啤酒花施肥参数和水氮耦合模型的研究
|
摘要
本文通过肥料效应和水氮耦合效应的田间试验,利用反射仪速测植株硝酸盐技术,土壤硝态氮的动态监测,进行氮素营养诊断以及采用土壤剖面的分析法,建立啤酒花的施肥和水氮耦合模型、氮素营养诊断指标,初步研究了啤酒花的施肥参数和吸肥规律,确定合理的施肥量及灌溉量,探讨了施肥和灌溉对土壤硝态氮的残留影响。研究结果如下:
1.肥料效应模型:Y= 1827 +0.63N+4.44P+0.95K-0.014NP+0.021NK-0.011PK-0.000047N~2 -0.0018P~2-0.015K~2 (其中N、P、K分别代表尿素、三料磷肥和硫酸钾),预测最佳施肥量尿素188kg/hm~2、三料磷肥179kg/hm~2、硫酸钾96 kg/hm~2,最佳产量为2355 kg/hm~2。
2.水氮耦合效应模型Y=1558.3+0.2X_1-0.00002X_1~2+1.0X2-0.002X_2~2+0.0002X_1X_2 (其中X1、X2分别代表灌水量和尿素),预测最佳施尿素量为181 kg/hm~2,最佳灌溉量5319m3/hm~2,最佳产量为2483kg/hm~2。
3.啤酒花的养分系数分别为N 7.5～8.6 kg;P2O5 2.9～3.7kg;K2O 10.3～11.3 kg,三要素N︰P 2O5︰ K2O之比约为1︰ 0.4︰ 1.3。氮肥利用率37.5% ,土壤碱解氮校正函数曲线为Y=0.0018X2-0.22X+7.91,( X为土壤碱解氮mg/kg ,Y为校正系数)。
4.肥料效应试验研究确定球果形成期和成熟期0～30厘米土层及成熟期30～60厘米土层土壤硝态氮临界值分别为12～32、10～19、14～35mg/kg,推荐施尿素量分别为138～268、165～274、157～265kg/hm~2。确定啤酒花开花期和球果形成期植株硝酸盐临界值13.2～13.6×10~3、10.8～11.1×10~3mg/kg,推荐第一、二次追施尿素量分别为55～108、70～115kg/hm~2。全生育期总施尿素量为200～298 kg/hm~2。土壤和植株氮素营养诊断均可推荐啤酒花的氮肥的施用量。在水氮耦合效应试验研究中确定了现蕾期、开花期、球果形成期植株硝酸盐的临界值分别为9816～9926、9783～9955、8584～8932mg/kg,推荐第一次追施尿素量20～63kg/ hm~2,第二次追施尿素量为22～55 kg/ hm~2。全生育期总施尿素量为117～193 kg/hm~2。
5.对肥料效应—土壤硝态氮空间分布的研究表明,在开花期和球果成熟期硝态氮存在不同程度的淋溶现象,施尿素在150～300kg/ hm~2时硝态氮无明显积累。水肥耦合效应研究各时期土壤硝态氮的积累与垂直分布表明,土壤剖面的硝态氮含量及积累总量随氮肥施用量的增加而增加;随灌水量的增加,其淋溶程度加深。研究残留的土壤硝态氮剖面分布表明,距主根系的距离越近,残留硝态氮的浓度越低。根系的分布与吸收利用对硝态氮分布有重要影响。
The paper based on field experiments of the fertilizer and water-nitrogen coupling effects combined with technology of the plant quick test methods by the nitrate test strip. Dynamic monitoring on nitric nitrogen in soil and nitrogen nutrition diagnosis was implemented and soil profile analytical method was adopted. Fertilization model, water-nitrogen coupling hop model and the index of nitrogen nutrition diagnosis were established. The fertilization parameter and fertilizer absorption rule were studied ,the reasonable fertilizer and irrigation amount were confirmed, the soil nitrate nitrogen residue effects of fertilization and irrigation in soil were discussed. The results were as follows:
1. Fertilizer effect model:
Y= 1827+0.63N+4.44P+0.95K-0.014NP+0.021NK-0.011PK-0.000047N2-0.0018P2-0.015K2 (N、P、K represent urea and triple super-phosphate, potassium sulfate, respectively.) Prediction of the optimum rate of fertilizer application were urea 188kg/hm~2, triple super-phosphate 179kg/hm~2、potassium chloride 96 kg/hm~2,optimum yield 2355 kg/hm~2,respectively.
2. Water-nitrogen coupling effect model:
Y=1558.3+0.2X1-0.00002X12+1.0X2-0.002X22+0.0002X1X2 (X1、X2 represent irrigation amount and urea amount). Prediction results of the optimum application were optimum urea 181kg/hm~2, optimum irrigation amount 5319m3/hm~2, optimum yield 2483kg/hm~2 respectively.
3. Results of nutrition coefficient were N 7.5～8.6 kg;P2O5 2.9～3.7kg;K2O 10.3～11.3 kg, respectively.
The results of the N︰P 2O5︰K2O was 1︰0.4︰1.3. The Utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer is 37.5%. Correction coefficient equation of alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen is Y=0.0018X2-0.22X+7.91,(Y is correction coefficient X is alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen )
4.Studying fertilizer effect, each of the critical value of soil nitrate nitrogen was 12～32 and 10～19, 14～35mg/kg; the recommended urea rate was 138～268 and 165～274,157～265kg/hm~2 under condition of 0～30cm soil cone formation and 0～30cm soil cone autumn, 30～60cm soil cone autumn. The critical value of plant nitrate on hop flower and cone formation were 13.2～13.6×10~3 and 10.8～11.1×10~3mg/kg. The first and second top-dressing urea amounts were 55～108 and 70～115kg/hm~2. The total urea amount was 200～298 kg/hm~2 during whole growth period. Both of the soil and plant nitrogen nutrient diagnosis could recommend for nitrogen application of hop. Studying water-nitrogen coupling effect, each of the critical value of plant nitrate was 9816～9926 and 9783～9955, 8584～8932mg/kg under period of bud and flower, cone formation. The first top-dressing urea recommended of quantities was 20～63 kg/ hm~2.
The second top-dressing urea amount was 22～55 kg/ hm~2. The total urea amount was 117～193 kg/hm~2 during whole growth period.
5. On fertilizer effect, study of the spatial distribution of soil nitrate nitrogen shows that soil nitrate nitrogen on flower and cone formation has different degree of leaching phenomenon; soil nitrate nitrogen had no significantly accumulation when urea application was 150～300kg/ hm~2. On water-nitrogen coupling effect, study of different period of soil nitrate nitrogen accumulation and vertical distribution show that nitrate nitrogen content and accumulation on soil section increased with increasing of nitrogen fertilizer application; the degree of leaching phenomenon increased with increasing of irrigation requirement. Studied on the section of distribution of rudimental soil nitrate nitrogen, it showed that soil nitrate nitrogen content was lower when close to the main root. The distribution of root system had very important effect on the distribution of soil nitrate nitrogen.
1.肥料效应模型:Y= 1827 +0.63N+4.44P+0.95K-0.014NP+0.021NK-0.011PK-0.000047N~2 -0.0018P~2-0.015K~2 (其中N、P、K分别代表尿素、三料磷肥和硫酸钾),预测最佳施肥量尿素188kg/hm~2、三料磷肥179kg/hm~2、硫酸钾96 kg/hm~2,最佳产量为2355 kg/hm~2。
2.水氮耦合效应模型Y=1558.3+0.2X_1-0.00002X_1~2+1.0X2-0.002X_2~2+0.0002X_1X_2 (其中X1、X2分别代表灌水量和尿素),预测最佳施尿素量为181 kg/hm~2,最佳灌溉量5319m3/hm~2,最佳产量为2483kg/hm~2。
3.啤酒花的养分系数分别为N 7.5～8.6 kg;P2O5 2.9～3.7kg;K2O 10.3～11.3 kg,三要素N︰P 2O5︰ K2O之比约为1︰ 0.4︰ 1.3。氮肥利用率37.5% ,土壤碱解氮校正函数曲线为Y=0.0018X2-0.22X+7.91,( X为土壤碱解氮mg/kg ,Y为校正系数)。
4.肥料效应试验研究确定球果形成期和成熟期0～30厘米土层及成熟期30～60厘米土层土壤硝态氮临界值分别为12～32、10～19、14～35mg/kg,推荐施尿素量分别为138～268、165～274、157～265kg/hm~2。确定啤酒花开花期和球果形成期植株硝酸盐临界值13.2～13.6×10~3、10.8～11.1×10~3mg/kg,推荐第一、二次追施尿素量分别为55～108、70～115kg/hm~2。全生育期总施尿素量为200～298 kg/hm~2。土壤和植株氮素营养诊断均可推荐啤酒花的氮肥的施用量。在水氮耦合效应试验研究中确定了现蕾期、开花期、球果形成期植株硝酸盐的临界值分别为9816～9926、9783～9955、8584～8932mg/kg,推荐第一次追施尿素量20～63kg/ hm~2,第二次追施尿素量为22～55 kg/ hm~2。全生育期总施尿素量为117～193 kg/hm~2。
5.对肥料效应—土壤硝态氮空间分布的研究表明,在开花期和球果成熟期硝态氮存在不同程度的淋溶现象,施尿素在150～300kg/ hm~2时硝态氮无明显积累。水肥耦合效应研究各时期土壤硝态氮的积累与垂直分布表明,土壤剖面的硝态氮含量及积累总量随氮肥施用量的增加而增加;随灌水量的增加,其淋溶程度加深。研究残留的土壤硝态氮剖面分布表明,距主根系的距离越近,残留硝态氮的浓度越低。根系的分布与吸收利用对硝态氮分布有重要影响。
The paper based on field experiments of the fertilizer and water-nitrogen coupling effects combined with technology of the plant quick test methods by the nitrate test strip. Dynamic monitoring on nitric nitrogen in soil and nitrogen nutrition diagnosis was implemented and soil profile analytical method was adopted. Fertilization model, water-nitrogen coupling hop model and the index of nitrogen nutrition diagnosis were established. The fertilization parameter and fertilizer absorption rule were studied ,the reasonable fertilizer and irrigation amount were confirmed, the soil nitrate nitrogen residue effects of fertilization and irrigation in soil were discussed. The results were as follows:
1. Fertilizer effect model:
Y= 1827+0.63N+4.44P+0.95K-0.014NP+0.021NK-0.011PK-0.000047N2-0.0018P2-0.015K2 (N、P、K represent urea and triple super-phosphate, potassium sulfate, respectively.) Prediction of the optimum rate of fertilizer application were urea 188kg/hm~2, triple super-phosphate 179kg/hm~2、potassium chloride 96 kg/hm~2,optimum yield 2355 kg/hm~2,respectively.
2. Water-nitrogen coupling effect model:
Y=1558.3+0.2X1-0.00002X12+1.0X2-0.002X22+0.0002X1X2 (X1、X2 represent irrigation amount and urea amount). Prediction results of the optimum application were optimum urea 181kg/hm~2, optimum irrigation amount 5319m3/hm~2, optimum yield 2483kg/hm~2 respectively.
3. Results of nutrition coefficient were N 7.5～8.6 kg;P2O5 2.9～3.7kg;K2O 10.3～11.3 kg, respectively.
The results of the N︰P 2O5︰K2O was 1︰0.4︰1.3. The Utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer is 37.5%. Correction coefficient equation of alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen is Y=0.0018X2-0.22X+7.91,(Y is correction coefficient X is alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen )
4.Studying fertilizer effect, each of the critical value of soil nitrate nitrogen was 12～32 and 10～19, 14～35mg/kg; the recommended urea rate was 138～268 and 165～274,157～265kg/hm~2 under condition of 0～30cm soil cone formation and 0～30cm soil cone autumn, 30～60cm soil cone autumn. The critical value of plant nitrate on hop flower and cone formation were 13.2～13.6×10~3 and 10.8～11.1×10~3mg/kg. The first and second top-dressing urea amounts were 55～108 and 70～115kg/hm~2. The total urea amount was 200～298 kg/hm~2 during whole growth period. Both of the soil and plant nitrogen nutrient diagnosis could recommend for nitrogen application of hop. Studying water-nitrogen coupling effect, each of the critical value of plant nitrate was 9816～9926 and 9783～9955, 8584～8932mg/kg under period of bud and flower, cone formation. The first top-dressing urea recommended of quantities was 20～63 kg/ hm~2.
The second top-dressing urea amount was 22～55 kg/ hm~2. The total urea amount was 117～193 kg/hm~2 during whole growth period.
5. On fertilizer effect, study of the spatial distribution of soil nitrate nitrogen shows that soil nitrate nitrogen on flower and cone formation has different degree of leaching phenomenon; soil nitrate nitrogen had no significantly accumulation when urea application was 150～300kg/ hm~2. On water-nitrogen coupling effect, study of different period of soil nitrate nitrogen accumulation and vertical distribution show that nitrate nitrogen content and accumulation on soil section increased with increasing of nitrogen fertilizer application; the degree of leaching phenomenon increased with increasing of irrigation requirement. Studied on the section of distribution of rudimental soil nitrate nitrogen, it showed that soil nitrate nitrogen content was lower when close to the main root. The distribution of root system had very important effect on the distribution of soil nitrate nitrogen.
引文
[1] 陈清,温贤芳. 适宜的氮素投入与农业可持续发展[J].核农学通报,1996,197(4):193~197.
[2] 赵佰人.施肥对土壤肥力及作物产量的影响研究[J]. 黑龙江农业科学, 1999,(2):11~13.
[3] Spalding R F, Exer M E. Occurrence of nitrate in ground water-a review. Environ Qual, 1993,22:392~402.
[4] 夏劲伟 氮肥对一年生黑麦草产量及品质影响的研究.南京农业大学硕士学位论文, 2000,7
[5] 吴名宇. 菜园土壤肥力特征和小白菜硝酸盐污染控制技术研究: [硕士学位论文].乌鲁木齐:新疆农业大学硕士论文, 2006
[6] 农业部工人技术培训教材编审委员会编.啤酒花栽培和加工[M]. 北京:中国农业出版社,1998(1):9,141,76.
[7] 白金贵,田启明,等.香型啤酒花札一优质高产栽培技术[J]. 中国种业. 2003,(7):43~44.
[8] Oneri ,E.J.T.Batey and M.S.Cresser. Assessment of nitrogen status of soil for cereal crop: Use of plant and soil analysis to diagnosis N status of spring barley J.Sci, food Agric ,1983,34: 549~558
[9] Donohue,S,J and D,E Brown.Optimum N in winter wheat grown in coastal region of Viginia,Commum. SoilSci,Plant Anal.1984,15:651~661.
[10] Papastylianou, I and R.D Grahan.Diagnosis of the nitrogen status of wheat at tillering and prognosis for maximum grain yield, Commum,Soil Sci,Plant Anal.1984,15:1423~1436.
[11] 李宏志,张福锁.我国北方地区几种主要作物氮营养诊断及追肥推荐研究—植株硝酸盐快速诊断方法的研究.植物营养与肥料学报. 1997,3(3).
[12] Gibert, W.A., A.E.Luwick , and Westall,D, J.,1981,Predicting in season N requirement of sugar beets based on soil and petiole nitrate,Agron.J.73:1018~1023
[13] Mackenzie,A.J., W.F.Spencer, and B.A.Krantz, 1963, Seasonal nitrate-N content of cotton petioles as affected by nitrogen application and its relationship to yield, Agron.J.55:55~59.
[14] Chamberland, E. and E.B.Doiron ,1973, Rapid determination of nitratie-N in corn leaves and sugar beet petioles as an indication of side dressing nitrogen need. Commum.Soil.Sci.Plant Anal.,4:293~306
[15] Williams, C.M.J,and N.A.Maier ,1990,Determination of the nitrogen status of irrigation potato crops. I Critical nutrient ranges for nitrogen in petioles, J. of plant nutri.13(8),985~993
[16] 陈锦玉,和丽忠,汪禄祥.反射仪法快速测定烤烟硝酸盐氮素营养诊断及应用中国农学通报 2002,18(6):39~42.
[17] 孙太靖.大豆植株氮素动态变化及在追施氮肥对其影响的研究 东北农业大学 硕士论文 2004年 11~12.
[18] 危常州,张福锁,朱和明.新疆棉花氮营养诊断及追肥推荐研究. 中国农业科学,2002,35 (12):1500~1505.
[19] Hanway, J,J.,and Englehorn, A.J., 1958, Nitrate accumulation in some low a crop plant ,Agron.J.,50:331~334
[20] Papastylianou, I., and D.W.Puckridge. 1981,Nitrogen nutrition of cereal in a shoot term rotation, 2.Stem nitrate as an indicator of nitrogen availability, Aust. J .Agric. Res. 32:713~723.
[21]Vaast P, Effects of solution PH,temperature nitrate/ammonium rations,and inhibitor on ammonium and nitrate uptake by Arabic coffee in short-term solution culture. J-Plant-nutr. Monticello,N.Y, 1998. 21 (7): 1551~1564
[22] 朱兆良.土壤氮素有效性指标与土壤供氮量的预测[J].土壤,1990,22(4):177~180.
[23] 张宜春,郭智芬. 棉花对养分的吸收利用和推荐施肥[J]1990,22(4):212~217
[24] Oosterhuis and Bata et al (1983). Nitrogen uptake of grown cotton.ⅡNitrate reductase activity and petiole nitrate as indicator of plant status.Expl.Agric.19,103~109
[25] Rao-MH et al.,1989, Studies on crop rotations and nitrogen management for cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) in the cotton belt of northern India.J.India.Soc. Cotton Improvement. 14:2,131~135
[26]] Jeyaraman-S et al(1988). Nitrogen management in high yielding cotton under rained conditions. Indian-Journal –of –Agronomy. 33:4,456~457
[27] Bundy L G. Meisinger J J. Nitrogen availability indices [A].Weaver R.W.Methods of soil analysis ,part 2 SSSA Book Ser.5[C] Madison, Wis:SSSA,1994.951~984
[28] Heckman J R. Presidedress soil nitrate test (PSNT) recommendations for sweet corn [R]. USA:Rutger Cooperative Extension , 1993.
[29] Liu XJ,Ju X T, Zhang F S, et al N tirogen recommendation for winter wheat using Nmin test rapid plants tests in North China Plain [J].Communication in soil Science and Plant Analysis,2003,34(17-18): 2539~2551
[30] Ferguson R B,Hergert G W,Schepers J S, et al Site-specific nitrogen management of irrigated maize: Yield and soil residual nitrate effects[J].Soil Soil Sci Am J, 2002,66: 544~553.
[31] 江 华王兴仁 张福锁冬小麦—夏玉米轮作周期内不同季节土壤硝酸盐测试指标青海农林科技 1999, 2.
[32] 刘宏平. 棉花氮素营养诊断及氮肥推荐技术的研究:[硕士学位论文].乌鲁木齐: 中国科学院研究生院,2005
[33] 李宏志. 土壤、植株测试推荐施氮技术的研究及应用:[博士学位论文]. 北京:中国农业大学, 1999
[34] 上官周平,刘文兆,等.旱作农田冬小麦水肥耦合增产效应. 水土保持研究.1999,6(1): 103~106.
[35] 汪德水,程宪国,张美荣,等. 旱地土壤中的肥水激励机制.汪德水.旱地农田肥水关系原理与调控技术. 北京:中国农业科技出版社,1995:195~203.
[36] 李世清,李生秀,田霄鸿,等. 肥力田块小麦的水肥耦合效应. 旱地农田肥水关系原理与调控技术.北京:中国农业科技出版社, 1995: 246~252.
[37] 王立秋,曹敬山,靳占忠. 春小麦产量及其品质的水肥效应研究. 干旱地区农业研究,1997, 15(1):58~63.
[38] 文宏达,王殿武,李淑文.等. 高寒半干早区旱滩地筱麦肥水效应初析. 河北农业大学学报,2000, 23 (4): 37 ~ 41.
[39] Thomas L, Thompson, Thomas A, et al. Nitrogen and water interactions in subsurface drip-irrigated cauliflower: II. Agronomic, economic, and environmental outcomes. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 2000,64:412~418.
[40] 李 世 清 , 李 生 秀 . 水 肥 配 合 对 玉 米 产 量 和 肥 料 效 果 的 影 响 . 干 旱 地 区 农 业 研 究 . 1994,12(1):47~53.
[41] 汪德水,程宪国,姚晓晔等. 半干旱地区麦田水肥效应研究. 土壤肥料. 1994,2:1~4.
[42] 谷洁,程逵. 向日葵的水肥效应与合理施肥研究.干旱地区农业研究.1997,15(3):48~56.
[43] 兰晓泉. 半干旱黄土丘陵区农田水肥效应研究.土壤通报.1998,29(4):161~163.
[44] 汪德水. 旱地农田肥水协同效应与耦合模式. 北京:气象出版社. 1999,44,85.
[45] 樊小林,李玲,何文勤等. 氮肥 干旱胁迫、基因型差异对冬小麦吸氮量的效应. 植物营养与肥料学报.1998,4(2):131~137.
[46] 王殿武,周大迈,张建平等. 太行山区旱作农田土壤水分动态及水肥产量效应研究.干旱地区农业研究.1998,16(2):32~40.
[47] 王凤新, 冯绍元, 黄冠华. 喷灌条件下冬小麦水肥耦合效应的田间试验研究. 灌溉排水1999, 18 (1):10~13
[48] 周荣, 杨荣泉, 陈海军. 水、氮耦合效应对冬小麦生长、产量及土壤硝态氮分布的影响. 北京水利. 1994 (3 ): 75~78.
[49] Macdonald A J , Poulton P R, Stockdale E A , et al. The fate of residual 15N-labelled fertilizer in arable soil: its availability to subsequent crops and retention in soil[J ]. Plant and Soil, 2002, 246: 123~ 127.
[50] 刘光栋,吴文良. 高产农田土壤硝态氮淋失与地下水污染动态研究[J] 中国生态农业学报 2003,(11):91~93
[51] 张丽娟. 农田生态系统中残留硝态氮的行为及植物利用:[中国农业大学博士学位论文].北京, 中国农业大学 2004 年 6 月 6~7
[52] Guilland K.Nitrogen utilization of selected cropping system in the US northeast :Ⅱsoil profile nitrate distribution and accumulation. Agronomy Jorunal,1995,87:199~207.
[53] William R.R.and V.J.Gordon. Soil-plant Buffering of inorganic nitrogen in continuous winter wheat. Agronomy Journal,1995,87:827~834.
[54] 孙克刚,姚健,朱洪勋. 长期不同施肥对潮土中硝态氮积累及作物产量的影响.干旱地区农业研究,1999,17(1):35~38.
[55] 袁新民,同延安,杨学云.施用磷肥对硝态氮积累的影响.植株营养与肥料学报,2000,6(4):397~403.
[56] 孙克刚,张学斌,吴政卿.长期施肥对不同类型土壤中作物产量及土壤剖面硝态氮积累的影响.华农学报,2001,16(1):105~109.
[57] 宝德俊,张鸿程,黄埔湘荣.土壤硝态氮淋失及预防措施见:陈子明主编,氮素、产量、环境.北京:中国农业科技出版社,1996:53~76.
[58] 袁新民,李晓林,张福锁.疏粮田改种蔬菜后土壤剖面硝态氮的变化.生态农业研究,2000,8(2):31~33.
[59] Hergert GW. Nitrate leaching through sandy soil as affected by sprinkler irrigation management. J.Environ.Qral., 1986,15:272~278.
[60] 张鸿程,宝德俊,黄埔湘荣等. 潮土定位试验施肥对土壤养分变化及环境质量监控研究Ⅱ施肥对土壤剖面 NO-3-N 动态变化的影响.土壤通报,2002,33(1):29~31.
[61] 张思聪. 灌溉施肥条件下氮素在土壤中迁移转化的研究. 水利水电技术,1999,5
[62] 范丙全,胡春书,平建立. 灌溉施肥对壤质潮土硝态氮淋溶的影响. 植物营养与肥料学报,1998,4(1):16~21
[63] 吕殿青,同延安.氮肥施用对环境污染影响的研究[J].植物营养与肥料学报,1998,4(2):8~15.
[64] 黄瑞珍,张胜. 水分对硝酸磷肥中氮的扩散及其肥效的影响. 北京农业大学学报,1989,1(2):193~200.
[65] 张树兰,同延安,赵护兵等. 冬小麦-夏玉米轮作氮肥与氮营养诊断. 西北农业学报. 2000,9(2): 104~107.
[66] 吕英华,秦双月. 主编. 测土与施肥[M]. 北京:中国农业出版社, 2002,(1):216~217.
[67] 张福锁主编. 测土配方施肥技术要览[M].北京:中国农业大学出版,2006,(1):4~6.
[68] 潭金芳主编. 作物施肥原理与技术[M]. 北京:中国农业出版社, 2003,(1):40~41.
[69] 易国英, 戴平安,郑圣先.等. 氮磷钾不同施用量对两系杂交水稻产量和养分吸收利用的影响[J]. 作物研究, 2006,(1):40~43.
[70] 龚学臣,乔永明,袁进成,等. 甜菜高产高糖平衡施肥模式[J]. 中国糖料,2004,(4):29~31
[71] 袁金山,陈冰,贾宏涛,等. 新疆库车县棉花平衡施肥参数的研究[J]. 中国棉花,2004,31(10):17~18.
[72] 张肇富编译. 啤酒花具有药用价值[J]. 酿酒科技,2000,97 (1):94.
[73] 顾国贤,赵亚州. 试论酒花[J]. 酿酒, 2004,31(3):40~43.
[74] 苏瑞红,吴萍. 酒花丰产经验总结. 经济作物. 2001(4):11.
[75] 丁忠良,陈红. 啤酒花栽培的关键技术探讨. 作物栽培技术. 新疆农垦科技.2005,4:7.
[76] 鲍士旦主编.土壤农化分析. 北京:中国农业出版社,2000.12:263~271.
[77] 孙羲主编. 作物营养与施肥[M]. 北京:中国农业出版社, 2000:48~49.
[78] 李彦荣,何宗仁,常瑛. 啤酒花营养元素的测定和平衡调节施肥[J]. 特产研究,1998,(4):16~21.
[79] 朱兆良. 农田中氮肥的损失与对策. 土壤与环境,2000,9(1):1~6.
[80] 悉振邦主编. 现代化学肥料学[M]. 北京:中国农业出版社, 2003,(1):146~147.
[81] 邢维芹.玉米的水肥空间耦合效应研究. 西北农林科技大学硕士论文. 2001:3~5.
[82] 刘作新,郑昭佩,王建.辽西半干旱区小麦、玉米水肥耦合效应研究[J].应用生态学报,2000,11(4):540~544.
[83] 李法云,宋丽,官春云,等.辽西半干旱区农田水肥耦合作用对春小麦产量的影响[J].应用生态学报,2000,11(4): 535~539.
[84] 沈荣开,王康. 水肥耦合条件下作物产量、水分利用和根系吸氮的试验研究, 农业工程学报, 2001,5,(17):35~38.
[85] 张凤翔,周明耀. 不同氮素水平下孕穗开花期土壤水分对冬小麦产量效应的研究, 农业工程学报, 2006,,7(22): 52~55.
[86] 詹其厚,陈 杰.水肥配合对玉米产量及其利用效率的影响. 土壤肥料.2005(4):14~18.
[87] 金 柯,汪德水,蔡典雄. 旱地农田水肥耦合效应及其模式研究[J]. 中国农业科学, 1999,32(5):104~106.
[88] 詹其厚. 氮肥不同用量对玉米产量的影响及肥效分析[J]. 安徽农业科学. 1997,25 (4):352~353.
[89] Adetunji M.T. Nitrogen application and underground water contamination in some agricultural soils of South Western Nigeria. Fertilizer Research. 1994,37:159~163
[90] 郝利. 嫩江地区水肥耦合效应对大豆产质量的影响. 东北农业大学学位论文.2001,11:11.
[91] 马兴旺. 干旱区棉花水肥耦合效应和管理技术研究.新疆农业博士后研究工作报告.2006,5:2.
[92] 李本银,刘月娟,汪金舫. 尿素在潮土中淋溶和转化特征研究. 土壤. 2005, 37(5):551~554.
[93] 杨卓亚,毛达如.应用正交多项式趋势系数建立综合施肥模型的理论和技术.土壤通报,1993,24(4):180~183.
[94] 陈新平,李志宏,王兴仁. 土壤植株快速测试推荐施肥技术体系的建立与应用. 土壤肥料, 1999,2:6~10.
[95] 周顺利,张福锁,王兴仁.土壤硝态氮时空变异与土壤氮素表现盈亏Ⅱ.夏玉米. 生态学报[J]. 2002,1(22):48~53.
[96] Hans-werner olfs, Klaus Blankenau:Soil-and plant-based nitrogen-fertilizer recommendation in arable farming. J.Plant Nutr. Soil Sci.2005,168,414~431.
[97] Papastylianou I, Puckridge D W. Stem nitrate nitrogen and yield of wheat in apermanent rotation experiment. Aust. J. Agri. Res. 1983, 34: 599~606.
[98] Woodson E. Petiole nitrate as an indicator of Geranium nitrogen status. Commum. SoilSci. Plant. Anal.1983:363~372.
[99] Zhen R G, Leigh R A. Nitrate accumulation by wheat (Triticumaestirum) in relation to growth and tissue nitrogen . Plant and Soil, 1990, 124:157~160.
[100] Elliott D E, Eeuter D J, Growden B. Improved strategies for diagnosing and correcting nitrogen deficiency in spring wheat. J. Plant Nutri. 1987,10 (9):1761~1770.
[101] Verly R B. Stem testing as are a real-time guide to tomato seeding N and K fertilization. Commum. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 1994, 25 (5-6):664~670.
[102] 陈锦玉,和丽忠. 反射仪快速测定烤烟硝酸盐作氮素营养诊断及应用. 中国农业通报 2002,6(18):39~42.
[103] 温贤芳,潘家荣. 碳酸氢铵不同施肥方法对春小麦产量和氮素平衡的影响[J],核农学报,1995,(3):153~158
[104] Liang BC, Mackenzie AF. Changes of soil nitrate-nitrogen and denitrification as affected by nitrogen fertilizer on two Quebec soils. J. of Envi. Quality., 1994,23 (3): 521~525
[105] 袁新民, 杨学云, 同延安. 不同施氮量对土壤硝态氮累积的影响. 干旱地区农业研究, 2001,19(1):7~13.
[106] 刘宏斌, 李志宏, 张维理. 露地栽培条件下大白菜氮肥利用率与硝态氮淋溶损失研究. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2004,10(3): 286~291.
[107]刘敏超, 曾长立,王兴仁等. 氮肥施用对冬小麦氮肥利用率及土壤剖面硝态氮含量动态分布的影响. 农业现代化研究,2000, 21 (5): 309~312.
[108] 袁锋明, 陈子明, 姚造华. 土壤中的氮素淋洗(综述) // 陈子明主编. 氮素产量环境. 北京: 中国农业科技出版社, 1996: 191~208.
[109] Moreno F, Cayuela JA, Fermández-Boy JE, Murillo JM,Cabrera F. Water balance and nitrate leaching in an irrigation maize crop in SW Spain. Agricultural Water Management, 1996, 32: 71~83.
[110] 刘 微, 赵同科. 冬小麦土壤无机氮淋失规律及灌水施氮量的推荐. 农业环境科学学报. 2006,25(6):1541~1546.
[111] 吕殿青, 杨进荣, 马林英. 灌溉对土壤硝态氮淋洗效应影响的研究[J ]. 植物营养与肥料学报[J ], 1999,5(4): 307~315.
[112] 宋海星, 李生秀. 根系的吸收作用及土壤水分对硝态氮、铵态氮分布的影响. 中国农业科学 2005,38(1):96~101.
[2] 赵佰人.施肥对土壤肥力及作物产量的影响研究[J]. 黑龙江农业科学, 1999,(2):11~13.
[3] Spalding R F, Exer M E. Occurrence of nitrate in ground water-a review. Environ Qual, 1993,22:392~402.
[4] 夏劲伟 氮肥对一年生黑麦草产量及品质影响的研究.南京农业大学硕士学位论文, 2000,7
[5] 吴名宇. 菜园土壤肥力特征和小白菜硝酸盐污染控制技术研究: [硕士学位论文].乌鲁木齐:新疆农业大学硕士论文, 2006
[6] 农业部工人技术培训教材编审委员会编.啤酒花栽培和加工[M]. 北京:中国农业出版社,1998(1):9,141,76.
[7] 白金贵,田启明,等.香型啤酒花札一优质高产栽培技术[J]. 中国种业. 2003,(7):43~44.
[8] Oneri ,E.J.T.Batey and M.S.Cresser. Assessment of nitrogen status of soil for cereal crop: Use of plant and soil analysis to diagnosis N status of spring barley J.Sci, food Agric ,1983,34: 549~558
[9] Donohue,S,J and D,E Brown.Optimum N in winter wheat grown in coastal region of Viginia,Commum. SoilSci,Plant Anal.1984,15:651~661.
[10] Papastylianou, I and R.D Grahan.Diagnosis of the nitrogen status of wheat at tillering and prognosis for maximum grain yield, Commum,Soil Sci,Plant Anal.1984,15:1423~1436.
[11] 李宏志,张福锁.我国北方地区几种主要作物氮营养诊断及追肥推荐研究—植株硝酸盐快速诊断方法的研究.植物营养与肥料学报. 1997,3(3).
[12] Gibert, W.A., A.E.Luwick , and Westall,D, J.,1981,Predicting in season N requirement of sugar beets based on soil and petiole nitrate,Agron.J.73:1018~1023
[13] Mackenzie,A.J., W.F.Spencer, and B.A.Krantz, 1963, Seasonal nitrate-N content of cotton petioles as affected by nitrogen application and its relationship to yield, Agron.J.55:55~59.
[14] Chamberland, E. and E.B.Doiron ,1973, Rapid determination of nitratie-N in corn leaves and sugar beet petioles as an indication of side dressing nitrogen need. Commum.Soil.Sci.Plant Anal.,4:293~306
[15] Williams, C.M.J,and N.A.Maier ,1990,Determination of the nitrogen status of irrigation potato crops. I Critical nutrient ranges for nitrogen in petioles, J. of plant nutri.13(8),985~993
[16] 陈锦玉,和丽忠,汪禄祥.反射仪法快速测定烤烟硝酸盐氮素营养诊断及应用中国农学通报 2002,18(6):39~42.
[17] 孙太靖.大豆植株氮素动态变化及在追施氮肥对其影响的研究 东北农业大学 硕士论文 2004年 11~12.
[18] 危常州,张福锁,朱和明.新疆棉花氮营养诊断及追肥推荐研究. 中国农业科学,2002,35 (12):1500~1505.
[19] Hanway, J,J.,and Englehorn, A.J., 1958, Nitrate accumulation in some low a crop plant ,Agron.J.,50:331~334
[20] Papastylianou, I., and D.W.Puckridge. 1981,Nitrogen nutrition of cereal in a shoot term rotation, 2.Stem nitrate as an indicator of nitrogen availability, Aust. J .Agric. Res. 32:713~723.
[21]Vaast P, Effects of solution PH,temperature nitrate/ammonium rations,and inhibitor on ammonium and nitrate uptake by Arabic coffee in short-term solution culture. J-Plant-nutr. Monticello,N.Y, 1998. 21 (7): 1551~1564
[22] 朱兆良.土壤氮素有效性指标与土壤供氮量的预测[J].土壤,1990,22(4):177~180.
[23] 张宜春,郭智芬. 棉花对养分的吸收利用和推荐施肥[J]1990,22(4):212~217
[24] Oosterhuis and Bata et al (1983). Nitrogen uptake of grown cotton.ⅡNitrate reductase activity and petiole nitrate as indicator of plant status.Expl.Agric.19,103~109
[25] Rao-MH et al.,1989, Studies on crop rotations and nitrogen management for cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) in the cotton belt of northern India.J.India.Soc. Cotton Improvement. 14:2,131~135
[26]] Jeyaraman-S et al(1988). Nitrogen management in high yielding cotton under rained conditions. Indian-Journal –of –Agronomy. 33:4,456~457
[27] Bundy L G. Meisinger J J. Nitrogen availability indices [A].Weaver R.W.Methods of soil analysis ,part 2 SSSA Book Ser.5[C] Madison, Wis:SSSA,1994.951~984
[28] Heckman J R. Presidedress soil nitrate test (PSNT) recommendations for sweet corn [R]. USA:Rutger Cooperative Extension , 1993.
[29] Liu XJ,Ju X T, Zhang F S, et al N tirogen recommendation for winter wheat using Nmin test rapid plants tests in North China Plain [J].Communication in soil Science and Plant Analysis,2003,34(17-18): 2539~2551
[30] Ferguson R B,Hergert G W,Schepers J S, et al Site-specific nitrogen management of irrigated maize: Yield and soil residual nitrate effects[J].Soil Soil Sci Am J, 2002,66: 544~553.
[31] 江 华王兴仁 张福锁冬小麦—夏玉米轮作周期内不同季节土壤硝酸盐测试指标青海农林科技 1999, 2.
[32] 刘宏平. 棉花氮素营养诊断及氮肥推荐技术的研究:[硕士学位论文].乌鲁木齐: 中国科学院研究生院,2005
[33] 李宏志. 土壤、植株测试推荐施氮技术的研究及应用:[博士学位论文]. 北京:中国农业大学, 1999
[34] 上官周平,刘文兆,等.旱作农田冬小麦水肥耦合增产效应. 水土保持研究.1999,6(1): 103~106.
[35] 汪德水,程宪国,张美荣,等. 旱地土壤中的肥水激励机制.汪德水.旱地农田肥水关系原理与调控技术. 北京:中国农业科技出版社,1995:195~203.
[36] 李世清,李生秀,田霄鸿,等. 肥力田块小麦的水肥耦合效应. 旱地农田肥水关系原理与调控技术.北京:中国农业科技出版社, 1995: 246~252.
[37] 王立秋,曹敬山,靳占忠. 春小麦产量及其品质的水肥效应研究. 干旱地区农业研究,1997, 15(1):58~63.
[38] 文宏达,王殿武,李淑文.等. 高寒半干早区旱滩地筱麦肥水效应初析. 河北农业大学学报,2000, 23 (4): 37 ~ 41.
[39] Thomas L, Thompson, Thomas A, et al. Nitrogen and water interactions in subsurface drip-irrigated cauliflower: II. Agronomic, economic, and environmental outcomes. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 2000,64:412~418.
[40] 李 世 清 , 李 生 秀 . 水 肥 配 合 对 玉 米 产 量 和 肥 料 效 果 的 影 响 . 干 旱 地 区 农 业 研 究 . 1994,12(1):47~53.
[41] 汪德水,程宪国,姚晓晔等. 半干旱地区麦田水肥效应研究. 土壤肥料. 1994,2:1~4.
[42] 谷洁,程逵. 向日葵的水肥效应与合理施肥研究.干旱地区农业研究.1997,15(3):48~56.
[43] 兰晓泉. 半干旱黄土丘陵区农田水肥效应研究.土壤通报.1998,29(4):161~163.
[44] 汪德水. 旱地农田肥水协同效应与耦合模式. 北京:气象出版社. 1999,44,85.
[45] 樊小林,李玲,何文勤等. 氮肥 干旱胁迫、基因型差异对冬小麦吸氮量的效应. 植物营养与肥料学报.1998,4(2):131~137.
[46] 王殿武,周大迈,张建平等. 太行山区旱作农田土壤水分动态及水肥产量效应研究.干旱地区农业研究.1998,16(2):32~40.
[47] 王凤新, 冯绍元, 黄冠华. 喷灌条件下冬小麦水肥耦合效应的田间试验研究. 灌溉排水1999, 18 (1):10~13
[48] 周荣, 杨荣泉, 陈海军. 水、氮耦合效应对冬小麦生长、产量及土壤硝态氮分布的影响. 北京水利. 1994 (3 ): 75~78.
[49] Macdonald A J , Poulton P R, Stockdale E A , et al. The fate of residual 15N-labelled fertilizer in arable soil: its availability to subsequent crops and retention in soil[J ]. Plant and Soil, 2002, 246: 123~ 127.
[50] 刘光栋,吴文良. 高产农田土壤硝态氮淋失与地下水污染动态研究[J] 中国生态农业学报 2003,(11):91~93
[51] 张丽娟. 农田生态系统中残留硝态氮的行为及植物利用:[中国农业大学博士学位论文].北京, 中国农业大学 2004 年 6 月 6~7
[52] Guilland K.Nitrogen utilization of selected cropping system in the US northeast :Ⅱsoil profile nitrate distribution and accumulation. Agronomy Jorunal,1995,87:199~207.
[53] William R.R.and V.J.Gordon. Soil-plant Buffering of inorganic nitrogen in continuous winter wheat. Agronomy Journal,1995,87:827~834.
[54] 孙克刚,姚健,朱洪勋. 长期不同施肥对潮土中硝态氮积累及作物产量的影响.干旱地区农业研究,1999,17(1):35~38.
[55] 袁新民,同延安,杨学云.施用磷肥对硝态氮积累的影响.植株营养与肥料学报,2000,6(4):397~403.
[56] 孙克刚,张学斌,吴政卿.长期施肥对不同类型土壤中作物产量及土壤剖面硝态氮积累的影响.华农学报,2001,16(1):105~109.
[57] 宝德俊,张鸿程,黄埔湘荣.土壤硝态氮淋失及预防措施见:陈子明主编,氮素、产量、环境.北京:中国农业科技出版社,1996:53~76.
[58] 袁新民,李晓林,张福锁.疏粮田改种蔬菜后土壤剖面硝态氮的变化.生态农业研究,2000,8(2):31~33.
[59] Hergert GW. Nitrate leaching through sandy soil as affected by sprinkler irrigation management. J.Environ.Qral., 1986,15:272~278.
[60] 张鸿程,宝德俊,黄埔湘荣等. 潮土定位试验施肥对土壤养分变化及环境质量监控研究Ⅱ施肥对土壤剖面 NO-3-N 动态变化的影响.土壤通报,2002,33(1):29~31.
[61] 张思聪. 灌溉施肥条件下氮素在土壤中迁移转化的研究. 水利水电技术,1999,5
[62] 范丙全,胡春书,平建立. 灌溉施肥对壤质潮土硝态氮淋溶的影响. 植物营养与肥料学报,1998,4(1):16~21
[63] 吕殿青,同延安.氮肥施用对环境污染影响的研究[J].植物营养与肥料学报,1998,4(2):8~15.
[64] 黄瑞珍,张胜. 水分对硝酸磷肥中氮的扩散及其肥效的影响. 北京农业大学学报,1989,1(2):193~200.
[65] 张树兰,同延安,赵护兵等. 冬小麦-夏玉米轮作氮肥与氮营养诊断. 西北农业学报. 2000,9(2): 104~107.
[66] 吕英华,秦双月. 主编. 测土与施肥[M]. 北京:中国农业出版社, 2002,(1):216~217.
[67] 张福锁主编. 测土配方施肥技术要览[M].北京:中国农业大学出版,2006,(1):4~6.
[68] 潭金芳主编. 作物施肥原理与技术[M]. 北京:中国农业出版社, 2003,(1):40~41.
[69] 易国英, 戴平安,郑圣先.等. 氮磷钾不同施用量对两系杂交水稻产量和养分吸收利用的影响[J]. 作物研究, 2006,(1):40~43.
[70] 龚学臣,乔永明,袁进成,等. 甜菜高产高糖平衡施肥模式[J]. 中国糖料,2004,(4):29~31
[71] 袁金山,陈冰,贾宏涛,等. 新疆库车县棉花平衡施肥参数的研究[J]. 中国棉花,2004,31(10):17~18.
[72] 张肇富编译. 啤酒花具有药用价值[J]. 酿酒科技,2000,97 (1):94.
[73] 顾国贤,赵亚州. 试论酒花[J]. 酿酒, 2004,31(3):40~43.
[74] 苏瑞红,吴萍. 酒花丰产经验总结. 经济作物. 2001(4):11.
[75] 丁忠良,陈红. 啤酒花栽培的关键技术探讨. 作物栽培技术. 新疆农垦科技.2005,4:7.
[76] 鲍士旦主编.土壤农化分析. 北京:中国农业出版社,2000.12:263~271.
[77] 孙羲主编. 作物营养与施肥[M]. 北京:中国农业出版社, 2000:48~49.
[78] 李彦荣,何宗仁,常瑛. 啤酒花营养元素的测定和平衡调节施肥[J]. 特产研究,1998,(4):16~21.
[79] 朱兆良. 农田中氮肥的损失与对策. 土壤与环境,2000,9(1):1~6.
[80] 悉振邦主编. 现代化学肥料学[M]. 北京:中国农业出版社, 2003,(1):146~147.
[81] 邢维芹.玉米的水肥空间耦合效应研究. 西北农林科技大学硕士论文. 2001:3~5.
[82] 刘作新,郑昭佩,王建.辽西半干旱区小麦、玉米水肥耦合效应研究[J].应用生态学报,2000,11(4):540~544.
[83] 李法云,宋丽,官春云,等.辽西半干旱区农田水肥耦合作用对春小麦产量的影响[J].应用生态学报,2000,11(4): 535~539.
[84] 沈荣开,王康. 水肥耦合条件下作物产量、水分利用和根系吸氮的试验研究, 农业工程学报, 2001,5,(17):35~38.
[85] 张凤翔,周明耀. 不同氮素水平下孕穗开花期土壤水分对冬小麦产量效应的研究, 农业工程学报, 2006,,7(22): 52~55.
[86] 詹其厚,陈 杰.水肥配合对玉米产量及其利用效率的影响. 土壤肥料.2005(4):14~18.
[87] 金 柯,汪德水,蔡典雄. 旱地农田水肥耦合效应及其模式研究[J]. 中国农业科学, 1999,32(5):104~106.
[88] 詹其厚. 氮肥不同用量对玉米产量的影响及肥效分析[J]. 安徽农业科学. 1997,25 (4):352~353.
[89] Adetunji M.T. Nitrogen application and underground water contamination in some agricultural soils of South Western Nigeria. Fertilizer Research. 1994,37:159~163
[90] 郝利. 嫩江地区水肥耦合效应对大豆产质量的影响. 东北农业大学学位论文.2001,11:11.
[91] 马兴旺. 干旱区棉花水肥耦合效应和管理技术研究.新疆农业博士后研究工作报告.2006,5:2.
[92] 李本银,刘月娟,汪金舫. 尿素在潮土中淋溶和转化特征研究. 土壤. 2005, 37(5):551~554.
[93] 杨卓亚,毛达如.应用正交多项式趋势系数建立综合施肥模型的理论和技术.土壤通报,1993,24(4):180~183.
[94] 陈新平,李志宏,王兴仁. 土壤植株快速测试推荐施肥技术体系的建立与应用. 土壤肥料, 1999,2:6~10.
[95] 周顺利,张福锁,王兴仁.土壤硝态氮时空变异与土壤氮素表现盈亏Ⅱ.夏玉米. 生态学报[J]. 2002,1(22):48~53.
[96] Hans-werner olfs, Klaus Blankenau:Soil-and plant-based nitrogen-fertilizer recommendation in arable farming. J.Plant Nutr. Soil Sci.2005,168,414~431.
[97] Papastylianou I, Puckridge D W. Stem nitrate nitrogen and yield of wheat in apermanent rotation experiment. Aust. J. Agri. Res. 1983, 34: 599~606.
[98] Woodson E. Petiole nitrate as an indicator of Geranium nitrogen status. Commum. SoilSci. Plant. Anal.1983:363~372.
[99] Zhen R G, Leigh R A. Nitrate accumulation by wheat (Triticumaestirum) in relation to growth and tissue nitrogen . Plant and Soil, 1990, 124:157~160.
[100] Elliott D E, Eeuter D J, Growden B. Improved strategies for diagnosing and correcting nitrogen deficiency in spring wheat. J. Plant Nutri. 1987,10 (9):1761~1770.
[101] Verly R B. Stem testing as are a real-time guide to tomato seeding N and K fertilization. Commum. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 1994, 25 (5-6):664~670.
[102] 陈锦玉,和丽忠. 反射仪快速测定烤烟硝酸盐作氮素营养诊断及应用. 中国农业通报 2002,6(18):39~42.
[103] 温贤芳,潘家荣. 碳酸氢铵不同施肥方法对春小麦产量和氮素平衡的影响[J],核农学报,1995,(3):153~158
[104] Liang BC, Mackenzie AF. Changes of soil nitrate-nitrogen and denitrification as affected by nitrogen fertilizer on two Quebec soils. J. of Envi. Quality., 1994,23 (3): 521~525
[105] 袁新民, 杨学云, 同延安. 不同施氮量对土壤硝态氮累积的影响. 干旱地区农业研究, 2001,19(1):7~13.
[106] 刘宏斌, 李志宏, 张维理. 露地栽培条件下大白菜氮肥利用率与硝态氮淋溶损失研究. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2004,10(3): 286~291.
[107]刘敏超, 曾长立,王兴仁等. 氮肥施用对冬小麦氮肥利用率及土壤剖面硝态氮含量动态分布的影响. 农业现代化研究,2000, 21 (5): 309~312.
[108] 袁锋明, 陈子明, 姚造华. 土壤中的氮素淋洗(综述) // 陈子明主编. 氮素产量环境. 北京: 中国农业科技出版社, 1996: 191~208.
[109] Moreno F, Cayuela JA, Fermández-Boy JE, Murillo JM,Cabrera F. Water balance and nitrate leaching in an irrigation maize crop in SW Spain. Agricultural Water Management, 1996, 32: 71~83.
[110] 刘 微, 赵同科. 冬小麦土壤无机氮淋失规律及灌水施氮量的推荐. 农业环境科学学报. 2006,25(6):1541~1546.
[111] 吕殿青, 杨进荣, 马林英. 灌溉对土壤硝态氮淋洗效应影响的研究[J ]. 植物营养与肥料学报[J ], 1999,5(4): 307~315.
[112] 宋海星, 李生秀. 根系的吸收作用及土壤水分对硝态氮、铵态氮分布的影响. 中国农业科学 2005,38(1):96~101.