黄河平滩流量的计算方法及应用研究
|
摘要
以黄河流域冲积河段为研究对象,以基础理论研究和数据资料分析相结合为手段,探索河道主槽平滩流量随水沙条件变化的响应调整规律,研究了维持河道主槽一定平滩流量大小的水沙条件,论文对于揭示冲积河流的河床演变规律具有重要意义,为科学的河流治理提供了参考依据。
选择黄河流域三个冲积河段:黄河内蒙古河段、黄河下游河段和渭河下游河段为研究对象,分析表明,各冲积河段均存在来水来沙量减少和水沙年内分配均匀化的明显趋势,均出现了不同程度的主槽萎缩、平滩流量减小、河道排洪输沙能力下降的现象。
基于一维河床冲淤变形方程和不平衡输沙方程,推导了冲积河流滞后响应模型的基础方程,为滞后响应模型提供了理论支持。对平滩流量滞后响应模型的结构和参数计算方法进行改进:(1)调整模型中前期水沙条件的影响权重;(2)推导出反映不同年份之间河道调整速度差异的模型方程;(3)推导出同时考虑汛期和非汛期水沙条件影响的模型方程;(4)改进模型参数的计算方法,使其能一定程度上反映来水过程的影响。应用改进后的模型得到了适用于各河段的平滩流量计算方法,计算结果与实测值符合很好,模型具有较高的计算精度。平滩流量的响应调整受到包括当年在内前期一定时期内水沙条件的共同影响,且不同河段受前期水沙条件影响的时间范围不同。分析了平滩流量的响应调整模式,对“累积作用”和“滞后响应”两个概念的本质联系和区别进行探讨,认为前期水沙条件影响的时间范围和平滩流量的响应调整时间在数值上相等。研究了平滩流量响应调整时间的变化规律,就黄河流域而言,河段间汛期平均悬移质含沙量的差异是导致平滩流量响应调整时间长短各异的关键因素。
从能量平衡出发分析了挟沙水流的能量耗散机理及水流塑槽和输沙能量的分配原理,建立了同时考虑河道塑槽需求和输沙需求的塑槽输沙需水量计算方法。以三黑小的来水来沙为输入条件,得到了黄河下游河道塑槽输沙需水量的计算公式,并给出了维持黄河下游平滩流量为4000m3/s的塑槽输沙需水量区间。
Combining the basic theory and measured data analysis, studies are carried out on the adjustment of bankfull discharge (BD) responsing to the variation of incoming flow and sediment conditions (FSC) of Yellow River (YR). FSC to maintain an aimed value of BD are proposed. This study reveals the trends of fluvial river processes and provides a reference for river training in a better way.
Three alluvial reaches of Yellow River basin, e.g. the Inner Mongolia reach, the lower YR, and the lower Wei River the biggest tributary of YR, are selected as samples to analyze the variations of flow, sediment and the characteristics of river channel morphologies in recent 5 decades. It presents visibly decrease of runoff and sediment load in the YR basin that led to a continuous shrinking of main channel, declining of BD, and degrading of capacity for flood conveyance and sediment transport.
According to the 1-D equation of bed deformation and non-equilibrium sediment transport, a basic equation for the delayed response model for alluvial river is deduced. Besides, the model is further improved in the framework and its parameter determinations: as 1) Reapportioning the effect weights of FSC of previous years with a more reasonable distribution; 2) Introducing a variableβinstead of constant to reflect the different rate of channel adjustment for different years; 3) Considering the FSC of both flood and dry season; 4) Taking account the effect of flow process in to the BD. Methods of BD calculation for selected river reaches are provided based on the modified model. Tests against measured data indicate that the modified model can accurately describe the adjustment of BD.
Result of analysis reveals that the adjustment of BD is affected by the FSC of present year and that of earlier years as well. However, the length of years should vary from case to case. It is equal to the time period of BD adjustment, on the base of the adjustment process of BD and relationship between“accumulated effects”and“delay response”. Studies show that the annual sediment concentration of flood season plays an important role in determining the time period in the YR basin.
The energy dissipation mechanism of sediment-laden flow and the energy allocation for both channel forming and sediment transport (CFST) is studied, and method for the calculation of water demands for CFST is developed based on the energy balance principle. Furthermore, a method for the calculation of water demand for CFST for the whole lower YR course is proposed by utilizing the FSC at San-Hei-Xiao as the input variables. As an example, the range of water demands for the forming and maintenance of BD of 4000m3/s is provided.
选择黄河流域三个冲积河段:黄河内蒙古河段、黄河下游河段和渭河下游河段为研究对象,分析表明,各冲积河段均存在来水来沙量减少和水沙年内分配均匀化的明显趋势,均出现了不同程度的主槽萎缩、平滩流量减小、河道排洪输沙能力下降的现象。
基于一维河床冲淤变形方程和不平衡输沙方程,推导了冲积河流滞后响应模型的基础方程,为滞后响应模型提供了理论支持。对平滩流量滞后响应模型的结构和参数计算方法进行改进:(1)调整模型中前期水沙条件的影响权重;(2)推导出反映不同年份之间河道调整速度差异的模型方程;(3)推导出同时考虑汛期和非汛期水沙条件影响的模型方程;(4)改进模型参数的计算方法,使其能一定程度上反映来水过程的影响。应用改进后的模型得到了适用于各河段的平滩流量计算方法,计算结果与实测值符合很好,模型具有较高的计算精度。平滩流量的响应调整受到包括当年在内前期一定时期内水沙条件的共同影响,且不同河段受前期水沙条件影响的时间范围不同。分析了平滩流量的响应调整模式,对“累积作用”和“滞后响应”两个概念的本质联系和区别进行探讨,认为前期水沙条件影响的时间范围和平滩流量的响应调整时间在数值上相等。研究了平滩流量响应调整时间的变化规律,就黄河流域而言,河段间汛期平均悬移质含沙量的差异是导致平滩流量响应调整时间长短各异的关键因素。
从能量平衡出发分析了挟沙水流的能量耗散机理及水流塑槽和输沙能量的分配原理,建立了同时考虑河道塑槽需求和输沙需求的塑槽输沙需水量计算方法。以三黑小的来水来沙为输入条件,得到了黄河下游河道塑槽输沙需水量的计算公式,并给出了维持黄河下游平滩流量为4000m3/s的塑槽输沙需水量区间。
Combining the basic theory and measured data analysis, studies are carried out on the adjustment of bankfull discharge (BD) responsing to the variation of incoming flow and sediment conditions (FSC) of Yellow River (YR). FSC to maintain an aimed value of BD are proposed. This study reveals the trends of fluvial river processes and provides a reference for river training in a better way.
Three alluvial reaches of Yellow River basin, e.g. the Inner Mongolia reach, the lower YR, and the lower Wei River the biggest tributary of YR, are selected as samples to analyze the variations of flow, sediment and the characteristics of river channel morphologies in recent 5 decades. It presents visibly decrease of runoff and sediment load in the YR basin that led to a continuous shrinking of main channel, declining of BD, and degrading of capacity for flood conveyance and sediment transport.
According to the 1-D equation of bed deformation and non-equilibrium sediment transport, a basic equation for the delayed response model for alluvial river is deduced. Besides, the model is further improved in the framework and its parameter determinations: as 1) Reapportioning the effect weights of FSC of previous years with a more reasonable distribution; 2) Introducing a variableβinstead of constant to reflect the different rate of channel adjustment for different years; 3) Considering the FSC of both flood and dry season; 4) Taking account the effect of flow process in to the BD. Methods of BD calculation for selected river reaches are provided based on the modified model. Tests against measured data indicate that the modified model can accurately describe the adjustment of BD.
Result of analysis reveals that the adjustment of BD is affected by the FSC of present year and that of earlier years as well. However, the length of years should vary from case to case. It is equal to the time period of BD adjustment, on the base of the adjustment process of BD and relationship between“accumulated effects”and“delay response”. Studies show that the annual sediment concentration of flood season plays an important role in determining the time period in the YR basin.
The energy dissipation mechanism of sediment-laden flow and the energy allocation for both channel forming and sediment transport (CFST) is studied, and method for the calculation of water demands for CFST is developed based on the energy balance principle. Furthermore, a method for the calculation of water demand for CFST for the whole lower YR course is proposed by utilizing the FSC at San-Hei-Xiao as the input variables. As an example, the range of water demands for the forming and maintenance of BD of 4000m3/s is provided.
引文
[1]钱宁,张仁,周志德.河床演变学.北京:科学出版社, 1987.
[2]邵学军,王兴奎.河流动力学概论[M].北京:清华大学出版社, 2005.
[3] Leopold, L. B. and Maddock, T. The hydraulic geometry of stream channels and some physiographic implications. United States geological survey professional paper, 1953, pp57.
[4] Knighton D. Fluvial forms and processes. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York. 1996.
[5]韩巧兰,余欣,杨明,王艳平,王敏.维持黄河下游河槽排洪输沙能力方案分析.人民黄河,2007,29(11):27-28.
[6]曲少军,申冠卿,魏向阳,何红生.黄河下游河道排洪能力分析.人民黄河,2000,22(11):3-4.
[7]姚文艺,苏运启,李勇.黄河下游排洪输沙基本功能的影响因素及判别指标.泥沙研究,2009,(1):1-9.
[8]许炯心.黄河下游洪水的输沙效率及其与水沙组合和河床形态的关系.泥沙研究,2009,(4):45-50.
[9] Nolan, K. M., Lisle, T.E., Kelsey H M. Bankfull discharge and sediment transport in northwestern California. IAHS Publish, 1987.
[10] Niezgoda S. L., West T. S. Stream restoration design discharge for snowmelt dominated streams. World Environmental and Water Resources Congress, Tampa, 2007, (6): 1-10.
[11]张国爽.河道治理规划设计中造床流量的探讨及应用.甘肃水利水电技术,2009,45(11):24-26.
[12]伍悦滨,贾艳红,范宝山.松花江中下游造床流量分析.哈尔滨工业大学学报,2008,40(6):880-883.
[13]吉祖稳,胡春宏,阎颐,牛建新.多沙河流造床流量研究.水科学进展,1994,5(3): 229-234.
[14] Andrews, E. D. Bed material entrainment and hydraulic geometry of gravel-bed rivers in Colorado. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 1984, 95(3): 371-378.
[15] Douglas, F.S., Ronald R.C., Peter, C.K., Martin W.D., Andrew S. Design for Stream Restoration. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 2003, 129(8): 575-584.
[16] Martin, W. D., Doug, S., Karin, F.B., Peter, B., Skidmore D D. Channel-Forming Discharge Selection in River Restoration Design. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 2007, 133(7): 831-837.
[17] Clar M. L., Smith C. Using field bankfull measurements to calibrate hydrologic models.Proceedings of Protection and Restoration of Urban and Rural Streams Symposium, Philadelphia, 2003, 316-328.
[18]刘雅香,耿金荣,徐恒.何家沟东沟河道近自然形态设计的研究.黑龙江水利科技,2009,37(3):43-44.
[19]李士森,彭晓东,张晓旭.何家沟干沟河道近自然形态设计的研究.黑龙江水利科技,2009,37(4):197-198.
[20] Endreny T., Collins V., Leopold D. Assessing Geomorphic, Ecological and Social Benefits of Bankfull Flow in Onondaga Creek’s Urban Channel. Proceedings of the 2005 Watershed Management Conference, Williamsburg, 2005.
[21] Harvey M. D., Mussetter R. A. Difficulties of Identifying Design Discharges in Steep, Coarse-Grained Channels in the Arid Southwestern US. Alaska: 1-12, 2005.
[22]李国英.维持黄河健康生命.郑州:黄河水利出版社,2005.
[23]李国英.黄河治理的终极目标是“维持黄河健康生命”.人民黄河,2004,26(1):1-2.
[24]刘晓燕,孙扬波.黄河健康生命初探.自然资源学报,2005,20(1):113-118.
[25]刘晓燕,张建中,张原锋.黄河健康生命的指标体系.地理学报,2006,61(5):451-460.
[26]刘晓燕.构建黄河健康生命的指标体系.中国水利,2005,(21):28-32.
[27]陈建国,胡春宏,戴清.渭河下游近期河道萎缩特点及治理对策.泥沙研究,2002,(6):41-52.
[28]吴保生,褚明华,府仁寿.美国科罗拉多河水沙变化分析.应用基础与工程科学学报, 2006,14(3):427-434.
[29]齐梅兰,戴会超.嘉陵江流域水沙变化趋势及其对长江宜昌站的影响.水利水电技术,2005,36(6):25-27.
[30]吴保生,傅旭东,梁金,姜立伟,府仁寿.国外典型河流水沙变化趋势的研究.“全球江河水沙变化与水利枢纽建设对河流健康的影响”项目报告,北京:清华大学水利水电工程系,2007.
[31] Goodwin P. Analytical Solutions for Estimating Effective Discharge. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 2004, 130(8): 729-738.
[32]张川.水沙变异条件下黄河下游输沙规律[工学硕士学位论文].北京:清华大学,2006.
[33]杨益.黄河下游河道排沙输沙能力的变化规律[工学硕士学位论文].北京:清华大学,2006.
[34]李国英.深入开展黄河重大问题研究.人民黄河,2002,24(12):1-2.
[35]水利部黄河水利委员会.黄河调水调沙实验.郑州:黄河水利出版社,2008.
[36]焦恩泽,缪凤举,林秀芝.水库调水调沙.郑州:黄河水利出版社,2008.
[37]韩其为.论黄河调水调沙.天津大学学报,2008,41(9):1015-1026.
[38]尚红霞,申冠卿,黎桂喜.小浪底水库拦沙初期黄河下游冲淤效果分析.人民黄河,2008,30(11):24-25.
[39]李书霞,张俊华,陈书奎,石标钦,蒋思奇.小浪底水库运用情况分析.人民黄河,2007,29(7):17-19.
[40]安新代.黄河水资源管理调度现状与展望.中国水利,2007,(13):16-19.
[41] Wu BS, Wang GQ, Xia JQ, Fu XD, Zhang YF. Response of bankfull discharge to discharge and sediment load in the Lower Yellow River, Geomorphology, 2008, 100(3-4): 366~376.
[42]孙赞盈,路金镶,曲少军,李勇,魏向阳.黄河下游河道大断面平滩流量推算新方法.人民黄河,2007,29(2):22-23.
[43]夏军强,吴保生,李文文.黄河下游平滩流量不同确定方法的比较.泥沙研究,2009,(3):20-29.
[44] Biedenharn D. S., Thorne C. R., Soar P.J., Hey R.D., Watsons C. C. Effective discharge calculation guide. International Journal of Sediment Research, 2001, 16(4): 445-459.
[45] Benson, M. A., Thomas. D. M. A definition of dominant discharge. Bulletin of the International Association of Scientific Hydrology, 1966, Vol. XI, pp. 76-80.
[46] Westergard, B.E., Mulvihill, C.I., Ernst, A.G., Baldigo B P. Regionalized equations for bankfull discharge and channel characteristics of streams in New York State: Hydrologic Region 5 in Central New York: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigation Report 2004-5247, Reston, Virginia. 2005.
[47] McCandless T. L. Maryland stream survey: bankfull discharge and channel characteristics of streams in the allegheny plateau and the valley and ridge hydrologic regions. Maryland State Highway Administration and U.S. Geological Survey Report, Annapolis, Maryland. 2003.
[48] Messinger T., Wiley J. B. Regional Relations in Bankfull Channel Characteristics Determined from Flow Measurements at Selected Stream-Gauging Stations in West Virginia, 1911–2002: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 03-4276, Reston, Virginia. 2004.
[49] Williams G. P. Bankfull discharge of rivers. Water Resources Research, 1978, 14(6): 1141-1154.
[50] Bjerklie D. M. Estimating the bankfull velocity and discharge for rivers using remotely sensed river morphology information. Journal of Hydrology, 2007, 341(3-4): 144-155.
[51] Lawlor S. M. Determination of channel-morphology characteristics, bankfull discharge, and various design-peak discharges in western montana. U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5263, Reston, Virginia. 2004.
[52] Jan H. Prediction of alluvial channel pattern of perennial rivers. Geomorphology, 1995, 12: 259 279.
[53] Andrews E. D. Effective and Bankfull Discharges of Streams in the Yampa River Basin, Colorado and Wyoming. Journal of Hydrology, 1980, 46(3-4): 311-330.
[54]石伟,王光谦.基于非线性动力系统观点估算平滩流量.清华大学学报(自然科学版),2003,43(11):1563-1566.
[55]林秀芝,田勇,伊晓燕,苏运启.渭河下游平滩流量变化对来水来沙的响应.泥沙研究,2005,(5):1-4.
[56]胡春宏,陈建国,刘大滨,董占地.水沙变异条件下黄河下游河道横断面形态特征研究.水利学报,2006,37(11):1283-1289.
[57]陈建国,胡春宏,董占地,刘大滨.黄河下游河道平滩流量与造床流量的变化过程研究.泥沙研究,2006,(5):10-16.
[58]陈绪坚,韩其为,方春明.黄河下游造床流量的变化及其对河槽的影响.水利学报,2007,38(1)15-22.
[59]张国罡.三门峡水库出库水沙过程变化及下游河道的响应[工学硕士学位论文].北京:中国水利水电科学研究院,2008.
[60]钱意颖,吴知,米粹侠.关于在多少河流上修建水库保持有效库容的初步分析.水库泥沙报告汇编,黄河水库泥沙观测研究成果交流会,1972.
[61]钱意颖,程秀文,付崇进,陈世丹.多沙河流上修建水库水沙调节指标的研究.北京:黄河科学研究所,1989.
[62]牛占,田水利,王丙轩,拓自亮. 1977-1996年黄河下游水文断面反映的河床演变.泥沙研究,2000,(3):21-29.
[63]胡春宏,张治昊.黄河口尾闾河道平滩流量与水沙过程响应关系.水科学进展,2009,20(2):209-214.
[64]张敏,王卫红,侯志军,左为广,杨玲丁.渭河下游河道横断面调整特点及机理探讨.人民黄河,2007,29(2):33-34.
[65]马雪妍.渭河下游平滩流量与水沙条件响应关系研究.水资源与水工程学报,2006,17(3):79-82.
[66]吴保生,夏军强,张原锋.黄河下游平滩流量对来水来沙变化的响应.水利学报,2007,38(7):886-892.
[67]吴保生,张原锋,夏军强.黄河下游高村站平滩面积变化分析.泥沙研究,2008,(2):34-40.
[68]吴保生,游涛.水库泥沙淤积滞后响应的理论模型.水利学报,2008,39(5):627-632.
[69]吴保生.冲积河流河床演变的滞后响应模型-I模型建立.泥沙研究,2008,(6):1-7.
[70]吴保生.冲积河流河床演变的滞后响应模型-II模型应用.泥沙研究,2008,(6):30-37.
[71]吴保生.冲积河流平滩流量的滞后响应模型.水利学报,2008,39(6):680-687.
[72] Wu BS, Xia JQ, Fu XD, Zhang YF, Wang GQ. Effect of altered flow regime on bankfullarea of the Lower Yellow River, China. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 2008, 33(10): 1585-1601.
[73]黄河水利委员会黄河志总编辑室.黄河流域综述(《黄河志》卷二).郑州:河南人民出版社,1998.
[74]侯素珍,常温花,王平,楚卫斌.黄河内蒙古段河道萎缩特征及成因.人民黄河,2007,29(1):25-26.
[75]王开荣,茹玉英,王恺忱.黄河口研究及治理.郑州:黄河水利出版社,2007,123-124.
[76]中国科学院地理研究所渭河组.渭河下游河流地貌.北京:科学出版社,1983.
[77]张根广,赵克玉,杨红梅,朱玉英,南晓红.渭河下游河床演变特征及其淤积上延分析.西北水资源与水工程,2003,14(3):35-38.
[78]韩峰,郑艳芬,乔金龙,王西超.渭河华县水文站漫滩洪水特性探讨.黄河水利职业技术学院学报,2001,13(2):14-17.
[79]方红卫,王光谦.一维全沙泥沙输移数学模型及其应用.应用基础与工程科学学报,2000,8(2):154-164.
[80]韩其为.非均匀悬移质不平衡输沙的研究.科学通报,1979,(17):804-808.
[81]韩其为.水库淤积.北京:科学出版社,2003,47～48.
[82]吴保生,申冠卿.来沙系数物理意义的探讨.人民黄河,2008,30(4):15-16.
[83] Wu BS, Wang GQ, Xia JQ. Case Study: Delayed Sedimentation Response to Inflow and Operations at Sanmenxia Dam. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 2007, 133(5): 482-494.
[84] Wang ZY, Wu BS, Wang GQ. Fluvial processes and morphological response in the Yellow and Weihe Rivers to closure and operation of Sanmenxia Dam. Geomorphology, 2007, 91(1-2): 65-79.
[85]吴保生,张原锋,申冠卿,等.维持黄河下游主槽不萎缩的水沙条件研究.国家“十一五”科技支撑计划项目“黄河健康修复关键技术研究”之课题四,2009.
[86]钱云平,蒋秀华,金双彦,张培德.黄河中游黄土高原区河川基流特点及变化分析.地球科学与环境学报,2004,26(2):88-91.
[87]信忠保,许炯心,余新晓.近50年黄土高原水土流失的时空变化.生态学报,2009,29(3):1129-1139.
[88]夏军强,吴保生,王艳平,赵寿刚.黄河下游游荡段滩岸土体组成及力学特性分析.科学通报,2007,52(23):2806-2812.
[89]王兆印,吴保生,李昌志.对渭河下游是否已经达到冲淤平衡的分析.人民黄河,2004,26(4):16-18.
[90]梁志勇,杨丽丰,冯普林.黄河下游平滩河槽形态与水沙搭配之关系.水力发电学报,2005,24(6):68-72.
[91] Hooke J.M. River channel adjustment to meander cutoffs on the River Bollin and RiverDane, northwest England. Geomorphology, 1995, 14(3), 235-253.
[92] Kasaia M., Marutanib T., Brierleya G. Channel bed adjustments following major aggradation in a steep headwater setting: findings from Oyabu Creek, Kyushu, Japan. Geomorphology, 2004, 62(3-4), 199-215.
[93] Surian N., Rinaldi M. Morphological response to river engineering and management in alluvial channels in Italy. Geomorphology, 2003, 50(4), 307-326.
[94] Rinaldi M., Simon A. Bed-level adjustments in the Arno River, central Italy. Geomorphology, 1998, 22(1), 57-71.
[95]王兴奎,邵学军,李丹勋.河流动力学基础.北京:中国水利水电出版社,2002.
[96]黄才安,杨志达.泥沙输移与水流强度指标.水利学报,2003,(6):1-7.
[97]岳德军,侯素珍,赵业安,潘贤娣.黄河下游输沙水量研究.人民黄河,1996,(8):32-33.
[98]严军,胡春宏.黄河下游河道输沙水量的计算方法及应用.泥沙研究,2004,(4):25-32.
[99]石伟,王光谦.黄河下游最经济输沙水量及其估算.泥沙研究,2003,(5):32-36.
[100]刘小勇,李天宏,赵业安,金玲,倪晋仁.黄河下游河道输沙用水量研究.应用基础与工程科学学报,2002,10(3):253-262.
[101]严军,申红彬,王俊,王飞,高胜杰.用泥沙输移公式推求黄河下游河道输沙水量.人民黄河,2009,31(2):25-26.
[102]吴保生,张原锋.黄河下游输沙量的沿程变化规律和计算方法.泥沙研究,2007,(1):30-35.
[103] Fu XD, Jiang LW, Wu BS, Wang GQ, Hu CH. Quantifying Channel Maintenance In-stream Flows for the Lower Yellow River: An Optimization-Based Approach. 33rd IAHR Congress, Canada, 2009, 3266-3281.
[104]姜立伟.黄河下游汛期输沙需水量[工学硕士学位论文].北京:清华大学水利水电工程系,2009.
[105]杨丽丰,王煜,陈雄波,张厚军.渭河下游输沙用水量研究.泥沙研究,2007,(3):24-29.
[106]林秀芝,姜乃迁,粱志勇,岳德军.渭河下游输沙用水量研究.郑州:黄河水利出版社,2005.
[107]刘晓燕,申冠卿,李小平,张原锋.维持黄河下游主槽平滩流量4000m3/s所需水量.水利学报,2007,38(9):1140-1144.
[108]张原锋,申冠卿.黄河下游维持主槽不萎缩的输沙需水研究.泥沙研究,2009,(3):8-12.
[109]钱宁,万兆惠.泥沙运动力学.北京:科学出版社,2003,pp192.
[110]刘晓燕,张原锋,侯素珍.黄河冲积性河段洪水塑槽机理初步研究.人民黄河,2006,28(4):13-15.
[111]刘晓燕,张原峰.健康黄河的内涵及其指标.水利学报,2006,37(6):649-654.
[112]刘晓燕,李小平,张原锋,张晓华,吴保生.黄河下游主槽恢复目标研究.泥沙研究,2009,(2):1-7.
[2]邵学军,王兴奎.河流动力学概论[M].北京:清华大学出版社, 2005.
[3] Leopold, L. B. and Maddock, T. The hydraulic geometry of stream channels and some physiographic implications. United States geological survey professional paper, 1953, pp57.
[4] Knighton D. Fluvial forms and processes. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York. 1996.
[5]韩巧兰,余欣,杨明,王艳平,王敏.维持黄河下游河槽排洪输沙能力方案分析.人民黄河,2007,29(11):27-28.
[6]曲少军,申冠卿,魏向阳,何红生.黄河下游河道排洪能力分析.人民黄河,2000,22(11):3-4.
[7]姚文艺,苏运启,李勇.黄河下游排洪输沙基本功能的影响因素及判别指标.泥沙研究,2009,(1):1-9.
[8]许炯心.黄河下游洪水的输沙效率及其与水沙组合和河床形态的关系.泥沙研究,2009,(4):45-50.
[9] Nolan, K. M., Lisle, T.E., Kelsey H M. Bankfull discharge and sediment transport in northwestern California. IAHS Publish, 1987.
[10] Niezgoda S. L., West T. S. Stream restoration design discharge for snowmelt dominated streams. World Environmental and Water Resources Congress, Tampa, 2007, (6): 1-10.
[11]张国爽.河道治理规划设计中造床流量的探讨及应用.甘肃水利水电技术,2009,45(11):24-26.
[12]伍悦滨,贾艳红,范宝山.松花江中下游造床流量分析.哈尔滨工业大学学报,2008,40(6):880-883.
[13]吉祖稳,胡春宏,阎颐,牛建新.多沙河流造床流量研究.水科学进展,1994,5(3): 229-234.
[14] Andrews, E. D. Bed material entrainment and hydraulic geometry of gravel-bed rivers in Colorado. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 1984, 95(3): 371-378.
[15] Douglas, F.S., Ronald R.C., Peter, C.K., Martin W.D., Andrew S. Design for Stream Restoration. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 2003, 129(8): 575-584.
[16] Martin, W. D., Doug, S., Karin, F.B., Peter, B., Skidmore D D. Channel-Forming Discharge Selection in River Restoration Design. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 2007, 133(7): 831-837.
[17] Clar M. L., Smith C. Using field bankfull measurements to calibrate hydrologic models.Proceedings of Protection and Restoration of Urban and Rural Streams Symposium, Philadelphia, 2003, 316-328.
[18]刘雅香,耿金荣,徐恒.何家沟东沟河道近自然形态设计的研究.黑龙江水利科技,2009,37(3):43-44.
[19]李士森,彭晓东,张晓旭.何家沟干沟河道近自然形态设计的研究.黑龙江水利科技,2009,37(4):197-198.
[20] Endreny T., Collins V., Leopold D. Assessing Geomorphic, Ecological and Social Benefits of Bankfull Flow in Onondaga Creek’s Urban Channel. Proceedings of the 2005 Watershed Management Conference, Williamsburg, 2005.
[21] Harvey M. D., Mussetter R. A. Difficulties of Identifying Design Discharges in Steep, Coarse-Grained Channels in the Arid Southwestern US. Alaska: 1-12, 2005.
[22]李国英.维持黄河健康生命.郑州:黄河水利出版社,2005.
[23]李国英.黄河治理的终极目标是“维持黄河健康生命”.人民黄河,2004,26(1):1-2.
[24]刘晓燕,孙扬波.黄河健康生命初探.自然资源学报,2005,20(1):113-118.
[25]刘晓燕,张建中,张原锋.黄河健康生命的指标体系.地理学报,2006,61(5):451-460.
[26]刘晓燕.构建黄河健康生命的指标体系.中国水利,2005,(21):28-32.
[27]陈建国,胡春宏,戴清.渭河下游近期河道萎缩特点及治理对策.泥沙研究,2002,(6):41-52.
[28]吴保生,褚明华,府仁寿.美国科罗拉多河水沙变化分析.应用基础与工程科学学报, 2006,14(3):427-434.
[29]齐梅兰,戴会超.嘉陵江流域水沙变化趋势及其对长江宜昌站的影响.水利水电技术,2005,36(6):25-27.
[30]吴保生,傅旭东,梁金,姜立伟,府仁寿.国外典型河流水沙变化趋势的研究.“全球江河水沙变化与水利枢纽建设对河流健康的影响”项目报告,北京:清华大学水利水电工程系,2007.
[31] Goodwin P. Analytical Solutions for Estimating Effective Discharge. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 2004, 130(8): 729-738.
[32]张川.水沙变异条件下黄河下游输沙规律[工学硕士学位论文].北京:清华大学,2006.
[33]杨益.黄河下游河道排沙输沙能力的变化规律[工学硕士学位论文].北京:清华大学,2006.
[34]李国英.深入开展黄河重大问题研究.人民黄河,2002,24(12):1-2.
[35]水利部黄河水利委员会.黄河调水调沙实验.郑州:黄河水利出版社,2008.
[36]焦恩泽,缪凤举,林秀芝.水库调水调沙.郑州:黄河水利出版社,2008.
[37]韩其为.论黄河调水调沙.天津大学学报,2008,41(9):1015-1026.
[38]尚红霞,申冠卿,黎桂喜.小浪底水库拦沙初期黄河下游冲淤效果分析.人民黄河,2008,30(11):24-25.
[39]李书霞,张俊华,陈书奎,石标钦,蒋思奇.小浪底水库运用情况分析.人民黄河,2007,29(7):17-19.
[40]安新代.黄河水资源管理调度现状与展望.中国水利,2007,(13):16-19.
[41] Wu BS, Wang GQ, Xia JQ, Fu XD, Zhang YF. Response of bankfull discharge to discharge and sediment load in the Lower Yellow River, Geomorphology, 2008, 100(3-4): 366~376.
[42]孙赞盈,路金镶,曲少军,李勇,魏向阳.黄河下游河道大断面平滩流量推算新方法.人民黄河,2007,29(2):22-23.
[43]夏军强,吴保生,李文文.黄河下游平滩流量不同确定方法的比较.泥沙研究,2009,(3):20-29.
[44] Biedenharn D. S., Thorne C. R., Soar P.J., Hey R.D., Watsons C. C. Effective discharge calculation guide. International Journal of Sediment Research, 2001, 16(4): 445-459.
[45] Benson, M. A., Thomas. D. M. A definition of dominant discharge. Bulletin of the International Association of Scientific Hydrology, 1966, Vol. XI, pp. 76-80.
[46] Westergard, B.E., Mulvihill, C.I., Ernst, A.G., Baldigo B P. Regionalized equations for bankfull discharge and channel characteristics of streams in New York State: Hydrologic Region 5 in Central New York: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigation Report 2004-5247, Reston, Virginia. 2005.
[47] McCandless T. L. Maryland stream survey: bankfull discharge and channel characteristics of streams in the allegheny plateau and the valley and ridge hydrologic regions. Maryland State Highway Administration and U.S. Geological Survey Report, Annapolis, Maryland. 2003.
[48] Messinger T., Wiley J. B. Regional Relations in Bankfull Channel Characteristics Determined from Flow Measurements at Selected Stream-Gauging Stations in West Virginia, 1911–2002: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 03-4276, Reston, Virginia. 2004.
[49] Williams G. P. Bankfull discharge of rivers. Water Resources Research, 1978, 14(6): 1141-1154.
[50] Bjerklie D. M. Estimating the bankfull velocity and discharge for rivers using remotely sensed river morphology information. Journal of Hydrology, 2007, 341(3-4): 144-155.
[51] Lawlor S. M. Determination of channel-morphology characteristics, bankfull discharge, and various design-peak discharges in western montana. U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5263, Reston, Virginia. 2004.
[52] Jan H. Prediction of alluvial channel pattern of perennial rivers. Geomorphology, 1995, 12: 259 279.
[53] Andrews E. D. Effective and Bankfull Discharges of Streams in the Yampa River Basin, Colorado and Wyoming. Journal of Hydrology, 1980, 46(3-4): 311-330.
[54]石伟,王光谦.基于非线性动力系统观点估算平滩流量.清华大学学报(自然科学版),2003,43(11):1563-1566.
[55]林秀芝,田勇,伊晓燕,苏运启.渭河下游平滩流量变化对来水来沙的响应.泥沙研究,2005,(5):1-4.
[56]胡春宏,陈建国,刘大滨,董占地.水沙变异条件下黄河下游河道横断面形态特征研究.水利学报,2006,37(11):1283-1289.
[57]陈建国,胡春宏,董占地,刘大滨.黄河下游河道平滩流量与造床流量的变化过程研究.泥沙研究,2006,(5):10-16.
[58]陈绪坚,韩其为,方春明.黄河下游造床流量的变化及其对河槽的影响.水利学报,2007,38(1)15-22.
[59]张国罡.三门峡水库出库水沙过程变化及下游河道的响应[工学硕士学位论文].北京:中国水利水电科学研究院,2008.
[60]钱意颖,吴知,米粹侠.关于在多少河流上修建水库保持有效库容的初步分析.水库泥沙报告汇编,黄河水库泥沙观测研究成果交流会,1972.
[61]钱意颖,程秀文,付崇进,陈世丹.多沙河流上修建水库水沙调节指标的研究.北京:黄河科学研究所,1989.
[62]牛占,田水利,王丙轩,拓自亮. 1977-1996年黄河下游水文断面反映的河床演变.泥沙研究,2000,(3):21-29.
[63]胡春宏,张治昊.黄河口尾闾河道平滩流量与水沙过程响应关系.水科学进展,2009,20(2):209-214.
[64]张敏,王卫红,侯志军,左为广,杨玲丁.渭河下游河道横断面调整特点及机理探讨.人民黄河,2007,29(2):33-34.
[65]马雪妍.渭河下游平滩流量与水沙条件响应关系研究.水资源与水工程学报,2006,17(3):79-82.
[66]吴保生,夏军强,张原锋.黄河下游平滩流量对来水来沙变化的响应.水利学报,2007,38(7):886-892.
[67]吴保生,张原锋,夏军强.黄河下游高村站平滩面积变化分析.泥沙研究,2008,(2):34-40.
[68]吴保生,游涛.水库泥沙淤积滞后响应的理论模型.水利学报,2008,39(5):627-632.
[69]吴保生.冲积河流河床演变的滞后响应模型-I模型建立.泥沙研究,2008,(6):1-7.
[70]吴保生.冲积河流河床演变的滞后响应模型-II模型应用.泥沙研究,2008,(6):30-37.
[71]吴保生.冲积河流平滩流量的滞后响应模型.水利学报,2008,39(6):680-687.
[72] Wu BS, Xia JQ, Fu XD, Zhang YF, Wang GQ. Effect of altered flow regime on bankfullarea of the Lower Yellow River, China. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 2008, 33(10): 1585-1601.
[73]黄河水利委员会黄河志总编辑室.黄河流域综述(《黄河志》卷二).郑州:河南人民出版社,1998.
[74]侯素珍,常温花,王平,楚卫斌.黄河内蒙古段河道萎缩特征及成因.人民黄河,2007,29(1):25-26.
[75]王开荣,茹玉英,王恺忱.黄河口研究及治理.郑州:黄河水利出版社,2007,123-124.
[76]中国科学院地理研究所渭河组.渭河下游河流地貌.北京:科学出版社,1983.
[77]张根广,赵克玉,杨红梅,朱玉英,南晓红.渭河下游河床演变特征及其淤积上延分析.西北水资源与水工程,2003,14(3):35-38.
[78]韩峰,郑艳芬,乔金龙,王西超.渭河华县水文站漫滩洪水特性探讨.黄河水利职业技术学院学报,2001,13(2):14-17.
[79]方红卫,王光谦.一维全沙泥沙输移数学模型及其应用.应用基础与工程科学学报,2000,8(2):154-164.
[80]韩其为.非均匀悬移质不平衡输沙的研究.科学通报,1979,(17):804-808.
[81]韩其为.水库淤积.北京:科学出版社,2003,47～48.
[82]吴保生,申冠卿.来沙系数物理意义的探讨.人民黄河,2008,30(4):15-16.
[83] Wu BS, Wang GQ, Xia JQ. Case Study: Delayed Sedimentation Response to Inflow and Operations at Sanmenxia Dam. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 2007, 133(5): 482-494.
[84] Wang ZY, Wu BS, Wang GQ. Fluvial processes and morphological response in the Yellow and Weihe Rivers to closure and operation of Sanmenxia Dam. Geomorphology, 2007, 91(1-2): 65-79.
[85]吴保生,张原锋,申冠卿,等.维持黄河下游主槽不萎缩的水沙条件研究.国家“十一五”科技支撑计划项目“黄河健康修复关键技术研究”之课题四,2009.
[86]钱云平,蒋秀华,金双彦,张培德.黄河中游黄土高原区河川基流特点及变化分析.地球科学与环境学报,2004,26(2):88-91.
[87]信忠保,许炯心,余新晓.近50年黄土高原水土流失的时空变化.生态学报,2009,29(3):1129-1139.
[88]夏军强,吴保生,王艳平,赵寿刚.黄河下游游荡段滩岸土体组成及力学特性分析.科学通报,2007,52(23):2806-2812.
[89]王兆印,吴保生,李昌志.对渭河下游是否已经达到冲淤平衡的分析.人民黄河,2004,26(4):16-18.
[90]梁志勇,杨丽丰,冯普林.黄河下游平滩河槽形态与水沙搭配之关系.水力发电学报,2005,24(6):68-72.
[91] Hooke J.M. River channel adjustment to meander cutoffs on the River Bollin and RiverDane, northwest England. Geomorphology, 1995, 14(3), 235-253.
[92] Kasaia M., Marutanib T., Brierleya G. Channel bed adjustments following major aggradation in a steep headwater setting: findings from Oyabu Creek, Kyushu, Japan. Geomorphology, 2004, 62(3-4), 199-215.
[93] Surian N., Rinaldi M. Morphological response to river engineering and management in alluvial channels in Italy. Geomorphology, 2003, 50(4), 307-326.
[94] Rinaldi M., Simon A. Bed-level adjustments in the Arno River, central Italy. Geomorphology, 1998, 22(1), 57-71.
[95]王兴奎,邵学军,李丹勋.河流动力学基础.北京:中国水利水电出版社,2002.
[96]黄才安,杨志达.泥沙输移与水流强度指标.水利学报,2003,(6):1-7.
[97]岳德军,侯素珍,赵业安,潘贤娣.黄河下游输沙水量研究.人民黄河,1996,(8):32-33.
[98]严军,胡春宏.黄河下游河道输沙水量的计算方法及应用.泥沙研究,2004,(4):25-32.
[99]石伟,王光谦.黄河下游最经济输沙水量及其估算.泥沙研究,2003,(5):32-36.
[100]刘小勇,李天宏,赵业安,金玲,倪晋仁.黄河下游河道输沙用水量研究.应用基础与工程科学学报,2002,10(3):253-262.
[101]严军,申红彬,王俊,王飞,高胜杰.用泥沙输移公式推求黄河下游河道输沙水量.人民黄河,2009,31(2):25-26.
[102]吴保生,张原锋.黄河下游输沙量的沿程变化规律和计算方法.泥沙研究,2007,(1):30-35.
[103] Fu XD, Jiang LW, Wu BS, Wang GQ, Hu CH. Quantifying Channel Maintenance In-stream Flows for the Lower Yellow River: An Optimization-Based Approach. 33rd IAHR Congress, Canada, 2009, 3266-3281.
[104]姜立伟.黄河下游汛期输沙需水量[工学硕士学位论文].北京:清华大学水利水电工程系,2009.
[105]杨丽丰,王煜,陈雄波,张厚军.渭河下游输沙用水量研究.泥沙研究,2007,(3):24-29.
[106]林秀芝,姜乃迁,粱志勇,岳德军.渭河下游输沙用水量研究.郑州:黄河水利出版社,2005.
[107]刘晓燕,申冠卿,李小平,张原锋.维持黄河下游主槽平滩流量4000m3/s所需水量.水利学报,2007,38(9):1140-1144.
[108]张原锋,申冠卿.黄河下游维持主槽不萎缩的输沙需水研究.泥沙研究,2009,(3):8-12.
[109]钱宁,万兆惠.泥沙运动力学.北京:科学出版社,2003,pp192.
[110]刘晓燕,张原锋,侯素珍.黄河冲积性河段洪水塑槽机理初步研究.人民黄河,2006,28(4):13-15.
[111]刘晓燕,张原峰.健康黄河的内涵及其指标.水利学报,2006,37(6):649-654.
[112]刘晓燕,李小平,张原锋,张晓华,吴保生.黄河下游主槽恢复目标研究.泥沙研究,2009,(2):1-7.