地裂缝扩展方向及影响带宽度研究
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摘要
目前,地裂缝已成为西安市城市建设的主要地质灾害,多年来给城市建设造成了巨大的经济损失,在城市规划发展方面也带来了一定制约。但随着控制开采地下水,地裂缝活动也明显减弱,人们希望能进一步利用地裂缝带土地资源与现有规范限制之间的矛盾日益加剧。所以,深入了解地裂缝的成因机理及影响范围,对促进该问题的研究和解决,降低经济损失都有十分重要的意义。本文研究的目的是分析出裂缝发展的一般性规律,包括裂缝的扩展方向和地裂缝上下盘的变形范围等问题,为进一步提高地裂缝带土地资源的利用率提供参考。
研究思想是：万物有其相似的表现则必有其共同的本质。地裂缝的本质就是地层的断裂、开裂,它的形成机制类似于构造断层,但也有自身活动的个性：地裂缝的层地表展布和垂直形态与正断层相同,但由于过量开采地下水,地裂缝的活动量及其周期性又与正断层不同。本文运用材料力学、弹性力学的理论,基于地裂缝监测结果并使用有限元软件作为计算辅助,从静力学角度进行分析。首先,对于破裂面已存在的情况,分析了为何无论是大尺度的断层还是小尺度的地裂缝,其均是上盘比下盘破碎更严重,变形范围更大；并分析了土体压缩模量、边界位移、破裂面倾角和断面摩擦力等因素与地裂缝影响宽度的关系。其次,对于破裂面尚未形成的情况,分析了为何地裂缝破裂面的倾向和上部建筑裂缝倾向相反及近地表裂缝发展的形式多样的原因。提出裂缝扩展方向的主要影响因素是水平应力,但近地表裂缝扩展的多样性控制因素不仅有水平应力,还有土层力学性质。文中也浅谈了研究尺度和分析精度的问题,在一定程度上说明了本文建立的各线弹性模型的合理性。
Ground fissure has become the most serious geological disaster in Xi'an at present. It not only brings about huge economic losses to urban construction over the years, but also restrict the city planning. However, the ground fissure activity receding obviously with the control of exploiting the underground water, the contradiction between the hope of using the ground fissure zone more and the restriction on the existing standard is growing. So that the in-depth understanding of both the happen and the development of the ground fissure has the vital significance to the reduce of the economic losses and also can promote the research and solution to the problem. The purpose of this article is acquiring the general rules of the ground fissure's development including the issue that the ground fissure's extension direction and the upper plate and footwall of ground fissure which can provide reference to the uses of the ground fissure zone.
The research idea can be conclude as follows:different thing should have common essence if they have similar appearance. The essence of ground fissure is the fracture of strata. It has commonness with normal faults, and has personality of its own activity Ground fissure has similar appearance with normal faults for the surface exhibit and the vertical form, but they also have differences on the activity level and the periodicity which because of the excessive mining of groundwater. The article use the material mechanics and elastic mechanics theory, based on the monitoring results of ground fissure, with the computer aided of finite element software, analyse it from the statics angle. First of all, the fracture surface has already exists:whether the large-scale fault still the small-scale ground fissure, the footwall has more serious damage than the upper plate, and has larger deformation range. Besides, we analyse the main factors which has relationship with the ground fissure's influence width such as the soil compression modulus, the boundary displacement, inclination of the fracture surface and the section friction. Secondly, the fracture surface hasn't exists yet. We analyse why the tendency of ground fissure fracture surface is opposite to the one of upper building cracks and the reason why the development form of near-surface fissure is multiple. The article put forward that the main influencing factor of the fissure extension direction is horizontal stress, but the diversity control factor of the near-surface fissure is not only the horizontal stress but also the soil mechanics properties. We still talk about the research scale and the analysis precision problem in the article which proved the rationality of the linear elastic to a certain degree.
研究思想是：万物有其相似的表现则必有其共同的本质。地裂缝的本质就是地层的断裂、开裂,它的形成机制类似于构造断层,但也有自身活动的个性：地裂缝的层地表展布和垂直形态与正断层相同,但由于过量开采地下水,地裂缝的活动量及其周期性又与正断层不同。本文运用材料力学、弹性力学的理论,基于地裂缝监测结果并使用有限元软件作为计算辅助,从静力学角度进行分析。首先,对于破裂面已存在的情况,分析了为何无论是大尺度的断层还是小尺度的地裂缝,其均是上盘比下盘破碎更严重,变形范围更大；并分析了土体压缩模量、边界位移、破裂面倾角和断面摩擦力等因素与地裂缝影响宽度的关系。其次,对于破裂面尚未形成的情况,分析了为何地裂缝破裂面的倾向和上部建筑裂缝倾向相反及近地表裂缝发展的形式多样的原因。提出裂缝扩展方向的主要影响因素是水平应力,但近地表裂缝扩展的多样性控制因素不仅有水平应力,还有土层力学性质。文中也浅谈了研究尺度和分析精度的问题,在一定程度上说明了本文建立的各线弹性模型的合理性。
Ground fissure has become the most serious geological disaster in Xi'an at present. It not only brings about huge economic losses to urban construction over the years, but also restrict the city planning. However, the ground fissure activity receding obviously with the control of exploiting the underground water, the contradiction between the hope of using the ground fissure zone more and the restriction on the existing standard is growing. So that the in-depth understanding of both the happen and the development of the ground fissure has the vital significance to the reduce of the economic losses and also can promote the research and solution to the problem. The purpose of this article is acquiring the general rules of the ground fissure's development including the issue that the ground fissure's extension direction and the upper plate and footwall of ground fissure which can provide reference to the uses of the ground fissure zone.
The research idea can be conclude as follows:different thing should have common essence if they have similar appearance. The essence of ground fissure is the fracture of strata. It has commonness with normal faults, and has personality of its own activity Ground fissure has similar appearance with normal faults for the surface exhibit and the vertical form, but they also have differences on the activity level and the periodicity which because of the excessive mining of groundwater. The article use the material mechanics and elastic mechanics theory, based on the monitoring results of ground fissure, with the computer aided of finite element software, analyse it from the statics angle. First of all, the fracture surface has already exists:whether the large-scale fault still the small-scale ground fissure, the footwall has more serious damage than the upper plate, and has larger deformation range. Besides, we analyse the main factors which has relationship with the ground fissure's influence width such as the soil compression modulus, the boundary displacement, inclination of the fracture surface and the section friction. Secondly, the fracture surface hasn't exists yet. We analyse why the tendency of ground fissure fracture surface is opposite to the one of upper building cracks and the reason why the development form of near-surface fissure is multiple. The article put forward that the main influencing factor of the fissure extension direction is horizontal stress, but the diversity control factor of the near-surface fissure is not only the horizontal stress but also the soil mechanics properties. We still talk about the research scale and the analysis precision problem in the article which proved the rationality of the linear elastic to a certain degree.
引文
[1]长安大学.2009.汾渭盆地典型地区地裂缝场地地面沉降监测与防治研究报告.
[2]闫文中.2010.西安地裂缝与地面沉降灾害经济损失评估[J].上海地质,32～37.
[3]李永善,等编著.西安地裂及渭河盆地活动断层研究[M].地震出版社.1992
[4]王景明,等著.地裂缝及其灾害的理论与应用[M].西安：陕西科学技术出版社.2000
[5]武强,陈佩佩。地裂缝灾害研究现状与展望[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报.2003
[6]张家明.西安地裂缝研究.西北大学出版社[M].1990
[7]Pratt W.E., Jonhson D.W.. Local subsidence of the Goose Creek oil field[J].The Geographical Journal,1926.34(9):557-590
[8]赵其华,王兰生.构造重力扩晨机制的地质力学模拟研究.工程地质学报,1995(3)：21-27
[9]Feth, J.H., Structural reconnaissance of the Red Rock quadrangle, Arizona:U.S.[R]. Geological Survey open-file report,32 p.,1951
[10]Schumann, H.H., and Poland, J.F., Land subsidence, earth fissures, and ground-water withdrawal in south-central Arizona, U.S.A.[A]., in Land subsidence:Tokyo International Association of Scientific Hydrology Publiction[C],1970(1):295-302
[11]Leonard, R.J., An earth fissure in southern Arizona[J], Journal of Geology, 1929,37(8):765-774
[12]Carpenter, M.C., Earth-fissure movements associated with fluctuations in ground-water levels near the Picacho mountains, south-central Arizona,1980-1984, U.S.[A].Geological Survey Professional Paper[C], Washington:United States Government Printing Office,1993, p497
[13]彭建兵,陈立伟,黄强兵,等.地裂缝破裂扩展的大型物理模拟试验研究[J]
[14]长安大学.西安市城市快速轨道交通二号线穿过地裂缝带的结构措施专题研究[R].2007
[15]彭建兵,等著.渭河盆地活动断裂与地质灾害[M].西北大学出版社.1992
[16]彭建兵,范文,李喜安等.渭河盆地地裂缝成因研究中的若干关键问题[J].工程地质学报.2007,15(4)：433.440
[17]王庆良,刘玉海,陈志新等.抽水引起的含水层水平应变地裂缝活动新机理[J].工程地质学报.2002,10(1)：46-50
[18]赵其华,王兰生.西安地面沉降与地裂缝关系的量化分析[z].地质灾害与环境保护,1994,5(1)：18-5
[19]西安地裂缝场地勘查与工程设计规程[S].DBJ61-6-2006,2006
[20]李新生.对西安地裂缝成因机制的几点新看法[J].西安地质学院学报,1994,16(2)：28-35
[21]李新生,闫文忠,李同录等.西安地裂缝活动趋势分析[J].工程地质学报,2001,9(1)：39-44
[22]汪丽.地表水与地裂缝活动关系的现场试验研究[D].西安：长安大学.2006
[23]刘学增,滨田政则.活断层破坏在土体中传播的试验研究[J].岩土工程学报,2004,26(3)：425-427
[24]李新生.西安地裂缝环境灾害研究及防治[J].岩土工程界,1999,(5)16-18
[25]陈立伟.地裂缝扩展机理研究[D].西安：长安大学。2007
[26]李新生,西安地面沉裂环境问题研究,西安地质学院博士论文,1994
[27]李新生等,西安地裂缝活动机理新解,工程地质学报,Vol.10,2002
[28]王钟琦,谢君斐等著.地震工程地质导论[M].地震出版社.1983
[29]Bray J.D, Seed R.B, Cluff L.S, etal..Earthquake fault rupture propagation throuth soil[J]. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,1994,120(3):543-561
[30]Kazuo Tani, Keiichi Ueta, Nobuhiro Onizuka. Discussion-Earthquake Fault Rupture Propagation throuth Soil[J]. Journalof Geotechnical engineering,1996,1:80-82
[31]彭建兵,陈立伟等.2008.地裂缝破裂扩展的大型物理模拟试验研究[J].地球物理学报,51(6)：1826-1834.
[32]王景明.2000.地裂缝及其灾害的理论与应用[M].西安：陕西科学技术出版社.
[33]黄强兵,彭建兵,门玉明等.2010.分段柔性接头地铁隧道适应地裂缝大变形的模型试验研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,29(8)：1546-1554
[34]范文,邓龙胜,彭建兵等.2008.地铁隧道穿越地裂缝带的物理模型试验研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,27(9)：1917-1923.
[35]张倬元等,工程地质分析原理[M].地质出版社；2005年.
[36]赵纪生等,汶川地震地表破裂周围建筑物重建的避让距离[J].地震工程与工程 振动,29(6)96-101
[37]周庆等,汶川8.0级地震地表破裂带宽度调查[J].地震地质,30(3)778-787
[38]李新生,王万平,王静等.西安地裂缝两盘地层物理力学性质研究[J].水文地质工程地质,2008(2)58-61
[39]佴磊,于清杨,岩土工程数值法[M].吉林大学出版社.2007年
[40]李广信,高等土力学[M].清华大学出版社
[41]孙训芳等,材料力学,第四版[M].高等教育出版社
[42]徐挺,相似理论与模型试验[M].中国农业机械出版社
[43]李保田,黄土湿陷性对西安地裂缝影响的研究[D].西安：长安大学.2005
[44]王淼,城市地面荷载对地裂缝活动影响研究[D].西安：长安大学.2007
[2]闫文中.2010.西安地裂缝与地面沉降灾害经济损失评估[J].上海地质,32～37.
[3]李永善,等编著.西安地裂及渭河盆地活动断层研究[M].地震出版社.1992
[4]王景明,等著.地裂缝及其灾害的理论与应用[M].西安：陕西科学技术出版社.2000
[5]武强,陈佩佩。地裂缝灾害研究现状与展望[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报.2003
[6]张家明.西安地裂缝研究.西北大学出版社[M].1990
[7]Pratt W.E., Jonhson D.W.. Local subsidence of the Goose Creek oil field[J].The Geographical Journal,1926.34(9):557-590
[8]赵其华,王兰生.构造重力扩晨机制的地质力学模拟研究.工程地质学报,1995(3)：21-27
[9]Feth, J.H., Structural reconnaissance of the Red Rock quadrangle, Arizona:U.S.[R]. Geological Survey open-file report,32 p.,1951
[10]Schumann, H.H., and Poland, J.F., Land subsidence, earth fissures, and ground-water withdrawal in south-central Arizona, U.S.A.[A]., in Land subsidence:Tokyo International Association of Scientific Hydrology Publiction[C],1970(1):295-302
[11]Leonard, R.J., An earth fissure in southern Arizona[J], Journal of Geology, 1929,37(8):765-774
[12]Carpenter, M.C., Earth-fissure movements associated with fluctuations in ground-water levels near the Picacho mountains, south-central Arizona,1980-1984, U.S.[A].Geological Survey Professional Paper[C], Washington:United States Government Printing Office,1993, p497
[13]彭建兵,陈立伟,黄强兵,等.地裂缝破裂扩展的大型物理模拟试验研究[J]
[14]长安大学.西安市城市快速轨道交通二号线穿过地裂缝带的结构措施专题研究[R].2007
[15]彭建兵,等著.渭河盆地活动断裂与地质灾害[M].西北大学出版社.1992
[16]彭建兵,范文,李喜安等.渭河盆地地裂缝成因研究中的若干关键问题[J].工程地质学报.2007,15(4)：433.440
[17]王庆良,刘玉海,陈志新等.抽水引起的含水层水平应变地裂缝活动新机理[J].工程地质学报.2002,10(1)：46-50
[18]赵其华,王兰生.西安地面沉降与地裂缝关系的量化分析[z].地质灾害与环境保护,1994,5(1)：18-5
[19]西安地裂缝场地勘查与工程设计规程[S].DBJ61-6-2006,2006
[20]李新生.对西安地裂缝成因机制的几点新看法[J].西安地质学院学报,1994,16(2)：28-35
[21]李新生,闫文忠,李同录等.西安地裂缝活动趋势分析[J].工程地质学报,2001,9(1)：39-44
[22]汪丽.地表水与地裂缝活动关系的现场试验研究[D].西安：长安大学.2006
[23]刘学增,滨田政则.活断层破坏在土体中传播的试验研究[J].岩土工程学报,2004,26(3)：425-427
[24]李新生.西安地裂缝环境灾害研究及防治[J].岩土工程界,1999,(5)16-18
[25]陈立伟.地裂缝扩展机理研究[D].西安：长安大学。2007
[26]李新生,西安地面沉裂环境问题研究,西安地质学院博士论文,1994
[27]李新生等,西安地裂缝活动机理新解,工程地质学报,Vol.10,2002
[28]王钟琦,谢君斐等著.地震工程地质导论[M].地震出版社.1983
[29]Bray J.D, Seed R.B, Cluff L.S, etal..Earthquake fault rupture propagation throuth soil[J]. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,1994,120(3):543-561
[30]Kazuo Tani, Keiichi Ueta, Nobuhiro Onizuka. Discussion-Earthquake Fault Rupture Propagation throuth Soil[J]. Journalof Geotechnical engineering,1996,1:80-82
[31]彭建兵,陈立伟等.2008.地裂缝破裂扩展的大型物理模拟试验研究[J].地球物理学报,51(6)：1826-1834.
[32]王景明.2000.地裂缝及其灾害的理论与应用[M].西安：陕西科学技术出版社.
[33]黄强兵,彭建兵,门玉明等.2010.分段柔性接头地铁隧道适应地裂缝大变形的模型试验研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,29(8)：1546-1554
[34]范文,邓龙胜,彭建兵等.2008.地铁隧道穿越地裂缝带的物理模型试验研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,27(9)：1917-1923.
[35]张倬元等,工程地质分析原理[M].地质出版社；2005年.
[36]赵纪生等,汶川地震地表破裂周围建筑物重建的避让距离[J].地震工程与工程 振动,29(6)96-101
[37]周庆等,汶川8.0级地震地表破裂带宽度调查[J].地震地质,30(3)778-787
[38]李新生,王万平,王静等.西安地裂缝两盘地层物理力学性质研究[J].水文地质工程地质,2008(2)58-61
[39]佴磊,于清杨,岩土工程数值法[M].吉林大学出版社.2007年
[40]李广信,高等土力学[M].清华大学出版社
[41]孙训芳等,材料力学,第四版[M].高等教育出版社
[42]徐挺,相似理论与模型试验[M].中国农业机械出版社
[43]李保田,黄土湿陷性对西安地裂缝影响的研究[D].西安：长安大学.2005
[44]王淼,城市地面荷载对地裂缝活动影响研究[D].西安：长安大学.2007