秦巴山区公路桥涵抗水毁计算理论研究
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摘要
山区高速公路桥涵抗水毁是目前公路建设中面临的技术难题。本文通过现场调查、理论分析、室内模型试验、数值模拟分析,对秦巴山区高速公路桥涵抗水毁计算理论及安全性评价等问题开展了较多方面地研究,主要内容如下:
     (1)通过秦巴山区桥涵水毁的调查,总结秦巴山区桥涵水毁的类型、特征、分布规律及影响因素。从桥梁结构力学性态入手,对遭受不同水深、流速、流量以及冲刷、漂浮物撞击等各种状态下的桥梁结构力学性能进行分析,遵循结构力与山洪破坏力之间力的平衡与稳定原理,分析了山洪对桥涵的破坏机理,推导出了抗洪计算与验算模式,建立了山洪导致桥涵破坏的力学模型,确定桥梁抗洪的安全验算模式。
     (2)根据秦巴山区近20年的降雨强度和水毁发生频率的相关关系,对当地历年水文资料进行统计分析。提出了秦巴山区高速公路桥涵设计洪水频率标准,并采用改进三点法,对目估的三点洪峰流量,改为曲线拟合,按标准方程进行内插计算,统计出三点的洪峰流量值。频率分布采用对数曲线曲线的线型。经计算比较,改进三点法接近实际情况更符合秦巴山区的特征。
     (3)针对秦巴山区气象及地形环境特点,研究秦巴山区洪水发生特性、最大洪水重现期及特点;在分析评价现有各种洪水设计流量推算公式在秦巴山区的适用性以及参数选定的基础上,提出在一般迭代法的基础上应用了牛顿迭代法求解推理公式的洪峰流量Qm及汇流时间τ,对推理公式方法进行改进,以适应秦巴山区水文计算的需求,提出了一种适合秦巴山区的洪水设计流量的计算方法。
     (4)开展了河流弯道流态模型试验、正交桥壅水特性模型试验、斜交桥壅水特性模型试验、桥墩壅水特性模型试验、桥墩阻水特性模型试验、涵洞消能模型试验以及十天公路安康~汉中段桥梁模型试验,对正交桥和斜交桥的桥前壅水、桥墩前水流冲击波高度、桥上游回水长度与各桥孔流量分配等特性进行比较,找出两者之间的关系,为桥梁工程设计和建设服务。
     (5)以水文调查结果和计算分析模型为基础,针对十天高速公路典型桥涵构造物,应用数值计算手段,通过系统的计算机模拟,并与模型试验和依秅工程相互验证和补充,揭示了秦巴山区桥涵水毁机理。
     (6)应用模糊数学的方法,以分析桥梁、涵洞水毁形成原因和常用评价理论研究为依托,结合桥梁、涵洞防水毁破坏设计安全评价的实际应用,就桥梁、涵洞水毁成因的复杂性和模糊性,建立秦巴山区高速公路桥涵防水毁损坏设计安全评价系统。
The mountainous area highway bridge is the damaged by flood resistance in highwayconstruction of facing difficult technical problems. This article through the investigation,theoretical analysis, indoor model test and numerical simulation analysis, the highway bridgeqinba mountain of damaged by flood and calculation theory for the evaluation of safety of astudy in many, the main contents are as follows:
     (1) According to the investigation of damaged bridges and culverts under the Qinbamountain areas, it is analsyzed the damaged type, characteristics, distribution regularity andinfluence factors. Of Qinba mountain bridges and culverts,From the mechanical behavior ofthe bridge structure to start, contrary to vary water depth, flow velocity, flow and erosion,floating debris and other states hitting the bridge structure analysis of mechanical properties,follow the structural strength and the power balance between the destructive flash floods andstability theory, it is analyzed the flash floods on the bridge of the failure mechanism, derivedout of the flood model calculation and checking, established the mechanical model of a flashflood destroyed the bridge, and identified the safety checking mode of the bridge flood.
     (2) According to Qinba nearly20years of rainfall intensity and the frequency damagedby flood relationship, to local hydrological data over the statistical analysis.Put forward thehighway bridge qinba mountain design flood frequency standards, and the improved threepoints, anticipate the peak flow of value at three, to the curve fitting, according to the standardinterpolation equation calculating, statistics a three peak flow of value. Frequencydistribution curve of the logarithmic curves linear. The calculation comparison, improve threepoints closer to the real situations more in line with the characteristics of qinba mountain.
     (3) According to weather and terrain environment for qinba characteristics, study thecharacteristics, the flood happened Qinba mountain flood biggest return period andcharacteristics; On the analysis of the existing evaluation calculation formula design floodflow in the applicability and parameter selected qinba is presented, based on the basis of thegeneral iteration method on the application of the Newton iterative formula of reasoning peakflow and confluence time, improved method for reasoning model, in order to adapt to thedemand of hydrological Qinba calculation, this paper puts forward a suitable for Qinbamountain flood the calculation method of design flow.
     (4) Corry out the rivers flow condition in the corner model tests, orthogonal bridge model experiment and backwater characteristics of the hegong bridge backwatercharacteristics model tests and backwater piers model tests, piers characteristics block watercharacteristics model test, culvert away can model test and ten days highway peace~hanzhong period of bridge model experiment, with the orthogonal bridge and the hegongbridge before the bridge pier, before the shock wave backwater height, bridge and the lengthof each QiaoKong upstream water flow rate distribution characteristics of comparison to findout the relationship between the two, for the bridge engineering design and constructionservices.
     (5) Base on the results of the survey and analysis of the hydrological calculation model,for Shi–Tian highway typical highway bridge structures, the application of numericalcalculation method, through the system of computer simulation and model test and inengineering verification and complement each other, and reveals the mechanism which qinbadamaged by flood.
     (6) On the basis of the theoretical studies of bridges and culverts damaged in analysisand evaluation of theory, against the complexity and ambiguity of the damaged bridges andculverts, combined the fuzzy mathematical methods with design of bridges and culvertsdamaged safety evaluation is established Water damage resistant design of safety evaluationSystem on Qinba mountain highway bridges and culverts damaged based on the theory offuzzy comprehensive evaluation.
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