基于SWAT的流域下垫面变化的水文响应研究
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摘要
水资源与水环境问题是全球环境问题的研究热点。流域下垫面是影响水文循环的重要因素之一,而人类不合理的土地利用方式等活动使下垫面的结构发生改变,引起了水文过程的变化。研究下垫面变化的水文响应对水资源保护和生态规划具有重要的理论和现实意义。
随着计算机、遥感和地理信息系统技术的发展,分布式水文模型已成为研究水文过程的重要手段。由美国农业部农业研究中心开发的SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool)模型,以其强大的物理结构和多方面的模拟功能,在水文问题研究中发挥了重要作用。
本文选择海河流域的漳河上游地区作为研究区域,应用SWAT模型对该区进行径流模拟,并在此基础上,通过设置各种下垫面变化情景,模拟下垫面变化的水文过程,研究水文要素对下垫面变化的响应程度和变化规律。主要研究成果如下：
(1)搜集了流域的SWAT模型基础数据资料,通过图件资料处理、基础参数计算和文件格式转换,构建模型数据库。
(2)比较和分析流域的子流域划分数量与径流量模拟结果关系,发现子流域划分数量对水系生成和径流模拟存在一定影响。结果显示,在漳河上游流域以300km2作为划分子流域的面积阂值,共划分37个子流域为子流域划分水平的最佳状态,能较真实反映流域的径流情况。
(3)确定了CN2、SOL_AWC等8个敏感型参数,使率定过程合理有效。比较分析从上游到下游逐次校准和直接校准流域总出口两种校准方法的差异性,发现从上游到下游逐次校准更能保证上游子流域的模拟效率,具有更好的模拟结果。
(4)模型在2001-2004年校准期R2和NS均大于0.71,结果较为理想,而在2006-2009年验证期评价系数不能完全达标,主要原因为由于人类活动导致2006-2009年的实测资料难以反映流域自然状态下真实的水文情况和水资源利用数据资料的短缺。
(5)基于流域原土地利用类型,应用土地极端法和空间配置法,设置不同的下垫面变化情景,在2001-2004年时间段进行水文模拟,定量评估流域下垫面变化对流域陆地和河道两个阶段中多个水文要素(包括蒸散发、入渗、地表径流、产水量和河道径流量、蒸发损失、传输损失等)的影响。结果显示,城市用地的变化对各水文要素影响剧烈,城市化和耕地化在不同程度上减少入渗,增大地表径流、产水量、河道径流、河道传输损失。林地有很好的涵养水分作用,为减少水土流失,在流域内进行适当的退耕还林是很有必要的。
Water resources and water environmental problems are research hotspots of global environmental issues. The watershed underlying surface, which is one of important factors that influence the hydrological cycle, has been changed due to improper human activities, and it results in the changing of hydrological process. Therefore, studying on hydrological response to basin underlying surface change is significant for protecting water resources and formulating ecology plans.
With the development of computer, remote sensing and GIS technologies, distributed hydrological model has become the important means of hydrological process studies. The physically-based SWAT(Soil and Water Assessment Tool) model, which is developed by USDA, has played an important role in hydrological research.
In this paper, the upper Zhang river watershed of Hai river basin is selected. The SWAT model is applied to the streamflow simulation of this area, and then the hydrological response to basin underlying surface change in different scenes is simulated and analyzed. The main conclusions of the studv are as follows:
(1) The basic data of upper Zhang river watershed are collected and the database of model is constructed by processing maps, calculating parameters and changing file format.
(2) The relationship between the different partition numbers of subbasin and the results of streamflow simulation is analyzed and evaluated. The results indicate that the partition level of subbasin causes influence in river network generation and streamflow simulation. In order to ensure the natural conditions of hydrological process, the upper Zhang river watershed is delineated37subbasins with area threshold value of300km2
(3) The values of8sensitive parameters are determined, which make the calibration process more reasonable and effective. Through comparison of the results of two calibration methods, the paper finds that calibrating from upstream to downstream has better simulation result than calibrating in total outlet directly.
(4) The relative coefficient and Nash-Suttcliffe coefficient of streamflow in calibration period from2001to2004are satisfactory, while in verification period from2006to2009are unsatisfactory. The main reason is that the observational data from2006to2009are difficult to reflect the hydrological process in natural conditions and the data of water resources utilization is lacked.
(5) Different underlying surface scenes are set up using extreme and spatial configuration methods. Through the simulation of hydrological process in each scene, the paper manages to analyze qualitatively the effects of underlying surface change on many hydrological elements, including of surface runoff, water yield, evapotranspiration and percolation in land phase and streamflow, evaporation losses, transmission losses in routing phase. The results indicate that the change of urban land causes dramatic influence in each hydrological element. The increased urban and farmland lead to reduced percolation, and increased surface runoff, water yield and streamflow. Forest has the capacity for water retention. In order to reduce water
随着计算机、遥感和地理信息系统技术的发展,分布式水文模型已成为研究水文过程的重要手段。由美国农业部农业研究中心开发的SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool)模型,以其强大的物理结构和多方面的模拟功能,在水文问题研究中发挥了重要作用。
本文选择海河流域的漳河上游地区作为研究区域,应用SWAT模型对该区进行径流模拟,并在此基础上,通过设置各种下垫面变化情景,模拟下垫面变化的水文过程,研究水文要素对下垫面变化的响应程度和变化规律。主要研究成果如下：
(1)搜集了流域的SWAT模型基础数据资料,通过图件资料处理、基础参数计算和文件格式转换,构建模型数据库。
(2)比较和分析流域的子流域划分数量与径流量模拟结果关系,发现子流域划分数量对水系生成和径流模拟存在一定影响。结果显示,在漳河上游流域以300km2作为划分子流域的面积阂值,共划分37个子流域为子流域划分水平的最佳状态,能较真实反映流域的径流情况。
(3)确定了CN2、SOL_AWC等8个敏感型参数,使率定过程合理有效。比较分析从上游到下游逐次校准和直接校准流域总出口两种校准方法的差异性,发现从上游到下游逐次校准更能保证上游子流域的模拟效率,具有更好的模拟结果。
(4)模型在2001-2004年校准期R2和NS均大于0.71,结果较为理想,而在2006-2009年验证期评价系数不能完全达标,主要原因为由于人类活动导致2006-2009年的实测资料难以反映流域自然状态下真实的水文情况和水资源利用数据资料的短缺。
(5)基于流域原土地利用类型,应用土地极端法和空间配置法,设置不同的下垫面变化情景,在2001-2004年时间段进行水文模拟,定量评估流域下垫面变化对流域陆地和河道两个阶段中多个水文要素(包括蒸散发、入渗、地表径流、产水量和河道径流量、蒸发损失、传输损失等)的影响。结果显示,城市用地的变化对各水文要素影响剧烈,城市化和耕地化在不同程度上减少入渗,增大地表径流、产水量、河道径流、河道传输损失。林地有很好的涵养水分作用,为减少水土流失,在流域内进行适当的退耕还林是很有必要的。
Water resources and water environmental problems are research hotspots of global environmental issues. The watershed underlying surface, which is one of important factors that influence the hydrological cycle, has been changed due to improper human activities, and it results in the changing of hydrological process. Therefore, studying on hydrological response to basin underlying surface change is significant for protecting water resources and formulating ecology plans.
With the development of computer, remote sensing and GIS technologies, distributed hydrological model has become the important means of hydrological process studies. The physically-based SWAT(Soil and Water Assessment Tool) model, which is developed by USDA, has played an important role in hydrological research.
In this paper, the upper Zhang river watershed of Hai river basin is selected. The SWAT model is applied to the streamflow simulation of this area, and then the hydrological response to basin underlying surface change in different scenes is simulated and analyzed. The main conclusions of the studv are as follows:
(1) The basic data of upper Zhang river watershed are collected and the database of model is constructed by processing maps, calculating parameters and changing file format.
(2) The relationship between the different partition numbers of subbasin and the results of streamflow simulation is analyzed and evaluated. The results indicate that the partition level of subbasin causes influence in river network generation and streamflow simulation. In order to ensure the natural conditions of hydrological process, the upper Zhang river watershed is delineated37subbasins with area threshold value of300km2
(3) The values of8sensitive parameters are determined, which make the calibration process more reasonable and effective. Through comparison of the results of two calibration methods, the paper finds that calibrating from upstream to downstream has better simulation result than calibrating in total outlet directly.
(4) The relative coefficient and Nash-Suttcliffe coefficient of streamflow in calibration period from2001to2004are satisfactory, while in verification period from2006to2009are unsatisfactory. The main reason is that the observational data from2006to2009are difficult to reflect the hydrological process in natural conditions and the data of water resources utilization is lacked.
(5) Different underlying surface scenes are set up using extreme and spatial configuration methods. Through the simulation of hydrological process in each scene, the paper manages to analyze qualitatively the effects of underlying surface change on many hydrological elements, including of surface runoff, water yield, evapotranspiration and percolation in land phase and streamflow, evaporation losses, transmission losses in routing phase. The results indicate that the change of urban land causes dramatic influence in each hydrological element. The increased urban and farmland lead to reduced percolation, and increased surface runoff, water yield and streamflow. Forest has the capacity for water retention. In order to reduce water
引文
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