黑河流域额济纳绿洲生态恢复研究
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摘要
黑河下游由于长期断流,造成地下水位下降,尾闾湖泊干涸,天然林面积大幅度减少,植被衰败,荒漠化加剧,“绿色走廊”濒临毁灭,给当地农牧民生存和生产造成了极大的威胁,致使黑河下游生态系统严重失衡。为此,从2000年开始一场以水资源合理配置为核心的黑河干流水量统一调度以及流域综合治理的活动全面启动,2002年输水到干涸十年之久的东居延海,2005年实现东居延海全年不干涸。通过水量统一调度,黑河下游绿洲生态系统得到了恢复,实现了黑河流域的可持续发展,具有十分重要意义。
本研究的主要方法和成果如下：
(1)测算出黑河调水后地下水变化范围及规律
本研究通过分析黑河下游水资源的利用现状,在典型地下水井观测的基础上,分析沿河地下水水位在时间、空间上的变化特点,测算黑河调水恢复地下水的范围,地下水位上升的幅度,年内地下水位升降的规律等,得出黑河调水后绿洲典型区域地下水变化规律。
(2)发现地下水位与年轮增长量关系呈ECS曲线规律
本研究构建树干(枝)解析法研究胡杨、红柳、沙枣、白杨生长量对调水的影响规律；采用对比法从灌水区和非灌水区对比分析地下水埋深对年轮生长的影响,随机选择典型树,通过树干解析的方法,测量调水前后年均胸径生长量,分析年轮增长量与地下水埋深的密切关系。对实测样本资料统计分析,发现地下水位与年轮增长量关系呈ECS曲线规律：地下水位在临界值附近,它的生长速度是最快的,偏离了这个值以后,它的生长速度就变慢,且偏离的越远,生长越缓慢。
(3)采用遥感技术和典型调查相结合的方法定量分析生态效果
为了解调水对黑河下游的生态影响,通过地面实地调查并结合遥感信息资料的分析应用,研究黑河下游生态改善状况。研究资料主要包括Landsat7-ETM全波段图像。选取1998年8月25日和2004年9月10日2个时相的图像数据进行分析。其中1998年代表调水前的情况,2004年代表调水后生态环境的变化。
(4)调水对下游绿洲景观多样性的影响
景观多样性是指景观在结构、功能及其时间变化方面的多样性,它揭示了景观的复杂程度。在绿洲景观多样性中,结构多样性是指绿洲景观单元的大小、形状、类型、数量及空间组合的多样性；绿洲景观的功能多样性指物质、能量和物种在景观单元中流动的多样性。进行绿洲景观多样性分析,了解了绿洲景观现状的基础资料,探讨了调水对黑河下游绿洲景观的影响。
Because of long-term blanking,it causes the fact that the groundwater leve is dropping, lower reaches of heihe river dried up, natural forest area large scale reduction,thevegetation declines,desertificate and aggravate in the Heihe downstream blocks."green corridor"is close to be destroyed,it causes the great threat to local peasantsand herdsmen which cause heihe Basin visitor under the river out-of-balanceseriously system.From 2000, enclosed the rational alloca-tion of water resource, the united water dispatching in the trunk of the Heihe River and the comprehen-sive treatment is all-sided startup.in 2002,heihe river flowed into the East juyahai.in 2005, the East juyahai keeped to water surface. After rational alloca-tion of water resource, ecosystem of the downstream blocks of heiheriver Basin had restored partly.it has important meanings torealize the sustainable development of the river valley of heihe Basin.
This research adopts the main methods and gets the following achievements:
(1) after rational alloca-tion of water resources,calculate to adjust the ground water range of variation and the rule
In this research, characteristic of the downstream area of heiheriver is analysed, after observing in the model underground water well, the analysis phreatic water surface change characteristic in the time and spatial along the river, surveys Heihe to adjust the water to restore the ground water the scope, the ground water level rise scope, the ground water level fluctuation rule and so on in year, after Heihe river to adjust the water, the oasis typical region ground water change rule is obtained.
(2) the ground wate level and the ring growth relations assuming the ECS curve rule is discovered
In this research, bough (branch) analyzes the law is constructed, diversiform-leaved poplar, the Chinese tamarisk, the narrow-leaved oleaster, the Chinese white poplar growth quantity exchanging water influence rule is researched; it Uses the correlation method, contrast ground water burying depth the influence of grows to the ring from to irrigate the area and non-irrigate the area, the stochastic choice typical tree. through the bough analysis method, obtain to adjust water the yearly average tree diameter at chest height growth quantity, analysed the close relation of ring growth and the ground water burying depth. To Stat and analyse the actual sample data, discovered the ground water level and the ring growth relations assumes the ECS curve rule:the ground water level at marginal value nearby, its growth speed is quickest. as deviated this value, its growth speed slows down, so as deviation farther, the growth is slower.
(3) By telemetry and mode analysis, analyse ecology effect
In order to know the influence on Heihe downstream ecology by adjusting water,through the ground on-the-spot investigation and telemetry analysis, studies Heihe downstream the ecology improvement condition telemetry.The research data mainly includes the Landsat7-ETM all band image,Selects on August 25,1998 and on September 10,2004 those 2 time image datas carries on analysing.In 1998 represented adjusts in front of the water the situation, after in 2004 represents adjusts the water the ecological environment change.
(4) adjusts the water to heihe downstream oasis landscape multiple influences
The landscape multiplicity refers to the landscape in the structure, the function and the time variation aspect multiplicity, it has promulgated the landscape complex degree.In the oasis landscape multiplicity, the structure multiplicity refers to the oasis landscape unit size, shape, type, quantity and spatial combination multiplicity; The oasis landscape function multiplicity refers to the material, the energy and the species in the landscape unit mobile multiplicity. Carries on the oasis landscape multiplicity analysis, not only has understood the oasis landscape present situation basic data, but also discussed the influence.on Heihe downstream oasis landscape by adjusting water.
本研究的主要方法和成果如下：
(1)测算出黑河调水后地下水变化范围及规律
本研究通过分析黑河下游水资源的利用现状,在典型地下水井观测的基础上,分析沿河地下水水位在时间、空间上的变化特点,测算黑河调水恢复地下水的范围,地下水位上升的幅度,年内地下水位升降的规律等,得出黑河调水后绿洲典型区域地下水变化规律。
(2)发现地下水位与年轮增长量关系呈ECS曲线规律
本研究构建树干(枝)解析法研究胡杨、红柳、沙枣、白杨生长量对调水的影响规律；采用对比法从灌水区和非灌水区对比分析地下水埋深对年轮生长的影响,随机选择典型树,通过树干解析的方法,测量调水前后年均胸径生长量,分析年轮增长量与地下水埋深的密切关系。对实测样本资料统计分析,发现地下水位与年轮增长量关系呈ECS曲线规律：地下水位在临界值附近,它的生长速度是最快的,偏离了这个值以后,它的生长速度就变慢,且偏离的越远,生长越缓慢。
(3)采用遥感技术和典型调查相结合的方法定量分析生态效果
为了解调水对黑河下游的生态影响,通过地面实地调查并结合遥感信息资料的分析应用,研究黑河下游生态改善状况。研究资料主要包括Landsat7-ETM全波段图像。选取1998年8月25日和2004年9月10日2个时相的图像数据进行分析。其中1998年代表调水前的情况,2004年代表调水后生态环境的变化。
(4)调水对下游绿洲景观多样性的影响
景观多样性是指景观在结构、功能及其时间变化方面的多样性,它揭示了景观的复杂程度。在绿洲景观多样性中,结构多样性是指绿洲景观单元的大小、形状、类型、数量及空间组合的多样性；绿洲景观的功能多样性指物质、能量和物种在景观单元中流动的多样性。进行绿洲景观多样性分析,了解了绿洲景观现状的基础资料,探讨了调水对黑河下游绿洲景观的影响。
Because of long-term blanking,it causes the fact that the groundwater leve is dropping, lower reaches of heihe river dried up, natural forest area large scale reduction,thevegetation declines,desertificate and aggravate in the Heihe downstream blocks."green corridor"is close to be destroyed,it causes the great threat to local peasantsand herdsmen which cause heihe Basin visitor under the river out-of-balanceseriously system.From 2000, enclosed the rational alloca-tion of water resource, the united water dispatching in the trunk of the Heihe River and the comprehen-sive treatment is all-sided startup.in 2002,heihe river flowed into the East juyahai.in 2005, the East juyahai keeped to water surface. After rational alloca-tion of water resource, ecosystem of the downstream blocks of heiheriver Basin had restored partly.it has important meanings torealize the sustainable development of the river valley of heihe Basin.
This research adopts the main methods and gets the following achievements:
(1) after rational alloca-tion of water resources,calculate to adjust the ground water range of variation and the rule
In this research, characteristic of the downstream area of heiheriver is analysed, after observing in the model underground water well, the analysis phreatic water surface change characteristic in the time and spatial along the river, surveys Heihe to adjust the water to restore the ground water the scope, the ground water level rise scope, the ground water level fluctuation rule and so on in year, after Heihe river to adjust the water, the oasis typical region ground water change rule is obtained.
(2) the ground wate level and the ring growth relations assuming the ECS curve rule is discovered
In this research, bough (branch) analyzes the law is constructed, diversiform-leaved poplar, the Chinese tamarisk, the narrow-leaved oleaster, the Chinese white poplar growth quantity exchanging water influence rule is researched; it Uses the correlation method, contrast ground water burying depth the influence of grows to the ring from to irrigate the area and non-irrigate the area, the stochastic choice typical tree. through the bough analysis method, obtain to adjust water the yearly average tree diameter at chest height growth quantity, analysed the close relation of ring growth and the ground water burying depth. To Stat and analyse the actual sample data, discovered the ground water level and the ring growth relations assumes the ECS curve rule:the ground water level at marginal value nearby, its growth speed is quickest. as deviated this value, its growth speed slows down, so as deviation farther, the growth is slower.
(3) By telemetry and mode analysis, analyse ecology effect
In order to know the influence on Heihe downstream ecology by adjusting water,through the ground on-the-spot investigation and telemetry analysis, studies Heihe downstream the ecology improvement condition telemetry.The research data mainly includes the Landsat7-ETM all band image,Selects on August 25,1998 and on September 10,2004 those 2 time image datas carries on analysing.In 1998 represented adjusts in front of the water the situation, after in 2004 represents adjusts the water the ecological environment change.
(4) adjusts the water to heihe downstream oasis landscape multiple influences
The landscape multiplicity refers to the landscape in the structure, the function and the time variation aspect multiplicity, it has promulgated the landscape complex degree.In the oasis landscape multiplicity, the structure multiplicity refers to the oasis landscape unit size, shape, type, quantity and spatial combination multiplicity; The oasis landscape function multiplicity refers to the material, the energy and the species in the landscape unit mobile multiplicity. Carries on the oasis landscape multiplicity analysis, not only has understood the oasis landscape present situation basic data, but also discussed the influence.on Heihe downstream oasis landscape by adjusting water.
引文
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