黑龙江省西部半干旱区玉米水氮耦合效应试验研究
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摘要
黑龙江省西部半干旱区农业生产潜力巨大,粮食作物生产在全省占有重要地位,但水资源不足限制了该地区的农业生产。施肥不合理是制约水分潜力发挥的主要原因之一,在一定条件下,施肥可以大幅度提高作物的水分利用效率,因此旱地农业中水分和养分的关系问题已越来越受到人们的重视。
本文通过2007年在黑龙江省齐齐哈尔市甘南县试验基地进行的盆栽试验,重点研究了东北半干旱气候条件下,不同水分和氮肥配合对玉米生长发育、籽粒产量、耗水量的影响。
研究水分和氮肥耦合作用时,设计全生育期丰水、适水、轻度受旱、中度受旱四种水分水平,分别与从低到高的四种氮肥水平相组合的16种处理。分析了不同水分处理、不同氮肥处理以及水肥耦合对玉米生长发育、产量、耗水量的影响。分别建立了产量和耗水量与水分、氮肥两因子的数学回归模型,表明水、氮对玉米增产具有显著的正耦合效应,合理施用氮肥增加玉米蒸腾量,减少蒸发量。最后还得出了每一水分水平与其对应的最大产量的理想水分生产函数。
研究水分胁迫作用时,玉米的每个生育阶段(本次试验中,将玉米生育期划分为苗期、拔节、抽雄、灌浆4个生育阶段)设一个中度受旱处理,其余生育阶段适水,同样分别与从低到高的四种氮肥水平相组合,共16种处理。将这些处理与全生育期适水处理的对照处理进行对比,分析了不同氮肥水平条件下,不同生育阶段水分胁迫对玉米生长发育及产量的影响。结果表明:玉米在不同生育阶段受到水分胁迫后,生长发育状况与产量会受到一定的影响,但受影响的程度不尽相同。用灰色关联分析法对非充分灌溉试验处理组进行评价,结论是玉米在苗期和灌浆期水分胁迫对灌溉效益的影响,小于在拔节期和抽雄期水分胁迫的影响,适量的增加氮肥施用量可以提高玉米灌溉效益。
研究产量与耗水量关系时,分析了所有的32种处理。在水资源相对匮乏、农业灌溉用水不能增加而粮食需增收的背景下,确定黑龙江省西部半干旱区的灌溉制度时,首先要考虑灌溉成本与产量的关系,然后决定灌溉用水量分配的时间和数量,以使灌溉效益最高。首先研究玉米产量与全生育期耗水量关系,建立了不同氮肥条件下的玉米产量与全生育期耗水量的回归方程,通过分析,确定了水分投入优化区间的上下限;然后分别计算了不同氮肥条件下,玉米单方耗水净收益最大的经济灌溉定额和水分利用效率最高的经济灌溉定额;最后研究玉米产量与阶段耗水量关系,采用Jensen模型计算不同氮肥条件下玉米各生育阶段的水分敏感指数,根据求解出的水分敏感指数,利用LINGO非线形规划数学模型对有限水量在玉米整个生育期的不同阶段进行优化分配,与实际灌溉相比,在获得相同产量时,由模型优化得到的灌溉用水量要小于实际灌溉用水量,达到节水高产的目的。
The west semiarid of Heilongjiang province had the enormous production potential and the important station in Heilongjiang. But the lacking water resources was the primary factor. Fertilization unreasonable is one of the main reasons restricts potential of water,under the controlled condition, fertilization can greatly improve crop water use efficiency. Therefore people more and more attend to the relation of the water and the nutrient in the dryland farming.
According to the field experiment made in Gannan County, Heilongjiang Province in 2007, researched the effects of water and nitrogen fertilizer cooperation on growth and development, yield and the water consumption of the maize in northeast semiarid region.
When researched coupling effects between water and nitrogen fertilizer, four kind of water levels as whole growth period of wet, the suitable water, mild drought, moderate drought, separately making up with four levels of nitrogen fertilizer from low to high. It was 16 kinds of treatments. It analyzed the impact of different water treatment, different nitrogen fertilizer treatment, as well as coupling effects between water and nitrogen on maize growth and development, yield and water consumption. Separately set up the regression model between yield or water consumption and water nitrogen. It showed that water and nitrogen had significantly positive coupling effect on maize yield and reasonable application of nitrogen fertilizer increased transpiration, reduced evaporation. Finally, for each water level reached ideal water production function of maximum yield.
When researched function of water stress,a moderate drought treatment for each growth stage (in this experiment,corn growing stage be divided into 4 growth stages as seedling,jointing, tasselling, grain filling) respectively separately making up with four levels of nitrogen fertilizer from low to high. It was 16 kinds of treatments. These treatments were compared with the whole growth period of suitable water. The results showed that: the growth and development and yield will be affected to a certain extent at water stress of different growth stages, but the extent was different. Using the gray correlation analysis method of gray system theory to evaluate experiment disposals of deficit irrigation,and concluded that the effects of water stress at the seedling stage and filling stage impacted on irrigation efficiency,less than at the jointing stage and tasselling stage,increased amount of nitrogen fertilizer could improve irrigation efficiency of maize.
When research the relationship between yield and water consumption, has analyzed all of 32 kinds of treatments. Under the background of the lacked water resources, the restricted agricultural irrigation water and the increaser foodstuff requirement, determined irrigation system at the west semiarid region of Heilongjiang Province. The first thing was to consider irrigation costs and yield, and then to decide the allocation of irrigation water consumption of time and quantity, so that the irrigation benefit was highest. First of all, studied the relationship between maize yield and water consumption of whole growth period, and set up the regression equation between maize yield and water consumption of whole growth period under the conditions of different nitrogen fertilizer. Has determined optimized interval upper and lower limits of water consumption; Then has calculated economy irrigation ration under the conditions of different nitrogen fertilizer; Finally studied the relationship between maize yield water consumption of each growth stage,using Jensen model calculate water sensitive index under different conditions of nitrogen fertilizer in each growth stage. According to the water sensitive index, adopted the calculated software of the LINGO of the non-linear programming model to accomplish optimum distribution of limited water during the different growth stages of the maize. In the condition of gaining the same yield, the irrigation by the method could save the water quantity compared with actual irrigation.
本文通过2007年在黑龙江省齐齐哈尔市甘南县试验基地进行的盆栽试验,重点研究了东北半干旱气候条件下,不同水分和氮肥配合对玉米生长发育、籽粒产量、耗水量的影响。
研究水分和氮肥耦合作用时,设计全生育期丰水、适水、轻度受旱、中度受旱四种水分水平,分别与从低到高的四种氮肥水平相组合的16种处理。分析了不同水分处理、不同氮肥处理以及水肥耦合对玉米生长发育、产量、耗水量的影响。分别建立了产量和耗水量与水分、氮肥两因子的数学回归模型,表明水、氮对玉米增产具有显著的正耦合效应,合理施用氮肥增加玉米蒸腾量,减少蒸发量。最后还得出了每一水分水平与其对应的最大产量的理想水分生产函数。
研究水分胁迫作用时,玉米的每个生育阶段(本次试验中,将玉米生育期划分为苗期、拔节、抽雄、灌浆4个生育阶段)设一个中度受旱处理,其余生育阶段适水,同样分别与从低到高的四种氮肥水平相组合,共16种处理。将这些处理与全生育期适水处理的对照处理进行对比,分析了不同氮肥水平条件下,不同生育阶段水分胁迫对玉米生长发育及产量的影响。结果表明:玉米在不同生育阶段受到水分胁迫后,生长发育状况与产量会受到一定的影响,但受影响的程度不尽相同。用灰色关联分析法对非充分灌溉试验处理组进行评价,结论是玉米在苗期和灌浆期水分胁迫对灌溉效益的影响,小于在拔节期和抽雄期水分胁迫的影响,适量的增加氮肥施用量可以提高玉米灌溉效益。
研究产量与耗水量关系时,分析了所有的32种处理。在水资源相对匮乏、农业灌溉用水不能增加而粮食需增收的背景下,确定黑龙江省西部半干旱区的灌溉制度时,首先要考虑灌溉成本与产量的关系,然后决定灌溉用水量分配的时间和数量,以使灌溉效益最高。首先研究玉米产量与全生育期耗水量关系,建立了不同氮肥条件下的玉米产量与全生育期耗水量的回归方程,通过分析,确定了水分投入优化区间的上下限;然后分别计算了不同氮肥条件下,玉米单方耗水净收益最大的经济灌溉定额和水分利用效率最高的经济灌溉定额;最后研究玉米产量与阶段耗水量关系,采用Jensen模型计算不同氮肥条件下玉米各生育阶段的水分敏感指数,根据求解出的水分敏感指数,利用LINGO非线形规划数学模型对有限水量在玉米整个生育期的不同阶段进行优化分配,与实际灌溉相比,在获得相同产量时,由模型优化得到的灌溉用水量要小于实际灌溉用水量,达到节水高产的目的。
The west semiarid of Heilongjiang province had the enormous production potential and the important station in Heilongjiang. But the lacking water resources was the primary factor. Fertilization unreasonable is one of the main reasons restricts potential of water,under the controlled condition, fertilization can greatly improve crop water use efficiency. Therefore people more and more attend to the relation of the water and the nutrient in the dryland farming.
According to the field experiment made in Gannan County, Heilongjiang Province in 2007, researched the effects of water and nitrogen fertilizer cooperation on growth and development, yield and the water consumption of the maize in northeast semiarid region.
When researched coupling effects between water and nitrogen fertilizer, four kind of water levels as whole growth period of wet, the suitable water, mild drought, moderate drought, separately making up with four levels of nitrogen fertilizer from low to high. It was 16 kinds of treatments. It analyzed the impact of different water treatment, different nitrogen fertilizer treatment, as well as coupling effects between water and nitrogen on maize growth and development, yield and water consumption. Separately set up the regression model between yield or water consumption and water nitrogen. It showed that water and nitrogen had significantly positive coupling effect on maize yield and reasonable application of nitrogen fertilizer increased transpiration, reduced evaporation. Finally, for each water level reached ideal water production function of maximum yield.
When researched function of water stress,a moderate drought treatment for each growth stage (in this experiment,corn growing stage be divided into 4 growth stages as seedling,jointing, tasselling, grain filling) respectively separately making up with four levels of nitrogen fertilizer from low to high. It was 16 kinds of treatments. These treatments were compared with the whole growth period of suitable water. The results showed that: the growth and development and yield will be affected to a certain extent at water stress of different growth stages, but the extent was different. Using the gray correlation analysis method of gray system theory to evaluate experiment disposals of deficit irrigation,and concluded that the effects of water stress at the seedling stage and filling stage impacted on irrigation efficiency,less than at the jointing stage and tasselling stage,increased amount of nitrogen fertilizer could improve irrigation efficiency of maize.
When research the relationship between yield and water consumption, has analyzed all of 32 kinds of treatments. Under the background of the lacked water resources, the restricted agricultural irrigation water and the increaser foodstuff requirement, determined irrigation system at the west semiarid region of Heilongjiang Province. The first thing was to consider irrigation costs and yield, and then to decide the allocation of irrigation water consumption of time and quantity, so that the irrigation benefit was highest. First of all, studied the relationship between maize yield and water consumption of whole growth period, and set up the regression equation between maize yield and water consumption of whole growth period under the conditions of different nitrogen fertilizer. Has determined optimized interval upper and lower limits of water consumption; Then has calculated economy irrigation ration under the conditions of different nitrogen fertilizer; Finally studied the relationship between maize yield water consumption of each growth stage,using Jensen model calculate water sensitive index under different conditions of nitrogen fertilizer in each growth stage. According to the water sensitive index, adopted the calculated software of the LINGO of the non-linear programming model to accomplish optimum distribution of limited water during the different growth stages of the maize. In the condition of gaining the same yield, the irrigation by the method could save the water quantity compared with actual irrigation.
引文
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赵剑.2006.灰色关联分析综合评价法在地表水环境评价中的应用.水利科技与经济.12(9):607-609
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Alderfasi A A,Nielsen D C.2001.Use of crop water stress index for monitoring water status and scheduling irrigation in wheat. Agric. Water Manage,47:69-75
Allen R G,Hatfield J L.1996.Evapotranspiration estimates under deficient water supplies. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineeting,(10):301-308
Allen R G..2000.Using the FAO-56 dual crop coefficient method over an evapotranspiration intercomparison Study. Journal of Hydrology,229:27-41
Asher J B.1992.System management of high frequence drop irrigation and estimation of evaporation and transpiration by canopy temperature. Agricultural water Management,22:379-390
Bhaskar J,Choudhury.1997.Global pattern of potential evaporation caculated from the Penman-Monteith equation using satellite and assimilated data. Remote Sensing of Environment, 61(1):64-65
Bindlish R , Borros A P.2000.Multi-frequency soil moisture inversion from SAR measurements with the use of IEM. Remote Sensing Environ,71:67-88
Bras R L,Cordov J R.1981.Intraseasonal water allocation in deficient irrigation. Water Resour Res,17(4):866-874
Bray EA. 1997. Plant response to Water deficit . Trend in Plant Sci,2(2):49-52
Farquhar G D,Sharkey T D.1982.Stomatal conductance and photosynthesis. Annual Review Plant Physiology,33:317-345
Frank A B,Barker R E,Berdahl J D.1987.Water-use efficiency of grasses grown under controlled and field conditions. Agronomy Journal,79:541-544
Green D G,Read D W L.1983.Water use efficiency of corn, sunflower and wheat with limiting soil moisture. Can.J.Plant Sci,63:747-749
Hillel D.1983.Crop water production functions. Advance in Irrigation,2:61-69
Hoffom G J,Hwell T A,Solomn K H.1990.Management of farm irrigation system. The American Society of Agricultural Engineer,USA:93-112
Hong CH.M.1996.Analysis and application for gray correlation theory. Intelligent Engineering Systems through Artificial Neural Networks,(6):149-154
Jackson R D,Idso S B,Reginato R J.1981.Canopy temperature as a crop water stress indicator. Water Resour. Res,17:1133-1138
Kosmas C,Marathianou M,Gerontidis S,et al.2001.Parameters affecting water vapor adsorption by the soil under semi-arid climatic conditions. Agric. Water Manage,48:61-78
Kumar K,Singh D P.1994. Influence of water stress on photosynthesis, transpiration, water use efficiency and yield of Brassica juncea L. Field Crops Research,37:95-100
Liang G Ch,Zheng Y P,Pu H B.2004.Gray correlation analysis of optimized design for undergound gas storage. Natural Gas Industry,24(9):142-144
Ma Y L, Wang J Y.2002.Comprehensive evaluation of gray correlation analysis based on ideal plans. Systems Engineering and Electronics,24(7):51-54
Nanari-Izzo F,Quartacci M F,Izzo R.1989.Lipid changes in maize seedling in responses to field water deficits. Botany,40: 675-679.
Rao N H,Sarma P B S,Chander S.1990.Optimal multicrop allocation of seasonal and intraseasonal irrigation water. Water Resour Res,26(4):551-559
Schulze E D.1986.Carbon dioxide and water vapor exchange in response to drought in the atmosphere and in the soil. Ann.Rev.Plant Physiol,37:247-274
Schussler JR,Westgate ME.1994.Increasing assiminate reserves does not prevent kernel abortion at low water potential in maize.Crop Sci,34(6):1569-1576
Shaozhong Kang,Lu Zhang,Yinli Liang et al.2002. Effects of limited irrigation on yield and water use efficiency of winter wheat in the Loess Plateau of China. Agricultural Water Management,55:203-216
Singh P.1987.Comparative performance of different crop production functions for wheat. IrriSci,(8):273-290
Singh T.1983.Effect of water stress at three growth stages on the yield and water use efficiency of dwarf wheat. Irri Sci,(4):219
Turner NC.1990.Plant water relationsan dirrigation management. Agricultural Water Management,(17):59-73
Wang Huixiao, Zhang Lu, Dawes W R, et al.2001.Improving water use efficiency of irrigated crops in the North China Plain measurements and modeling. Agricultural Water Management,48:151-161
Westgate ME Grant TDL.1989.Water deficit and reproduction in maize: response of the reproductive tissue to water deficits at anthesis and mid-grain fill.Plant physiol,862-865
Westgate ME.1994.Water status and development of the maize endosperm and embryo during drought.Crop Sci,34(1):76-83
Wright G C,Nageswara Rao R C,Farquhar G D.1994.Water use efficiency and carbon isotope discrimination in peanut under water deficit conditions. Crop Science,34:92-95
Zhang H,Oweis T,Garabet S,et al.1998.Water-use efficiency and transpiration efficiency of wheat under rain-fed conditions and supplemental irrigation in a Mediterranean-type environment. Plant Soil,298-304
Zhang H,Wang X,You M,et al.1999. Water-yield relation and water-use efficiency of winter wheat in the North China Plain. Irrigation Science,19(1):37-43
Zinselmeier C.1995.Kernel set at low water potential does not vary with source/sink ratio in maize.Crop Sci,35:158-163