浮泥形成和运动特性及其应对措施研究
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摘要
浮泥一直是泥沙研究中的难点，主要是缺少大量可靠的现场观测和室内试验数据，导致对现场的一些浮泥现象尚难以给出全面的解析。为了全面解析浮泥的形成条件、基本特性和运动变化特征，进而提出浮泥的应对措施，在现场开展了有关浮泥厚度、浮泥密度、浮泥密实过程、大风作用下的水文条件等测量工作，并在试验室内开展了泥沙颗分试验、浮泥流变试验、起动试验、密实试验、浮泥流动试验、减淤潜堤高程确定试验等多个试验。首先，浮泥的形成条件和发育过程研究成果表明，丰富的细颗粒泥沙来源是浮泥形成的必要条件，大风浪中底床被液化而呈浮泥状态，同时形成高度约0.5m的底部高含沙水体，以异重流形式或随潮流运移到航道而汇集形成浮泥。其次，浮泥基本特性研究发现，宾汉应力随淤泥密度呈指数关系增加；密度1050~1400kg/m~3的泥沙临界起动切应力值介于0.1~1.0Pa，泥沙临界切应力与密度呈指数关系。再次，浮泥垂向输移、冲刷、流动等整体运动特性研究表明，当理查德数小于10时，水流紊动剪切导致浮泥界面失稳，出现泥沙垂向输移现象；浮泥冲刷系数与含沙量呈正比关系，连云港浮泥的冲刷系数大多介于0.005~0.03kg/m~2/s；浮泥在水平压力梯度和床面坡度上的重力分力等作用下会发生流动现象；进而解析了半环抱式港池及进港航道（台电煤港）和开敞式航道（连云港）的浮泥运动过程。最后，浮泥应对措施研究发现，潜堤高度可取堤前水深的0.2~0.5倍；适航水深技术是目前应对浮泥碍航最为有效的方法之一。
本文根据现场或实验室数据拟合出的淤泥质边滩密度垂线分布公式、浮泥流变参数关系式、浮泥起动公式、淤泥质边滩临界起动剖面关系式、浮泥垂线输移公式、浮泥冲刷系数计算式、确定潜堤高程关系式等都可为相关研究使用，而大量的数据，特别是珍贵的浮泥现场测量数据也可为相关研究提供第一手的资料。
The research on the fluid mud is rather difficult, mainly caused by the shortage ofdata from the field survey and lab experiments. And sometimes, the phenomena offluid mud in the harbor basin and channel cannot be explained well. To determine theconditions of formation, basic characteristics and rules of variation, and to proposecounter measurements further, many field surveies and lab experiments focusing onthe fluid mud were conducted. The field surveies included fluid mud depth, density,process of consolidation or disappearing, and hydrodynamic conditions during largewind and so on. And the lab experiments mainly focused on the granular distribution,rheology, incipient motion, consolidation, fluxion of the fluid mud, as well as theheight of submerged dike. Firstly, the results show that the sufficient cohesivesediment resource is the basic condition for the fluid mud formation. And the bed willbe liquefied with the large wind wave continuous disturbing, meanwhile, a highturbidity layer about0.5m height near bottom would be created, which can move asdensity current or with the tidal current to the channel and deposite to be fluid mud.Secondly, the research on the basic characteristics of fluid mud indicates that theBinham yield stress increases exponentially with the mud density. The critical stressof sediment incipient motion is about0.1-1.0Pa for the mud with density of1050~1400kg/m~3, and the relationship is also exponential. Thirdly, the study on thewhole characteristics of fluid mud motion presents that the interface of fluid mud andabove layer water will be instable due to the turbulent shear of flow, and theentrainment occurs, when the Richardson number is smaller than10. And the ersioncofficent increases with the sediment concentration, which is about0.005~0.03kg/m~2/s for the deposited mud in the channel of Lianyungang, China. Thefluid mud will flow along the bed slop under the action of pressure gradient andgravity. Based on these research results, the processes of fluid mud motion wereexplained in the half-surrounding harbor basin and channel for example Taishan port,as well as the open channel such as Lianyungang port. Lastly, the results of study onthe counter measurements to the fluid mud show that the height of submerged dikemay be0.2-0.5times of water depth. And the technique of nautical depth is one of the most efficient methods to settle the problem of impeding navigation caused by fluidmud. The formulas established in this paper can be used to calculate the verticaldistribution of muddy shoal density, rheological parameters, critical stress of sedimentincipient motion, vertical profile of critical stress, entraiment velocity, erosioncofficent, height of submerged dike and so on. And the data, especially the preciousdata obtained from the field survey may be the basin of further study on the fluidmud.
本文根据现场或实验室数据拟合出的淤泥质边滩密度垂线分布公式、浮泥流变参数关系式、浮泥起动公式、淤泥质边滩临界起动剖面关系式、浮泥垂线输移公式、浮泥冲刷系数计算式、确定潜堤高程关系式等都可为相关研究使用，而大量的数据，特别是珍贵的浮泥现场测量数据也可为相关研究提供第一手的资料。
The research on the fluid mud is rather difficult, mainly caused by the shortage ofdata from the field survey and lab experiments. And sometimes, the phenomena offluid mud in the harbor basin and channel cannot be explained well. To determine theconditions of formation, basic characteristics and rules of variation, and to proposecounter measurements further, many field surveies and lab experiments focusing onthe fluid mud were conducted. The field surveies included fluid mud depth, density,process of consolidation or disappearing, and hydrodynamic conditions during largewind and so on. And the lab experiments mainly focused on the granular distribution,rheology, incipient motion, consolidation, fluxion of the fluid mud, as well as theheight of submerged dike. Firstly, the results show that the sufficient cohesivesediment resource is the basic condition for the fluid mud formation. And the bed willbe liquefied with the large wind wave continuous disturbing, meanwhile, a highturbidity layer about0.5m height near bottom would be created, which can move asdensity current or with the tidal current to the channel and deposite to be fluid mud.Secondly, the research on the basic characteristics of fluid mud indicates that theBinham yield stress increases exponentially with the mud density. The critical stressof sediment incipient motion is about0.1-1.0Pa for the mud with density of1050~1400kg/m~3, and the relationship is also exponential. Thirdly, the study on thewhole characteristics of fluid mud motion presents that the interface of fluid mud andabove layer water will be instable due to the turbulent shear of flow, and theentrainment occurs, when the Richardson number is smaller than10. And the ersioncofficent increases with the sediment concentration, which is about0.005~0.03kg/m~2/s for the deposited mud in the channel of Lianyungang, China. Thefluid mud will flow along the bed slop under the action of pressure gradient andgravity. Based on these research results, the processes of fluid mud motion wereexplained in the half-surrounding harbor basin and channel for example Taishan port,as well as the open channel such as Lianyungang port. Lastly, the results of study onthe counter measurements to the fluid mud show that the height of submerged dikemay be0.2-0.5times of water depth. And the technique of nautical depth is one of the most efficient methods to settle the problem of impeding navigation caused by fluidmud. The formulas established in this paper can be used to calculate the verticaldistribution of muddy shoal density, rheological parameters, critical stress of sedimentincipient motion, vertical profile of critical stress, entraiment velocity, erosioncofficent, height of submerged dike and so on. And the data, especially the preciousdata obtained from the field survey may be the basin of further study on the fluidmud.
引文
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