水声通信网中数据链路层MAC协议的研究与OPNET仿真
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摘要
作为真正意义上的全球立体化信息通信网络的重要组成部分,水声通信网络在近十几年来已经成为国内外有关专家学者的热门研究领域。同传统的基于传感器的海洋信息监控方式不同的是,水声网络要求信息的交互具有实时性。网络中的信息不仅要求可以在水声网络的各个节点之间共享,更可以通过水面节点接入地面工作站甚至接入更高速的国际信息互联网进行实时的数据通信。水声通信网具有军、民两用的重要应用意义,民用方面主要应用于海洋数据采集,污染监测,灾难预报,辅助航海等任务中。
目前,国内外对水声点对点通信的研究已取得了一定成效,在此基础上构建水声通信网络的主要研究课题是低功耗、扩展性好的水声网络通信协议设计,重点是对物理层、数据链路层以及网络层协议研究。高可靠的点对点水声通信技术为物理层的构建打下了基础,而对于数据链路层尤其是MAC协议而言,主要的挑战来自于水声网络环境下的快衰落、长延时以及节点能量有限的限制。
本研究基于以上几个方面的考虑,重点研究了目前无线自组织网中常用的几种MAC协议在水声网络(主要是传感器网络)中的应用,并对协议性能进行了仿真分析,期望在浅海环境下成功构建低功耗,鲁棒性较好的水声通信网络MAC协议。本文主要工作包括以下几个方面:
1、根据浅海水声信道环境,以及水声网络的应用特点,对于水声网络的拓扑结构以及协议的分层结构进行了分析;
2、分析了水声网络MAC层协议设计面临的主要问题,以及协议的设计目标。针对无线自组织网中常用的MAC层协议进行研究,分析了这些协议各自的优缺点以及在水声网络中的应用前景;
3、对ALOHA协议,MACAW协议,DBTMA协议在水声一跳和多跳网络中的应用进行分析,并经OPNET仿真,得出了这些协议在能量消耗、吞吐量以及延时性能等方面的仿真结果;
4、结合IEEE 802.11,SMAC,PAMAS等协议对于MACAW协议进行能量消耗方面优化,并得出具体仿真分析结果。提出了水声通信网络中设计低功耗、高鲁棒性MAC协议的主要设计要点与研究方向。
As an important composition of the global stereo information networks, underwater acoustic networks (UAN) has been a hot research topic in the last ten years. UAN is constructed not only for long term ocean monitoring, but for real-time data communication. Through the surface buoy, the UAN can switch information with the work station on the shore and even with high-speed global internet. UAN can serve for auxiliary navigation, disaster prevention, seism and tsunami forecast, resource exploitation and national defense.
The point to point communication between two underwater nodes can be implemented by acoustic modem couple. However, the construction of UAN is extreme difficult especially on the aspect of the share of the channel resource due to the severe limitation of the channel band, the limited energy supply and the low and inconstant propagation speed of acoustic signal which lead to long propagation delay.
This paper mainly focuses on the media access control (MAC) protocol, which is the part of the data link layer and manages the share of channel resource among the nodes in the UAN. The common MAC protocols like ALOHA, MACAW ,DBTMA in traditional ad hoc network is applied in the UAN, the simulation results is given which demonstrate the performance of energy consumption, network throughput, average delay and successful packet-sending ratio. For the purpose of meeting the special demands of energy saving in UAN, the MACAW protocol is optimized by employ the concept of sleep mode and transmission power control. The further simulation result is also presented.
目前,国内外对水声点对点通信的研究已取得了一定成效,在此基础上构建水声通信网络的主要研究课题是低功耗、扩展性好的水声网络通信协议设计,重点是对物理层、数据链路层以及网络层协议研究。高可靠的点对点水声通信技术为物理层的构建打下了基础,而对于数据链路层尤其是MAC协议而言,主要的挑战来自于水声网络环境下的快衰落、长延时以及节点能量有限的限制。
本研究基于以上几个方面的考虑,重点研究了目前无线自组织网中常用的几种MAC协议在水声网络(主要是传感器网络)中的应用,并对协议性能进行了仿真分析,期望在浅海环境下成功构建低功耗,鲁棒性较好的水声通信网络MAC协议。本文主要工作包括以下几个方面:
1、根据浅海水声信道环境,以及水声网络的应用特点,对于水声网络的拓扑结构以及协议的分层结构进行了分析;
2、分析了水声网络MAC层协议设计面临的主要问题,以及协议的设计目标。针对无线自组织网中常用的MAC层协议进行研究,分析了这些协议各自的优缺点以及在水声网络中的应用前景;
3、对ALOHA协议,MACAW协议,DBTMA协议在水声一跳和多跳网络中的应用进行分析,并经OPNET仿真,得出了这些协议在能量消耗、吞吐量以及延时性能等方面的仿真结果;
4、结合IEEE 802.11,SMAC,PAMAS等协议对于MACAW协议进行能量消耗方面优化,并得出具体仿真分析结果。提出了水声通信网络中设计低功耗、高鲁棒性MAC协议的主要设计要点与研究方向。
As an important composition of the global stereo information networks, underwater acoustic networks (UAN) has been a hot research topic in the last ten years. UAN is constructed not only for long term ocean monitoring, but for real-time data communication. Through the surface buoy, the UAN can switch information with the work station on the shore and even with high-speed global internet. UAN can serve for auxiliary navigation, disaster prevention, seism and tsunami forecast, resource exploitation and national defense.
The point to point communication between two underwater nodes can be implemented by acoustic modem couple. However, the construction of UAN is extreme difficult especially on the aspect of the share of the channel resource due to the severe limitation of the channel band, the limited energy supply and the low and inconstant propagation speed of acoustic signal which lead to long propagation delay.
This paper mainly focuses on the media access control (MAC) protocol, which is the part of the data link layer and manages the share of channel resource among the nodes in the UAN. The common MAC protocols like ALOHA, MACAW ,DBTMA in traditional ad hoc network is applied in the UAN, the simulation results is given which demonstrate the performance of energy consumption, network throughput, average delay and successful packet-sending ratio. For the purpose of meeting the special demands of energy saving in UAN, the MACAW protocol is optimized by employ the concept of sleep mode and transmission power control. The further simulation result is also presented.
引文
[1]Ian F.Akyildiz,Dario Pompili,Tommaso Melodia.Underwater acoustic sensor networks:research challenges[J].Ad Hoc Networks 2(2005)Pages:257-279
[2]Ether M.Sozer,Milica Stojanovic,and John G.Proakis.Underwater acoustic networks[J].IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering,VOL.25,NO.1,January 2000 Page(s):72-83
[3]Paul C.Etter.水声信道建模与仿真.北京:电子工业出版社,2005年
[4]Joseph A.Rice.Seaweb as a DTN pilot application[R].IETF Meeting 2006 March 24
[5]Joseph A.Rice.Seaweb Undersea Acoustic Networks[R].NPS Physics Department Monterey,CA May 8,2003
[6]Joe Rice,Bob Creber,.etc Evolution of Seaweb underwater acoustic networking[J].OCEANS 2000 MTS/IEEE Conference and Exhibition Volume 3,11-14 Sept.2000 Page(s):2007-2017
[7]郑相全.无线自组网技术实用教程[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2004年
[8]张海滨.正交频分复用的基本原理与关键技术[M].北京:国防工业出版社,2006年
[9]聂景楠.多址通信及其接入控制技术[M].北京:人民邮电出版社,2006年
[10]L.G.Roberts ALOHA packet system with and without slots and capture[J].ACMSIGCOM Comput.Commun.Rev.1975 Page(s):28-42
[11]K.Pahlavan,A.H.Levesque,Wireless Information Networks[R],New York:Wiley,1995
[12]P.Karn,MACA-A new channel access method for packet radio[R].in ARRL/CRRL Amateur Radio 9~(th) Computer Network Conf,Sept.1990.
[13]V.Bharghavan,A.Deers,S.Shenker,L.Zhang.MACAW:A media access protocol for wireless LAN's[J].ACMSIGCOMM,Aug.1994 Pages:212-225
[14]俞一帆,尹长川等,基于OFDM系统的随机信道接入方案[J],电子与信息学报 Vol.27Jun.2005,Page(s):943-947
[15]金纯,陈林星,杨吉云.IEEE 802.11无线局域网[M].北京:电子工业出版社,2004年
[16]Wei Ye.Heidemann,J.Estrin,D.An Energy-Efficient MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks[J].INFOCOM 2002.Twenty-First Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies.Proceedings.IEEE.Volume 3,23-27 June 2002 Page(s):1567-1576vol.3
[17]Suresh Singh,C.S.Raghavendra.PAMAS-power aware multi-access with signaling for ad hoc networks[J].ACM ComputerCommunications Review,1999
[18]Heidemann,J.Wei Ye.Wills,J.Syed,A.Yuan Li.Research challenges and applications for underwater sensor networking[J].Wireless Communications and Networking Conference,2006.WCNC 2006.IEEE.Volume 1,Page(s):228-235
[19]Makhija,D.Kumaraswamy,P.Roy,R.Challenges and Design of Mac Protocol for Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks.Modeling and Optimization in Mobile,Ad Hoc and Wireless Networks,2006 4th International Symposium,April 2006:1-6
[20]Chirdchoo,N.Wee-Seng Soh Kee Chaing Chua.Aloha-Based MAC Protocols with Collision Avoidance for Underwater Acoustic Networks[J].INFOCOM 2007.26th IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications.IEEE.6-12 May 2007 Page(s):2271-2275
[21]Ether M.Sozer,Milica Stojanovic,and John G.Proakis.Design and Simulation of an Underwater Acoustic Local Area Network[J].OPNETWORK'99,Washington,D.C.Aug 1999
[22]Borja Peleato,Milica Stojanovic.A mac protocol for ad hoc underwater acoustic sensor network[J].WUWNet'06,September 25,2006
[23]Karlidere,T.Cayirci,E.A MAC protocol for tactical underwater surveillance networks[J].Military Communications Conference,2006.MIL COM 2006.23-25 Oct.2006Page(s):1-7
[24]Rodoplu,V.;Min Kyoung Park;An Energy-Efficient MAC protocol for underwater wireless acoustic networks[J].OCEANS,2005.Proceedings of MTS/IEEE.2005 Page(s):1198-1203
[25]Syed,A.A.Heidemann,J.Time synchronization for high latency acoustic networks[J].INFOCOM 2006.25th IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications.Proceedings.April 2006 Page(s):1-12
[26]Doukkali,H.Nuaymi,L.Houcke,S.Distributed MAC protocols for underwater acoustic data networks.Vehicular Technology Conference[J],2006.VTC-2006 Fall.2006 IEEE 64th.Sept.2006 Page(s):1-5
[27]Jin-Ki Yeo,Young-Kon Lim,and Heung-Ho Lee,Modified mac(rnedia access control) protocol design for the acoustic-based underwater digital data communication[J].ISLE,2001,Pusan,Korea,IEEE,Page(s):364-368
[28]G.Xie,J.Gibson.A Networking Protocol for Underwater Acoustic Networks[R].CS Department,Naval PostGraduate School,December 2000
[29]F.Salva-Garau M.Stojanovic.Multi-cluster protocol for ad hoc mobile underwater acoustic networks[J].OCEANS 2003,Proceeding,vol.1 Page(s):91-98
[30]王文博,张金文.OPNET Modeler与网络仿真[M].北京:人民邮电出版社,2003年
[31]陈敏.OPNET网络仿真.北京:清华大学出版社2004年
[32]陈敏,张金文,韦岗.OPNET无线信道建模.计算机工程与应用.2003.25.Page(s):62-65
[33]Creber,R.K.Rice,J.A.Baxley,P.A.Fletcher,C.L.Performance of undersea acoustic networking using RTS/CTS handshaking and ARQ retransmission[J].OCEANS,2001.MTS/IEEE Conference and Exhibition.Volume 4,5-8 Nov.2001 Page(s):2083-2086 vol.4
[34]Doukkali,H.Nuaymi,L.Analysis of MAC protocol for underwater acoustic data networks.Vehicular Technology Conference,2005.VTC 2005-Spring.2005 IEEE 61st Volume 2,30 May-1June 2005 Page(s)[J]:1307-1311 Vol.2
[35]彭林等.第三代移动通信技术.北京:电子工业出版社 2003年
[2]Ether M.Sozer,Milica Stojanovic,and John G.Proakis.Underwater acoustic networks[J].IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering,VOL.25,NO.1,January 2000 Page(s):72-83
[3]Paul C.Etter.水声信道建模与仿真.北京:电子工业出版社,2005年
[4]Joseph A.Rice.Seaweb as a DTN pilot application[R].IETF Meeting 2006 March 24
[5]Joseph A.Rice.Seaweb Undersea Acoustic Networks[R].NPS Physics Department Monterey,CA May 8,2003
[6]Joe Rice,Bob Creber,.etc Evolution of Seaweb underwater acoustic networking[J].OCEANS 2000 MTS/IEEE Conference and Exhibition Volume 3,11-14 Sept.2000 Page(s):2007-2017
[7]郑相全.无线自组网技术实用教程[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2004年
[8]张海滨.正交频分复用的基本原理与关键技术[M].北京:国防工业出版社,2006年
[9]聂景楠.多址通信及其接入控制技术[M].北京:人民邮电出版社,2006年
[10]L.G.Roberts ALOHA packet system with and without slots and capture[J].ACMSIGCOM Comput.Commun.Rev.1975 Page(s):28-42
[11]K.Pahlavan,A.H.Levesque,Wireless Information Networks[R],New York:Wiley,1995
[12]P.Karn,MACA-A new channel access method for packet radio[R].in ARRL/CRRL Amateur Radio 9~(th) Computer Network Conf,Sept.1990.
[13]V.Bharghavan,A.Deers,S.Shenker,L.Zhang.MACAW:A media access protocol for wireless LAN's[J].ACMSIGCOMM,Aug.1994 Pages:212-225
[14]俞一帆,尹长川等,基于OFDM系统的随机信道接入方案[J],电子与信息学报 Vol.27Jun.2005,Page(s):943-947
[15]金纯,陈林星,杨吉云.IEEE 802.11无线局域网[M].北京:电子工业出版社,2004年
[16]Wei Ye.Heidemann,J.Estrin,D.An Energy-Efficient MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks[J].INFOCOM 2002.Twenty-First Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies.Proceedings.IEEE.Volume 3,23-27 June 2002 Page(s):1567-1576vol.3
[17]Suresh Singh,C.S.Raghavendra.PAMAS-power aware multi-access with signaling for ad hoc networks[J].ACM ComputerCommunications Review,1999
[18]Heidemann,J.Wei Ye.Wills,J.Syed,A.Yuan Li.Research challenges and applications for underwater sensor networking[J].Wireless Communications and Networking Conference,2006.WCNC 2006.IEEE.Volume 1,Page(s):228-235
[19]Makhija,D.Kumaraswamy,P.Roy,R.Challenges and Design of Mac Protocol for Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks.Modeling and Optimization in Mobile,Ad Hoc and Wireless Networks,2006 4th International Symposium,April 2006:1-6
[20]Chirdchoo,N.Wee-Seng Soh Kee Chaing Chua.Aloha-Based MAC Protocols with Collision Avoidance for Underwater Acoustic Networks[J].INFOCOM 2007.26th IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications.IEEE.6-12 May 2007 Page(s):2271-2275
[21]Ether M.Sozer,Milica Stojanovic,and John G.Proakis.Design and Simulation of an Underwater Acoustic Local Area Network[J].OPNETWORK'99,Washington,D.C.Aug 1999
[22]Borja Peleato,Milica Stojanovic.A mac protocol for ad hoc underwater acoustic sensor network[J].WUWNet'06,September 25,2006
[23]Karlidere,T.Cayirci,E.A MAC protocol for tactical underwater surveillance networks[J].Military Communications Conference,2006.MIL COM 2006.23-25 Oct.2006Page(s):1-7
[24]Rodoplu,V.;Min Kyoung Park;An Energy-Efficient MAC protocol for underwater wireless acoustic networks[J].OCEANS,2005.Proceedings of MTS/IEEE.2005 Page(s):1198-1203
[25]Syed,A.A.Heidemann,J.Time synchronization for high latency acoustic networks[J].INFOCOM 2006.25th IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications.Proceedings.April 2006 Page(s):1-12
[26]Doukkali,H.Nuaymi,L.Houcke,S.Distributed MAC protocols for underwater acoustic data networks.Vehicular Technology Conference[J],2006.VTC-2006 Fall.2006 IEEE 64th.Sept.2006 Page(s):1-5
[27]Jin-Ki Yeo,Young-Kon Lim,and Heung-Ho Lee,Modified mac(rnedia access control) protocol design for the acoustic-based underwater digital data communication[J].ISLE,2001,Pusan,Korea,IEEE,Page(s):364-368
[28]G.Xie,J.Gibson.A Networking Protocol for Underwater Acoustic Networks[R].CS Department,Naval PostGraduate School,December 2000
[29]F.Salva-Garau M.Stojanovic.Multi-cluster protocol for ad hoc mobile underwater acoustic networks[J].OCEANS 2003,Proceeding,vol.1 Page(s):91-98
[30]王文博,张金文.OPNET Modeler与网络仿真[M].北京:人民邮电出版社,2003年
[31]陈敏.OPNET网络仿真.北京:清华大学出版社2004年
[32]陈敏,张金文,韦岗.OPNET无线信道建模.计算机工程与应用.2003.25.Page(s):62-65
[33]Creber,R.K.Rice,J.A.Baxley,P.A.Fletcher,C.L.Performance of undersea acoustic networking using RTS/CTS handshaking and ARQ retransmission[J].OCEANS,2001.MTS/IEEE Conference and Exhibition.Volume 4,5-8 Nov.2001 Page(s):2083-2086 vol.4
[34]Doukkali,H.Nuaymi,L.Analysis of MAC protocol for underwater acoustic data networks.Vehicular Technology Conference,2005.VTC 2005-Spring.2005 IEEE 61st Volume 2,30 May-1June 2005 Page(s)[J]:1307-1311 Vol.2
[35]彭林等.第三代移动通信技术.北京:电子工业出版社 2003年