精细化水氮运筹对膜下滴灌棉花光合特性和冠层特性的影响
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摘要
水分和养分既是影响干旱区农业生产的主要胁迫因子,也是一对联因互补、互相作用的因子。本文选择在干旱区新疆库尔勒典型棉区,进行1年的田间试验,研究膜下滴灌棉花在施肥总量相同情况下,各生育阶段追肥数量不同的水肥运筹策略对棉花光合特性和冠层特性及产量的影响,明确光合和冠层特性指标与精细化水氮运筹变化的相关性,为选择适宜的生物学指标来反映精细化水氮运筹的有效性提供参考。主要结论有：
(1)在施肥策略相同时,灌溉量为影响单株铃数和单铃重的限制因素。相对高灌溉量与追肥比例为11%、3%、27%、20%、6.67%、12.33%的策略交互作用,能极显著地增加棉花产量,达到7293.6kg·hm-2的高产水平。采用不同精细化施氮策略、不同灌溉量、施氮策略与灌溉量的交互作用均会对产量有明显的影响作用。
(2)灌溉量相对充足时,棉花生育期追肥比例依次为11%、3%、27%、20%、6.67%、12.33%的策略能显著增加棉花全生育期的净光合速率,净光合速率在24.33-25.63μmol·m-2s-1的高值范围随生育进程呈增加变化趋势,并能发挥“以水促肥”的作用,显著增加棉花干物质积累量。不同施氮策略下,棉花生育期净光合速率与产量相关性达到显著正相关水平,花期、铃期的净光合速率与干物质积累量相关性达到显著水平。花期、铃期的净光合速率反映产量水平具有较高代表性。
(3)灌溉量相对不足时,棉花生育期追肥比例依次为3.5%、10.5%、19.5%、27.5%、14.17%、4.83%的策略更易发挥“以肥调水”的作用,能显著提高叶片水分利用效率。不同施氮策略下,棉花蕾期、花期、铃期的叶片水分利用效率与产量相关性达到显著水平,铃期的相关系数最高。铃期的叶片水分利用效率反映产量水平具有较高的代表性。
(4)灌溉量相对充足时,棉花生育期追肥比例依次为11%、3%、27%、20%、6.67%、12.33%的策略下,棉花叶面积指数在蕾期、花期表现出最高值,并对生育期的叶面积指数、散射辐射透过系数、直射辐射透过系数、消光系数的影响作用强于追肥比例依次为3.5%、10.5%、19.5%、27.5%、14.17%、4.83%的策略。灌溉量相对较高时,精细化施氮策略下产量随叶面积指数呈线性正相关关系,蕾期、花期的叶面积指数可以同步反映高产棉花产量的形成过程。
(5)灌溉量相对充足时,不同施氮策略下棉花生育期叶面积指数与土壤剖面0-40cm范围内碱解氮、植株地上氮素积累量和相关性均达到显著正相关水平,选用叶面积指数反映土壤碱解氮含量水平和棉株地上部氮素累积水平具有较高的代表性。棉花生育期叶面积指数与施氮分配比例均达到极显著正相关水平。叶面指数反映施氮水平的代表性要高于净光合速率反映施氮水平的代表性。
(6)灌溉量为4800m3·hm-2,各时期追肥比例依次为11%、3%、27%、20%、6.67%、12.33%的水氮运筹策略下,棉花铃期特征值为：净光合速率25.63μmol·m-2s-1,干物质积累量187.6g·株-1,叶片水分利用效率0.27,叶面积指数2.39,土壤剖面0-40cm范围内土壤碱解氮含量46.63mg·kg-1,棉株地上部植株氮素积累量194.49kg·hm-2,可以获得高产。
Both water and nutrient affect the main stress arid agricultural production, but also because of a couplet factor complementary, interact with each other factors. They have its own special role, to each other and doms, mutual restrict, affecting each other effect play. This article chooses in arid areas Kuerle typical of xinjiang,1 year, pectinophora field experiment, the film with drip irrigation in fertilization amount cotton same situation different growth stages according to the number of cotton fertilization logistics strategy photosynthetic characteristics and canopy characteristics and yield for improving the influence of film with drip irrigation, fertilization logistics technology, improve cotton water use efficiency to provide the reference. Draw the following conclusions:
(1) In fertilization strategy that at the same time, water amount per the boll number and for influence the limiting factors of principal heavy. Relatively high water amount and growth period 2 times before after fertilization "strategy of light weight" the interaction can a significantly increase cotton output, achiev 7293.6 kg-hm-2 high level. Adopt different fertilizer strategy, different irrigation amount, fertilization strategies and irrigation amount of interaction both will have the effect of yield significantly.
(2) Irrigation is plentiful, cotton relative amount according to the proportion 11%,3%,27%,20%, 12.33%,6.67% strategy, significantly increased the whole stages of cotton net photosynthetic rate, net photosynthetic rate in 24.33-25.63umol-m-2s-1 high value range with development process has increased change trend, and can play "to promote fat"role water, a significant increase in the dry matter accumulation quantity of cotton. Different nitrogen strategy, cotton growth period net photosynthetic rate and yield reached significant positive correlation correlation, flowering, during the level of the net photosynthetic rate and dry matter accumulation of correlation reach significant level. Flowering, the period of the net photosynthetic rate reflect the level of output with high representative.
(3) Irrigation relative amount is insufficient, cotton growth order according to the proportion 3.5%, 10.5%,19.5%,27.5%,14.17%,4.83% strategy, are more likely to play "the role of water in fat, significant" improving leaf water use efficiency. Different nitrogen strategy, cotton bolls, bloom, the period of the blades of yield and water use efficiency, the bell significant correlation between the correlation coefficient is highest. The boll cotton leaf WUE value the level of output has the high representative.
(4) Irrigation is plentiful, twice relative amount used when "former heavy according to the light" N strategy leaf area index in the cotton bolls, flowering show, and the high growth leaf area index, scattering radiation through coefficient, point-blank radiation through coefficient, the effect of extinction coefficient is better than "after the former light weight" N strategy. When the relative amount of irrigation water and nitrogen and refinement higher regulatory output leaf area index linearly with positive correlation, the bolls and flowering leaf area index can synchronize reflect high yield cotton yield formation process.
(5) Water amount is plentiful, cotton growth relative leaf area index and soil profiles 0-40cm range alkali-hydro nitrogen, plant the ground n cumulant and correlation significant positive correlation level, leaf area index reflect available soil alkali-hydro nitrogen content level and cotton leaves the ground department nitrogen accumulation level. Cotton growth period net photosynthetic rate and nitrogen allocation proportion failed to meet significant positive correlation level, and leaf area index (LAI) and nitrogen allocation proportion reached very significant positive correlation level, hairy, index reflects the sensitivity of the level of nitrogen than net photosynthetic rate reflects the sensitivity of the level of nitrogen.
(6) Water amount of 4800m3·hm-2 for each period, according to the proportion of 11%,3%,27%, 20%,12.33%,6.67%, water and nitrogen logistics strategy yielding cotton boll stage eigenvalue:net photosynthetic rate 25.63μmol·m-2s-1, dry matter accumulation quantity 187.60g·zhu-1, WUE value is 0.27,LAI value is 2.39,0-40cm soil range soil alkali-hydro nitrogen content 46.63 3mg·kg-1,cotton leaves of accumulated nitrogen 194.49kg·hm-2
(1)在施肥策略相同时,灌溉量为影响单株铃数和单铃重的限制因素。相对高灌溉量与追肥比例为11%、3%、27%、20%、6.67%、12.33%的策略交互作用,能极显著地增加棉花产量,达到7293.6kg·hm-2的高产水平。采用不同精细化施氮策略、不同灌溉量、施氮策略与灌溉量的交互作用均会对产量有明显的影响作用。
(2)灌溉量相对充足时,棉花生育期追肥比例依次为11%、3%、27%、20%、6.67%、12.33%的策略能显著增加棉花全生育期的净光合速率,净光合速率在24.33-25.63μmol·m-2s-1的高值范围随生育进程呈增加变化趋势,并能发挥“以水促肥”的作用,显著增加棉花干物质积累量。不同施氮策略下,棉花生育期净光合速率与产量相关性达到显著正相关水平,花期、铃期的净光合速率与干物质积累量相关性达到显著水平。花期、铃期的净光合速率反映产量水平具有较高代表性。
(3)灌溉量相对不足时,棉花生育期追肥比例依次为3.5%、10.5%、19.5%、27.5%、14.17%、4.83%的策略更易发挥“以肥调水”的作用,能显著提高叶片水分利用效率。不同施氮策略下,棉花蕾期、花期、铃期的叶片水分利用效率与产量相关性达到显著水平,铃期的相关系数最高。铃期的叶片水分利用效率反映产量水平具有较高的代表性。
(4)灌溉量相对充足时,棉花生育期追肥比例依次为11%、3%、27%、20%、6.67%、12.33%的策略下,棉花叶面积指数在蕾期、花期表现出最高值,并对生育期的叶面积指数、散射辐射透过系数、直射辐射透过系数、消光系数的影响作用强于追肥比例依次为3.5%、10.5%、19.5%、27.5%、14.17%、4.83%的策略。灌溉量相对较高时,精细化施氮策略下产量随叶面积指数呈线性正相关关系,蕾期、花期的叶面积指数可以同步反映高产棉花产量的形成过程。
(5)灌溉量相对充足时,不同施氮策略下棉花生育期叶面积指数与土壤剖面0-40cm范围内碱解氮、植株地上氮素积累量和相关性均达到显著正相关水平,选用叶面积指数反映土壤碱解氮含量水平和棉株地上部氮素累积水平具有较高的代表性。棉花生育期叶面积指数与施氮分配比例均达到极显著正相关水平。叶面指数反映施氮水平的代表性要高于净光合速率反映施氮水平的代表性。
(6)灌溉量为4800m3·hm-2,各时期追肥比例依次为11%、3%、27%、20%、6.67%、12.33%的水氮运筹策略下,棉花铃期特征值为：净光合速率25.63μmol·m-2s-1,干物质积累量187.6g·株-1,叶片水分利用效率0.27,叶面积指数2.39,土壤剖面0-40cm范围内土壤碱解氮含量46.63mg·kg-1,棉株地上部植株氮素积累量194.49kg·hm-2,可以获得高产。
Both water and nutrient affect the main stress arid agricultural production, but also because of a couplet factor complementary, interact with each other factors. They have its own special role, to each other and doms, mutual restrict, affecting each other effect play. This article chooses in arid areas Kuerle typical of xinjiang,1 year, pectinophora field experiment, the film with drip irrigation in fertilization amount cotton same situation different growth stages according to the number of cotton fertilization logistics strategy photosynthetic characteristics and canopy characteristics and yield for improving the influence of film with drip irrigation, fertilization logistics technology, improve cotton water use efficiency to provide the reference. Draw the following conclusions:
(1) In fertilization strategy that at the same time, water amount per the boll number and for influence the limiting factors of principal heavy. Relatively high water amount and growth period 2 times before after fertilization "strategy of light weight" the interaction can a significantly increase cotton output, achiev 7293.6 kg-hm-2 high level. Adopt different fertilizer strategy, different irrigation amount, fertilization strategies and irrigation amount of interaction both will have the effect of yield significantly.
(2) Irrigation is plentiful, cotton relative amount according to the proportion 11%,3%,27%,20%, 12.33%,6.67% strategy, significantly increased the whole stages of cotton net photosynthetic rate, net photosynthetic rate in 24.33-25.63umol-m-2s-1 high value range with development process has increased change trend, and can play "to promote fat"role water, a significant increase in the dry matter accumulation quantity of cotton. Different nitrogen strategy, cotton growth period net photosynthetic rate and yield reached significant positive correlation correlation, flowering, during the level of the net photosynthetic rate and dry matter accumulation of correlation reach significant level. Flowering, the period of the net photosynthetic rate reflect the level of output with high representative.
(3) Irrigation relative amount is insufficient, cotton growth order according to the proportion 3.5%, 10.5%,19.5%,27.5%,14.17%,4.83% strategy, are more likely to play "the role of water in fat, significant" improving leaf water use efficiency. Different nitrogen strategy, cotton bolls, bloom, the period of the blades of yield and water use efficiency, the bell significant correlation between the correlation coefficient is highest. The boll cotton leaf WUE value the level of output has the high representative.
(4) Irrigation is plentiful, twice relative amount used when "former heavy according to the light" N strategy leaf area index in the cotton bolls, flowering show, and the high growth leaf area index, scattering radiation through coefficient, point-blank radiation through coefficient, the effect of extinction coefficient is better than "after the former light weight" N strategy. When the relative amount of irrigation water and nitrogen and refinement higher regulatory output leaf area index linearly with positive correlation, the bolls and flowering leaf area index can synchronize reflect high yield cotton yield formation process.
(5) Water amount is plentiful, cotton growth relative leaf area index and soil profiles 0-40cm range alkali-hydro nitrogen, plant the ground n cumulant and correlation significant positive correlation level, leaf area index reflect available soil alkali-hydro nitrogen content level and cotton leaves the ground department nitrogen accumulation level. Cotton growth period net photosynthetic rate and nitrogen allocation proportion failed to meet significant positive correlation level, and leaf area index (LAI) and nitrogen allocation proportion reached very significant positive correlation level, hairy, index reflects the sensitivity of the level of nitrogen than net photosynthetic rate reflects the sensitivity of the level of nitrogen.
(6) Water amount of 4800m3·hm-2 for each period, according to the proportion of 11%,3%,27%, 20%,12.33%,6.67%, water and nitrogen logistics strategy yielding cotton boll stage eigenvalue:net photosynthetic rate 25.63μmol·m-2s-1, dry matter accumulation quantity 187.60g·zhu-1, WUE value is 0.27,LAI value is 2.39,0-40cm soil range soil alkali-hydro nitrogen content 46.63 3mg·kg-1,cotton leaves of accumulated nitrogen 194.49kg·hm-2
引文
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