新型中部通孔动节流流量计及其实验研究
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摘要
我国能源利用率低,节能潜力巨大,流量计量在节能研究中发挥着重要作用,这为研究新的测量方法、开发新的测量仪表提供了动力,而目前我国的供热系统由于多种原因导致水处理环节薄弱,水质比较差,极易造成分户计量供热系统中所使用的户用型热量表内的流量计被堵塞。本文针对目前国内供热系统中流量计存在的问题,本文设计提出了一种新型流量测量装置,来满足分户计量供热系统中户用型热量表对流量检测的要求。新型流量计主要适用于户用供暖管道的小管径测量中,具备不易堵塞,结构简单且价格较低等特点。
本文在分析对比几类节流原理制成的流量计特点的基础上,根据现有差压式流量计的系统组成提出了新型流量计的技术方案,新方案中节流元件采用中部通孔的动节流元件,此创新性构想还未见在以前的流量测量中使用过。
根据提出的总体设计方案,阐述了仪器的工作过程和测量原理,根据伯努利方程对动节流元件所受推力与被测流量之间的关系进行了理论分析。在此基础上,对流量计核心部件,即动节流元件文丘里管进行了详细设计计算,同时详细说明了弹性密封环带,力转换机构,平衡室等部分的组成及功能原理,对个别重要构件进行了设计校核,完成了对流量计的三维建模和对文丘里管的速度场分析。
通过对常见的流量校验方法的对比分析,根据静态容积法的原理设计出新型流量校验装置,说明了其工作过程,提出了二进制标准定量水箱的新构想,并对装置中上下位溢流水箱、水槽、试验管段等主要部件进行了原理功能分析及设计计算。在新型流量计样机加工完成后,利用新型校验装置对样机进行了实验,根据得到的实验数据,得出了流量值与系统的静压头损失、动压头、流量计输出的应变值的关系,并运用误差分析原理,分析了流量计的误差,确定了样机的静态特性。
本次设计的新系统基本上满足了当初的设计初衷,通过实验论证了动节流元件流量计的可行性,并积累了一定的实验经验,但在实验操作和数据分析过程中也发现了一些问题,本文针对这些问题,提出了对流量计和校验装置的改进意见。
Because of the low energy efficiency and tremendous energy saving potential of our country, flow measurement plays an impartment part in the research of energy conservation, which promotes the research of new measuring methods and new measuring instruments. At present, with multiple reasons, water treatment of our heating system is very weak with the result of bad water quality, which can easily lead to the blocking of flowmeter in household-type calorimeter used in individual metered heating system. In allusion to the existing problem of flowmeter in our heating system, this paper suggests to design some new kind of flow measuring device to satisfy the flow testing requirements of household-type calorimeter used in individual metered heating system, which is not easy to be blocked, simply structured ,moderately priced, and so will be suitable for the measurement in small diameter.
Based on the analysis of differential pressure flowmeter’s principle, this paper compares the characteristic of different flowmeters made according to the throttling principle and comes up with the technology solution of the new flowmeter. In the new solution, dynamic throttling component with a central through-hole is adopted, which is innovative and hasn’t been seen before in flow measurement.
According to the proposed overall designing plan,this paper introduced the working process and measurement principle of the instrument, and also theoretically analyzed the measuring principle. Based on this, the paper focuses on the core components, that is the dynamic throttling component -venturi tube of design calculation, and introduced important components and their functions principle, such as the elastic sealing ring belt, force conversion institutions, balance room etc. By using solidworks software, the paper conducted three-dimensional modeling of new flowmeter and analysis the velocity field in venture tube.
Through the comparative analysis of common flow calibration methods, static volumetric method is adopted in the design of the new flow calibration device .The working process is described and new idea of binary quantitative water tank is put forward. Also it gave principle analysis and design calculation to the main parts like upper and lower spill box of the device and testing section.
After the completion of a prototype flowmeter, calibration experiments of the new flowmeter are conducted using new calibration devices. According to the experimental data, it analyzed the relation between different flow values and system pressure head loss also the strain value of flowmeter output. Meanwhile, the measurement accuracy of the new flowmeter is obtained using the error analysis principle. The design of the new system basically meets the original intention. This paper demonstrates the feasibility of dynamic throttling components flowmeter with experience accumulated. But some prombles are found in the process of experiments and data analysis, and this paper gives some suggestions to the improvements of the flowmeter and calibration device against these promebles.
本文在分析对比几类节流原理制成的流量计特点的基础上,根据现有差压式流量计的系统组成提出了新型流量计的技术方案,新方案中节流元件采用中部通孔的动节流元件,此创新性构想还未见在以前的流量测量中使用过。
根据提出的总体设计方案,阐述了仪器的工作过程和测量原理,根据伯努利方程对动节流元件所受推力与被测流量之间的关系进行了理论分析。在此基础上,对流量计核心部件,即动节流元件文丘里管进行了详细设计计算,同时详细说明了弹性密封环带,力转换机构,平衡室等部分的组成及功能原理,对个别重要构件进行了设计校核,完成了对流量计的三维建模和对文丘里管的速度场分析。
通过对常见的流量校验方法的对比分析,根据静态容积法的原理设计出新型流量校验装置,说明了其工作过程,提出了二进制标准定量水箱的新构想,并对装置中上下位溢流水箱、水槽、试验管段等主要部件进行了原理功能分析及设计计算。在新型流量计样机加工完成后,利用新型校验装置对样机进行了实验,根据得到的实验数据,得出了流量值与系统的静压头损失、动压头、流量计输出的应变值的关系,并运用误差分析原理,分析了流量计的误差,确定了样机的静态特性。
本次设计的新系统基本上满足了当初的设计初衷,通过实验论证了动节流元件流量计的可行性,并积累了一定的实验经验,但在实验操作和数据分析过程中也发现了一些问题,本文针对这些问题,提出了对流量计和校验装置的改进意见。
Because of the low energy efficiency and tremendous energy saving potential of our country, flow measurement plays an impartment part in the research of energy conservation, which promotes the research of new measuring methods and new measuring instruments. At present, with multiple reasons, water treatment of our heating system is very weak with the result of bad water quality, which can easily lead to the blocking of flowmeter in household-type calorimeter used in individual metered heating system. In allusion to the existing problem of flowmeter in our heating system, this paper suggests to design some new kind of flow measuring device to satisfy the flow testing requirements of household-type calorimeter used in individual metered heating system, which is not easy to be blocked, simply structured ,moderately priced, and so will be suitable for the measurement in small diameter.
Based on the analysis of differential pressure flowmeter’s principle, this paper compares the characteristic of different flowmeters made according to the throttling principle and comes up with the technology solution of the new flowmeter. In the new solution, dynamic throttling component with a central through-hole is adopted, which is innovative and hasn’t been seen before in flow measurement.
According to the proposed overall designing plan,this paper introduced the working process and measurement principle of the instrument, and also theoretically analyzed the measuring principle. Based on this, the paper focuses on the core components, that is the dynamic throttling component -venturi tube of design calculation, and introduced important components and their functions principle, such as the elastic sealing ring belt, force conversion institutions, balance room etc. By using solidworks software, the paper conducted three-dimensional modeling of new flowmeter and analysis the velocity field in venture tube.
Through the comparative analysis of common flow calibration methods, static volumetric method is adopted in the design of the new flow calibration device .The working process is described and new idea of binary quantitative water tank is put forward. Also it gave principle analysis and design calculation to the main parts like upper and lower spill box of the device and testing section.
After the completion of a prototype flowmeter, calibration experiments of the new flowmeter are conducted using new calibration devices. According to the experimental data, it analyzed the relation between different flow values and system pressure head loss also the strain value of flowmeter output. Meanwhile, the measurement accuracy of the new flowmeter is obtained using the error analysis principle. The design of the new system basically meets the original intention. This paper demonstrates the feasibility of dynamic throttling components flowmeter with experience accumulated. But some prombles are found in the process of experiments and data analysis, and this paper gives some suggestions to the improvements of the flowmeter and calibration device against these promebles.
引文
[1]苏彦勋,盛健,梁国伟.流量计量与测试[M].北京:中国计量出版社,1992:25-29.
[2]徐兵徐,张斌,马吉恩.流量计的选用[J].液压气动与密封,2004,(6):157-160.
[3]邝小磊,聂玉强,连之伟.差压式流量计误差产生机理分析及改进[J].工业安全与防尘,2001,(4):24-26.
[4] Johnson Dick. Differential Flowmeter[J]. Control Engineering,2000,47:91-92.
[5]蔡武昌.流量仪表应用和发展若干动态[J].自动化仪表测试,2006,3(7):1-7.
[6]杨小军,陈保东,王剑桥,等.差压流量计的发展和展望[J] .工业计量,2010,(3):27-31.
[7]王建忠,纪纲.节流式差压流量计为何仍有优势[J] .自动化仪表,2006,(7):63-65.
[8]冯宝庭,唐所臣,牛永胜.容积式流量计的选型与应用[J].煤气与热力,2006,(7):8-10.
[9]张斌,徐兵,马吉恩.液压领域中的高精度流量计—容积式流量计[J].液压与气动,2005,(03):55-57.
[10] Pomroy James. Selecting the Right Flow Meter [ J].Chemical Engineering, 1996,(5):31-32.
[11] Stoltenkamp P W,Bergervoet J T M,Willems J F H. Response of Turbine Flow Meters to Acoustic Perturbations[J]. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 2008,315(8):258-278.
[12]罗士宇,陈晶.浅谈我国浮子流量计发展现状[J].中国仪器仪表,2007,(2):26-27.
[13]赵钢,郑世宁.超声波流量计基本原理及应用[J].工业计量,1995,(2)29-30.
[14]王洪涛,刘国卿.电磁流量计的特点及应用[J].黑龙江纺织,2003,(1):27-28.
[15] Nejmark F P,Gurov V V,Reunova O P, et al. Device for Calibration and Test of Electromagnetic Flow Meters[P]. U.S.S.R , SU 1642253. 1991-04-15.
[16]席小红,范勇.质量流量计的特点、选型和应用[J].自动化博览,2005,(3):47-48
[17] Viswanathan M,Development A K. Modeling and Certain Investigation on Thermal Mass Flow Meters[J]. Flow Measurement and Instrument,2002,12(6):353-360.
[18] Martin A,Drahm W,Rieder A. Coriolis Mass Flow Meters:Overview of the Current State of the Art and Latest Research[J]. Flow Measurement and Instrumentation,2006,(1):350-357.
[19] Miau J J , Yeh C F , Hu C C. On Measurement Uncertainty of Vortex Flow meter[J]. Flow Measurement and Instrumetation ,2005 , (16 ):397-404.
[20]吴蕾.旋进旋涡流量计的原理探讨和结构优化[D] .天津:天津大学学位论文,2006:9-19.
[21]王驰宇.射流流量计关键技术研究[D].杭州:浙江大学学位论文,2009:35-51.
[22] Adams M L, Enzelberger M, Quake S, et al. Microfluidic Integration on Detector Arrays for Absorption and Fluorescence Micro Spectrometers [J]. Sens. Actuator. A, 2003, 104(1):25-31.
[23]延柞.国际最新流量仪表及测量方法[J].国外新技术,1994,(5):4-6.
[24] Gajewski J B. Non-contact Electrostatic Flow Probes for Measuringthe Flowrate and Charge in the Two-phase Gas-solid Flows[J]. Chemical Engineering Science, 2006, 61 (7):2262-2270 .
[25] Zhang J Y,Coulthard J. Theoretical and Experimental Studies of the Spatial Sensitivity of an Electrostatic Pulverized Fuel Meter[J]. Journal of Electrostatics, 2005, 63 (12):1133-1149.
[26]黄莹.基于双尺度的单轴陀螺高精度转速测量技术研究[J].国外电子测量技术, 2009, 28( 2):17-19.
[27]刘桂霞,沈兴武.流量测量仪表的应用现状和发展趋势[J].中国化工装备. 2004,(2):22-24.
[28]吴小平.差压流量计发展现状[J].常州工学院学报,2007,(4):49-51
[29]周志华,娄承芝,邢金城,等.计量供热对供热系统的要求[J].煤气与热力,2000,20(5):367-368.
[30] Merkel Tobias,Pagel Lienhard,Glock Hans-Walter. Electric Fields in Fluidic Channels and Sensor Applications with Capacitance[J]. Sensors and Actuators A,2000,80(1):1-7.
[31] Keane R.D, Adrian R..J, Zhang Y. Super-resolution Particle Imaging Velocimetry [J]. Measurement Science and Technology ,1995, (6): 754-768.
[32]夏祁寒.应变片测试原理及在实际工程中的应用[J].山西建筑,2008,(10):99-100.
[33]蒋秀珍.机械学基础[M].北京:科技出版社,2004:420-421.
[34] Y.E.Nahm,H.Ishika. A new 3D-CAD system for set-based parametric[J]. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology,2006,1-2(29):137-150.
[35] John D,Pedro E. Flow Calibration Services at NIST[J]. Flow Measurement and Instrumentation,2000,8(5):27-28.
[36]薛段慧明.液体流量标准装置国家计量检定规程[M].北京:国家质量技术监督局,2000.
[37] Horritt s,Matthew P. Development and testing of a simple 20 finite volume model of such-critical shallow water flow[J]. International Journal for Numerical in Fluids,2004,44(11):1231-1233.
[38]李成富,黄国光.静态容积法水流量标准装置计算机自动监控管理系统[J].工业计量,1999,23(2):22-24.
[39] Espina P,Osella I. An Intelligent Ultrasonic Flowmeter for Improved Flow Measurementand Flow Calibration Facility[C]. Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference,2001,10(3):1741-1746.
[40]汤守先.水塔稳压静态容积式水流量标准装置的设计[J]炼油化工自动化,1900,(1):48-53.
[41]植仲培,田丽亭,凌长明等.一种新型测速管的设计及其标定[J].机床与液压,2003,(6):292-293.
[42] Raju K G R,Porey P D,Asawa G L.Displacement Effect in Pitot tube Measurements in Shear Flaws[J]. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamic,1997,66(1):95-105.
[43] Thomas D. Make the Most of Averaging Pitot tubes[J].Chemical Processing,2005,68(7):33-35.
[44] Etemad S G,Thibault J,Hashemabadi S H. Calculation of the Pitot tube Correction Factor for Newtonian and Non-New-titian F1uids[J] . ISA Transactions,2003,42(4):505-512.
[45] Klopfenstein R. Air Velocity and Flow Measurement Using a Pitot tube[J].ISA Tendons,1998,37(4):257-263.
[46]孙志强,周孑民,张宏建等.皮托管测量影响因素分析II.全压孔与静压孔的影响[J].传感技术学报,2007,20(4):941-944.
[2]徐兵徐,张斌,马吉恩.流量计的选用[J].液压气动与密封,2004,(6):157-160.
[3]邝小磊,聂玉强,连之伟.差压式流量计误差产生机理分析及改进[J].工业安全与防尘,2001,(4):24-26.
[4] Johnson Dick. Differential Flowmeter[J]. Control Engineering,2000,47:91-92.
[5]蔡武昌.流量仪表应用和发展若干动态[J].自动化仪表测试,2006,3(7):1-7.
[6]杨小军,陈保东,王剑桥,等.差压流量计的发展和展望[J] .工业计量,2010,(3):27-31.
[7]王建忠,纪纲.节流式差压流量计为何仍有优势[J] .自动化仪表,2006,(7):63-65.
[8]冯宝庭,唐所臣,牛永胜.容积式流量计的选型与应用[J].煤气与热力,2006,(7):8-10.
[9]张斌,徐兵,马吉恩.液压领域中的高精度流量计—容积式流量计[J].液压与气动,2005,(03):55-57.
[10] Pomroy James. Selecting the Right Flow Meter [ J].Chemical Engineering, 1996,(5):31-32.
[11] Stoltenkamp P W,Bergervoet J T M,Willems J F H. Response of Turbine Flow Meters to Acoustic Perturbations[J]. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 2008,315(8):258-278.
[12]罗士宇,陈晶.浅谈我国浮子流量计发展现状[J].中国仪器仪表,2007,(2):26-27.
[13]赵钢,郑世宁.超声波流量计基本原理及应用[J].工业计量,1995,(2)29-30.
[14]王洪涛,刘国卿.电磁流量计的特点及应用[J].黑龙江纺织,2003,(1):27-28.
[15] Nejmark F P,Gurov V V,Reunova O P, et al. Device for Calibration and Test of Electromagnetic Flow Meters[P]. U.S.S.R , SU 1642253. 1991-04-15.
[16]席小红,范勇.质量流量计的特点、选型和应用[J].自动化博览,2005,(3):47-48
[17] Viswanathan M,Development A K. Modeling and Certain Investigation on Thermal Mass Flow Meters[J]. Flow Measurement and Instrument,2002,12(6):353-360.
[18] Martin A,Drahm W,Rieder A. Coriolis Mass Flow Meters:Overview of the Current State of the Art and Latest Research[J]. Flow Measurement and Instrumentation,2006,(1):350-357.
[19] Miau J J , Yeh C F , Hu C C. On Measurement Uncertainty of Vortex Flow meter[J]. Flow Measurement and Instrumetation ,2005 , (16 ):397-404.
[20]吴蕾.旋进旋涡流量计的原理探讨和结构优化[D] .天津:天津大学学位论文,2006:9-19.
[21]王驰宇.射流流量计关键技术研究[D].杭州:浙江大学学位论文,2009:35-51.
[22] Adams M L, Enzelberger M, Quake S, et al. Microfluidic Integration on Detector Arrays for Absorption and Fluorescence Micro Spectrometers [J]. Sens. Actuator. A, 2003, 104(1):25-31.
[23]延柞.国际最新流量仪表及测量方法[J].国外新技术,1994,(5):4-6.
[24] Gajewski J B. Non-contact Electrostatic Flow Probes for Measuringthe Flowrate and Charge in the Two-phase Gas-solid Flows[J]. Chemical Engineering Science, 2006, 61 (7):2262-2270 .
[25] Zhang J Y,Coulthard J. Theoretical and Experimental Studies of the Spatial Sensitivity of an Electrostatic Pulverized Fuel Meter[J]. Journal of Electrostatics, 2005, 63 (12):1133-1149.
[26]黄莹.基于双尺度的单轴陀螺高精度转速测量技术研究[J].国外电子测量技术, 2009, 28( 2):17-19.
[27]刘桂霞,沈兴武.流量测量仪表的应用现状和发展趋势[J].中国化工装备. 2004,(2):22-24.
[28]吴小平.差压流量计发展现状[J].常州工学院学报,2007,(4):49-51
[29]周志华,娄承芝,邢金城,等.计量供热对供热系统的要求[J].煤气与热力,2000,20(5):367-368.
[30] Merkel Tobias,Pagel Lienhard,Glock Hans-Walter. Electric Fields in Fluidic Channels and Sensor Applications with Capacitance[J]. Sensors and Actuators A,2000,80(1):1-7.
[31] Keane R.D, Adrian R..J, Zhang Y. Super-resolution Particle Imaging Velocimetry [J]. Measurement Science and Technology ,1995, (6): 754-768.
[32]夏祁寒.应变片测试原理及在实际工程中的应用[J].山西建筑,2008,(10):99-100.
[33]蒋秀珍.机械学基础[M].北京:科技出版社,2004:420-421.
[34] Y.E.Nahm,H.Ishika. A new 3D-CAD system for set-based parametric[J]. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology,2006,1-2(29):137-150.
[35] John D,Pedro E. Flow Calibration Services at NIST[J]. Flow Measurement and Instrumentation,2000,8(5):27-28.
[36]薛段慧明.液体流量标准装置国家计量检定规程[M].北京:国家质量技术监督局,2000.
[37] Horritt s,Matthew P. Development and testing of a simple 20 finite volume model of such-critical shallow water flow[J]. International Journal for Numerical in Fluids,2004,44(11):1231-1233.
[38]李成富,黄国光.静态容积法水流量标准装置计算机自动监控管理系统[J].工业计量,1999,23(2):22-24.
[39] Espina P,Osella I. An Intelligent Ultrasonic Flowmeter for Improved Flow Measurementand Flow Calibration Facility[C]. Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference,2001,10(3):1741-1746.
[40]汤守先.水塔稳压静态容积式水流量标准装置的设计[J]炼油化工自动化,1900,(1):48-53.
[41]植仲培,田丽亭,凌长明等.一种新型测速管的设计及其标定[J].机床与液压,2003,(6):292-293.
[42] Raju K G R,Porey P D,Asawa G L.Displacement Effect in Pitot tube Measurements in Shear Flaws[J]. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamic,1997,66(1):95-105.
[43] Thomas D. Make the Most of Averaging Pitot tubes[J].Chemical Processing,2005,68(7):33-35.
[44] Etemad S G,Thibault J,Hashemabadi S H. Calculation of the Pitot tube Correction Factor for Newtonian and Non-New-titian F1uids[J] . ISA Transactions,2003,42(4):505-512.
[45] Klopfenstein R. Air Velocity and Flow Measurement Using a Pitot tube[J].ISA Tendons,1998,37(4):257-263.
[46]孙志强,周孑民,张宏建等.皮托管测量影响因素分析II.全压孔与静压孔的影响[J].传感技术学报,2007,20(4):941-944.