全生育期内，W2玉米叶片水分利用效率较W1和W3分别平均提高9.37%和2.82%。在W1、W2和W3灌水量下分别以RF75、RF90和RF75叶片WUE最大，较TI处理分别提高15.66%、27.46%和21.77%。大豆叶片水分利用效率在W2和W3灌水下分别较W1下提高33.62%和46.71%。间作处理提高大豆功能叶WUE，其中，在W2和W3灌水下，RF90和RF75叶片水平WUE较TI明显提高。W1灌水下，垄沟间作较TI对提高作物水分利用效率效果不明显，甚至有所降低。
5）不同灌水量和种植方式对复合群体作物总产量影响显著。玉米//大豆垄沟间作春播作物在W2下增产效果最好、夏播W3增产效果最好。间作较SM减产，但较SS明显增产。适宜的垄沟间作处理土地当量比(LER)较TI显著提高，尤其是RF75，较TI平均提高9.86%，增产效应最大。通过土地当量比与垄宽之间的相关关系发现垄沟间作条件下，在W1、W2和W3灌水条件下，当垄宽分别为85.07cm、75.87cm和72.71cm时，春季作物可以获得最大的增产潜力，当垄宽分别为95.63cm、74.91cm和71.5cm时，夏季作物可以获得最大的增产潜力。而且，垄沟间作和传统间作相比，能够通过转化农田组分之间的竞争关系而获得更高的产量。
6）春播作物W1、W2和W3下间作系统的平均WUE分别为9.95kg·hm~(-2)·mm~(-1)、12.93kg·hm~(-2)·mm~(-1)和14.34kg·hm~(-2)·mm~(-1)，分别较SM降低28.26%、23.67%和28.18%，较SS升高239.43%、168.38%和189.02%。夏播作物间作系统平均水分利用效率在W1、W2、W3下分别较SM降低13.87%、13.95%和-4.83%，较SS升高234.73%、189.36%和185.15%。RF75处理WUE较SM降低幅度最小较SS增加幅度最大，节水优势明显。回归分析表明，在W1、W2和W3灌水下，垄沟间作分别在85.17cm、77.16cm和79.33cm垄宽下可以取得最大的水分利用效率。
Intercropping system is one of the most effective practices to preserve and enchance thesustainability of grain yield in worldwide. There are many precious studies on intercroppingsystems, which have improved grain yield greatly, but those practices would do harm to thesustainable utilization of water resources, which have affected the the stabilization ofagricultural production system. Based on the problem discussed above, we cooperatedintercropping models into furrow irrigation and proposed a new plant technique called ridgeand furrow irrigated intercropping(RFII) system. Field experiments (using maize and soybeanas indicator crops) were conducted in the experimental station of Institute of Water-savingAgriculture in Arid Areas of China(IWSA), Northwest A＆F University(108°04ˊE,34°20ˊN) during the spring planted crop growth duration (from April toSuptember,2010) and summer planted crop growth duration (from July to November,2010).In order to investigate the effects of RFII system, the experiment comprised soil waterdynamics, crop water consumption, eco-physiological characteristics and the yield and wateruse efficiency under two experimental factors, which are irrigation quato and plant model,respectively. The irrigation quato was set three levels which are405mm (W1),270mm(W2)and135mm(W3) in spring planted crop growth duration and180mm (W1),90mm(W2) and0(W3) in summer planted crop growth duration, respectively. The plant models wereconventional flat practice including sole maize(SM), sole soybean(SS) and traditional maizeand soybean intercropping system (TI), and ridge and furrow planting system includingRF105, RF90, RF75and RF60(furrow width was all60cm and ridge width was105cm,90cm,75cm and60cm respectively). The main results showed as follows:
1）RFII system decreased soil water content compared with that of conventional practice(TI, SM and SS) in0~40cm soil layer before the maize jointing stage/soybean flower buddifferentiation stage. In maize flowering stage/soybean podding and blossom stage, soil watercontent has a larger amplitude of decrease in RFII system compared with that in conventionalflat practice in spring planted crop growth duration. RFII system was helpful to soil water reservation in summer planted crop growth duration.
2）Different soil surface management and cultivation significantly affected the soil moistureuniformity between soil moisture of different soil layers. Soil moisture uniformity in RFIIsystem increased with the decrease of irrigation quato. Soil moisture uniformity in RF75wasthe highest at the same irrigation level, which was helpful for the external water infiltrationand soil moisture conservation.
3）Irrigation quato has significant effects on total crop water consumption, plant models,however, has little effect. With the decrease of irrigation quato, total water consumptiondecreased and the ratios of precipitation and soil water consumption to total crop waterconsumption increased significantly. RFII under W2irrigation quato in spring planted cropduration and W3n summer planted crop duration could reduce yield loss ceused by watershortage as far as possible by making full use of the soil moisture.The ratio of soilevaporation to evaportraspiration(E/ET) decreased with the decrease of irrigation quota. E/ETin RFII system decrease by7.14%,7.35and11.83%compared with that in TI under W1, W2and W3respectively. RFII system could decrease E/ET in the later of crop growth duration,especially for RF90and RF75, which could increase the valibility of field water consumption.
4）Mean leaf instantaneous WUE under W2increased by9.37%and2.82%, comparedwith that under W1and W3, respectively. Leaf instantaneous WUE of RF75under W1, RF90under W2and RF75under W3was the largest in the corresponding irrigation amount, whichincreased by15.66%,27.46%and21.77%compared with that of TI1, respectively. Leafinstantaneous WUE was also increased by intercropping system. Leaf instantaneous WUE ofRF90and RF75under W2and W3was obviously higher than that of TI. Under W1, leafinstantaneous WUE in RFII system even declined.
5）Irrigation and plant models effected crop yield in interopping system significantly. Inspring planted and summer planted, mean crop yield in W2and W3was the largest,respectively. Total yield in intercropping system decreased compared with that in SM andincreased significantly compared with that in SS. RF75was the best treatment because of thesmallest yield decrease amplitude and the largest yield increase amplitude. Proper RFIIsystem could increase LER siggnificantly, especially for RF75, yield increasing effect was themost significant. Correlation analysis between LER and ridge width showed that the yieldincreasing effects was the largest when ridge width was85.07cm,75.87cm and72.71cm inspring planted crop growth duration and95.63cm,74.91cm and71.5cm in summer plantedcrop growth duration under W1, W2and W3, respectively.
6) For spring planted crops, water use efficiency(WUE) in intercropping system was9.95kg·hm~(-2)·mm~(-1),12.93kg·hm~(-2)·mm~(-1)and14.34kg·hm~(-2)·mm~(-1)which decreased by28.26%, 23.67%and28.18%compared with that in SM and increased by239.43%,168.38%and189.02%compared with that in SS, under W1, W2and W3, respectively. For summer plantedcrops, mean WUE in intercropping system decreased by13.87%,13.95%and-4.83%compared with that in SM and increased by234.73%,189.36%and185.15%compared withthat in SS, under W1, W2and W3, respectively. RF75was the best treatment because of thesmallest WUE decrease amplitude compared with that of SM and the largest WUE increaseamplitude compared with that of SS. Correlation analysis between LER and ridge widthshowed that WUE was the highest when ridge width was85.17cm,77.16cm and79.33cmunder W1, W2and W3, respectively.
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