地下水系统脆弱性对人类活动响应研究
|
摘要
地下水系统脆弱性评价是制定地下水利用和保护综合措施的重要依据。本文从加深认识地下水系统脆弱性本质属性的要求、认识人类活动与地下水相互作用关系的要求、合理利用和保护地下水资源的要求和实现经济可持续发展的要求四个方面阐述了地下水系统脆弱性对人类活动响应研究的意义，由此确定本文的研究目的，即通过研究近50年来地下水系统脆弱性对人类活动的响应机制，揭示人类活动对地下水的影响机理，为实现地下水资源可持续开发与保护提供理论依据。
根据近50年来华北地区滹滏平原地下水开采强度、地下水位下降速率以及水质变化特征，分为三个时期，从地下水动力场和和地下水化学场演变特征分析入手，阐明了人类活动对地下水系统脆弱性的影响状况，包括：①长期过量开采引起地下水位的持续下降，改变了地下水的天然补给、径流和排泄条件。②大范围地下水位降落漏斗形成和变化过程。③人类开采对地下水化学场的天然平衡的影响。
本文侧重地下水防污性和地下水资源脆弱性评价。选择地下水位埋深、包气带岩性、含水层砂层厚度、含水层水力传导系数和降雨补给量作为地下水防污性评价指标，以补给量、给水度、地下水质量、富水性、地下水可开采量、地下水储存量和开采强度作为地下水资源脆弱性评价指标。采用灰色关联度法和BP神经网络法两种方法分别计算了地下水防污性和地下水资源脆弱性评价指标权重。然后应用DRITC方法和综合指数法分别计算了地下水防污性和地下水资源脆弱性综合指数，形成地下水防污性图和地下水资源脆弱性图。在此基础上，从空间和时间上结合分析了地下水防污性和地下水资源脆弱性区位特征及变化趋势。滹滏平原中部地下水防污性好于西部，西部地下水防污性好于东部，地下水资源脆弱性由北向南升高，淡水区地下水资源脆弱性低于咸水区。
研究结果表明，①滹滏平原当地下水位降幅为0～7m时，地下水防污性变化不明显，当为7～25m时，地下水防污性增强一级概率较大，当地下水位降幅大于25m时，地下水防污性增大二级概率较大。②在滹滏平原淡水区，当地下水位降幅为0～12m时，地下水资源脆弱性一般变化不显著，当12～24m时，升高一级概率较大，当地下水位降幅大于24m时，地下水资源脆弱性升高二级可能性较大；咸水地区，当地下水位降幅在4～10m时，地下水资源脆弱性一般不发生变化，为14～18m时，升高一级概率较大，当地下水位降幅大于22m时，地下水资源脆弱性升高二级概率较大。③地下水位埋深增大是地下水防污性增强的主要因素。人类活动(抽取地下水)改变地下水位埋深，间接改变包气带厚度和降雨入渗补给系数，使污染物进入地下水时间、数量和与周围环境发生物理化学反应的机会改变，致使地下水防污性能发生变化。地下水资源脆弱性则主要取决于地下水系统内部条件，人类活动(抽取地下水)只是使地下水资源脆弱性变化的诱导因素，只有人类活动对地下水环境产生强烈影响时，才转变为影响地下水资源脆弱性的主要因素。
根据地下水防污性和地下水资源脆弱性研究结果，将滹滏平原地下水系统脆弱性划分为4个一级区和13个二级区。确定滹滏平原淡水区最佳地下水位埋深为27～30m和咸水区最佳地下水位埋深为15～19m。根据上述综合评价结果，将滹滏平原地下水合理开采利用和保护划分为4个区和11个子区。
本文特色及创新点是以数学方法计算评价指标权重克服了DRASTIC方法重唯一性。并且首次从地下水质与量两方面对滹滏平原地下水系统脆弱性进行了综合评价和趋势分析，阐明了地下水系统脆弱性对人类活动的响应机制。最后应用研究综合结果提出了滹滏平原地下水合理利用与保护对策。
It is important base to environmental protection and groundwater feasibleexploitation and protection that groundwater system vulnearability assessment. Thispaper discussed the important significance that the research on groundwater systemvulnerability responding to human activities based on four aspects:the necessary demandto comprehended more inherent attribute of groundwater system vulnerability, the inevitableresult to research the affect between groundwater and human activities each other, therequirement of groundwater resources proper utilization and protection,the final need tokeep economic sustainable development. Finally, determining the research purporses ofthe paper are to research how groundwater system vulnerability responded to humanactivities and how anthropic activity impacted on groundwater system vulnerability, andguides to groundwater resource sustainable development.
The paper clarified that human activities impacted on groundwater based on the change ofgroundwater dynamical field and chemic field and dividing into three stage based on groundwaterexploitation density, water table change and groundwater quality deteriorate recent fifty years. Theresults are①that the groundwater recharge,runoff and drainage have been changedbecause of overexploitation long-term and making water table change.②that there hasbeen groundwater pumping cone③The TDS and chemic ingredient have been changedbecause human activities disturbed groundwater natural chemic field.
The paper foused on the assessment of groundwater aquifer snesitivity andgroundwater resources vulnerability.The former assessment factors are groundwaterdepth, thickness of aquifer send body, hydraulic conductity of the aquifer, vadose zonelithology and recharge of precipitation.The latter assessment factors are groundwaterrecharge, groundwater specific yield, groundwater exploitation intensity, groundwaterTDS, aquifef effective porosity, groundwater feasible exploitation and aquiferthickness.The paper computed the weight of aquifer snesitivity and groundwaterresources vulnerability by grey theory and BP network and proved their reasonable eachother,and assessed aquifer snesitivity and groundwater resources vulnerability andformed their map respectively, the aquifer snesitivity in middle of the Hufu plain isbatter than west and west is better than east; fresh water area is better than salty waterarea.
Based on above studies,①the groundwater aquifer snesitivity is invisible whenwater table falling extent is less than 7m; it is probable that groundwater aquifer snesitivity enhanced one level when water table falling extent is 7～25m and aquifersnesitivity enhanced two level when water table falling extent is more than 25m.②Infresh groundwater area, the groundwater resourcrs vulnerability change is unobviouswhen water table falling extent is less than 12m; it is probable that groundwaterresources vulnerability strongthed one level when water table falling extent is 12～24mand groundwater resources vulnerability enhanced two level when water table fallingextent is more than 24m. In salty groundwater area, the groundwater resourcrsvulnerability change is unobvious when water table falling extent is 4～10m; it isprobable that groundwater resources vulnerability strongthed one level when water tablefalling extent is 14～18m and groundwater resources vulnerability enhanced two levelwhen water table falling extent is more than 22m.③The water table deepened is firstfactor to enhanced groundwater aquifer snesitivity,which reduced the chance ofcontamination penetrated into aquifer because groundwater exploitation thickenedvadose zone and reduced precipitation recharge coefficient.The groundwater resourcesvulnerability depend on groundwater system natural conditions and human activities aredominant factor when it impacted intensively on groundwater.
The paper analysed comprehensively groundwater system vulnerability and divideHufu plain into 4 area and subdivided into 13 subarea Based on the law of change ofgroundwater aquifer snesitivity and groundwater resources vulnerability with watertable falling extent, optimal water table is 27～30m in fresh groundwater area and 15～19m in salty groundwater area.Finally, the paper divided groundwater exploitation into 4area and subdivided into 11 subarea in Hufu plain based on actuality and current ofgroundwater system vulnerability, groundwateroptimal water table and actuality ofgroundwater depth.
The paper overcomed the short of DRASTIC method by mathematics simulationthe assessment factors, assessed comprehensively assessed groundwater systemvulnerability and put forward measures of groundwater proper utilization andprotection,which were innovation of groundwater system vulnerability and offeringreference of groundwater exploitation and protection.
根据近50年来华北地区滹滏平原地下水开采强度、地下水位下降速率以及水质变化特征，分为三个时期，从地下水动力场和和地下水化学场演变特征分析入手，阐明了人类活动对地下水系统脆弱性的影响状况，包括：①长期过量开采引起地下水位的持续下降，改变了地下水的天然补给、径流和排泄条件。②大范围地下水位降落漏斗形成和变化过程。③人类开采对地下水化学场的天然平衡的影响。
本文侧重地下水防污性和地下水资源脆弱性评价。选择地下水位埋深、包气带岩性、含水层砂层厚度、含水层水力传导系数和降雨补给量作为地下水防污性评价指标，以补给量、给水度、地下水质量、富水性、地下水可开采量、地下水储存量和开采强度作为地下水资源脆弱性评价指标。采用灰色关联度法和BP神经网络法两种方法分别计算了地下水防污性和地下水资源脆弱性评价指标权重。然后应用DRITC方法和综合指数法分别计算了地下水防污性和地下水资源脆弱性综合指数，形成地下水防污性图和地下水资源脆弱性图。在此基础上，从空间和时间上结合分析了地下水防污性和地下水资源脆弱性区位特征及变化趋势。滹滏平原中部地下水防污性好于西部，西部地下水防污性好于东部，地下水资源脆弱性由北向南升高，淡水区地下水资源脆弱性低于咸水区。
研究结果表明，①滹滏平原当地下水位降幅为0～7m时，地下水防污性变化不明显，当为7～25m时，地下水防污性增强一级概率较大，当地下水位降幅大于25m时，地下水防污性增大二级概率较大。②在滹滏平原淡水区，当地下水位降幅为0～12m时，地下水资源脆弱性一般变化不显著，当12～24m时，升高一级概率较大，当地下水位降幅大于24m时，地下水资源脆弱性升高二级可能性较大；咸水地区，当地下水位降幅在4～10m时，地下水资源脆弱性一般不发生变化，为14～18m时，升高一级概率较大，当地下水位降幅大于22m时，地下水资源脆弱性升高二级概率较大。③地下水位埋深增大是地下水防污性增强的主要因素。人类活动(抽取地下水)改变地下水位埋深，间接改变包气带厚度和降雨入渗补给系数，使污染物进入地下水时间、数量和与周围环境发生物理化学反应的机会改变，致使地下水防污性能发生变化。地下水资源脆弱性则主要取决于地下水系统内部条件，人类活动(抽取地下水)只是使地下水资源脆弱性变化的诱导因素，只有人类活动对地下水环境产生强烈影响时，才转变为影响地下水资源脆弱性的主要因素。
根据地下水防污性和地下水资源脆弱性研究结果，将滹滏平原地下水系统脆弱性划分为4个一级区和13个二级区。确定滹滏平原淡水区最佳地下水位埋深为27～30m和咸水区最佳地下水位埋深为15～19m。根据上述综合评价结果，将滹滏平原地下水合理开采利用和保护划分为4个区和11个子区。
本文特色及创新点是以数学方法计算评价指标权重克服了DRASTIC方法重唯一性。并且首次从地下水质与量两方面对滹滏平原地下水系统脆弱性进行了综合评价和趋势分析，阐明了地下水系统脆弱性对人类活动的响应机制。最后应用研究综合结果提出了滹滏平原地下水合理利用与保护对策。
It is important base to environmental protection and groundwater feasibleexploitation and protection that groundwater system vulnearability assessment. Thispaper discussed the important significance that the research on groundwater systemvulnerability responding to human activities based on four aspects:the necessary demandto comprehended more inherent attribute of groundwater system vulnerability, the inevitableresult to research the affect between groundwater and human activities each other, therequirement of groundwater resources proper utilization and protection,the final need tokeep economic sustainable development. Finally, determining the research purporses ofthe paper are to research how groundwater system vulnerability responded to humanactivities and how anthropic activity impacted on groundwater system vulnerability, andguides to groundwater resource sustainable development.
The paper clarified that human activities impacted on groundwater based on the change ofgroundwater dynamical field and chemic field and dividing into three stage based on groundwaterexploitation density, water table change and groundwater quality deteriorate recent fifty years. Theresults are①that the groundwater recharge,runoff and drainage have been changedbecause of overexploitation long-term and making water table change.②that there hasbeen groundwater pumping cone③The TDS and chemic ingredient have been changedbecause human activities disturbed groundwater natural chemic field.
The paper foused on the assessment of groundwater aquifer snesitivity andgroundwater resources vulnerability.The former assessment factors are groundwaterdepth, thickness of aquifer send body, hydraulic conductity of the aquifer, vadose zonelithology and recharge of precipitation.The latter assessment factors are groundwaterrecharge, groundwater specific yield, groundwater exploitation intensity, groundwaterTDS, aquifef effective porosity, groundwater feasible exploitation and aquiferthickness.The paper computed the weight of aquifer snesitivity and groundwaterresources vulnerability by grey theory and BP network and proved their reasonable eachother,and assessed aquifer snesitivity and groundwater resources vulnerability andformed their map respectively, the aquifer snesitivity in middle of the Hufu plain isbatter than west and west is better than east; fresh water area is better than salty waterarea.
Based on above studies,①the groundwater aquifer snesitivity is invisible whenwater table falling extent is less than 7m; it is probable that groundwater aquifer snesitivity enhanced one level when water table falling extent is 7～25m and aquifersnesitivity enhanced two level when water table falling extent is more than 25m.②Infresh groundwater area, the groundwater resourcrs vulnerability change is unobviouswhen water table falling extent is less than 12m; it is probable that groundwaterresources vulnerability strongthed one level when water table falling extent is 12～24mand groundwater resources vulnerability enhanced two level when water table fallingextent is more than 24m. In salty groundwater area, the groundwater resourcrsvulnerability change is unobvious when water table falling extent is 4～10m; it isprobable that groundwater resources vulnerability strongthed one level when water tablefalling extent is 14～18m and groundwater resources vulnerability enhanced two levelwhen water table falling extent is more than 22m.③The water table deepened is firstfactor to enhanced groundwater aquifer snesitivity,which reduced the chance ofcontamination penetrated into aquifer because groundwater exploitation thickenedvadose zone and reduced precipitation recharge coefficient.The groundwater resourcesvulnerability depend on groundwater system natural conditions and human activities aredominant factor when it impacted intensively on groundwater.
The paper analysed comprehensively groundwater system vulnerability and divideHufu plain into 4 area and subdivided into 13 subarea Based on the law of change ofgroundwater aquifer snesitivity and groundwater resources vulnerability with watertable falling extent, optimal water table is 27～30m in fresh groundwater area and 15～19m in salty groundwater area.Finally, the paper divided groundwater exploitation into 4area and subdivided into 11 subarea in Hufu plain based on actuality and current ofgroundwater system vulnerability, groundwateroptimal water table and actuality ofgroundwater depth.
The paper overcomed the short of DRASTIC method by mathematics simulationthe assessment factors, assessed comprehensively assessed groundwater systemvulnerability and put forward measures of groundwater proper utilization andprotection,which were innovation of groundwater system vulnerability and offeringreference of groundwater exploitation and protection.
引文
① 《中国地下水资源》，中华人民共和国国土资源部，2003。
[1] 白军红，余国营，王庆改．石家庄市地表水环境分析．干旱区研究，2001，18(2)：1-4．
[2] 白军红，余国营，王庆改．石家庄市地表水环境质量及综合防治对策研究．安全与环境学报，2001，1(3)：54-57．
[3] 毕二平，高扬，刘长礼．人类活动影响下石家庄市地下水环境质量现状及趋势研究．勘察科学技术，1999，(6)：7-12．
[4] 毕二平，李政红．石家庄市地下水中氮污染分析．水文地质工程地质，2001，(2)：31-34．
[5] 毕守海．全国地下水超才区现状与治理对策．地下水，2003，25(2)：72-74．
[6] 陈梅芬．我国地下水开发利用现状与展望．地下水开发利用与管理．电子科技大学出版社，1995．
[7] 陈梦熊．中国水文地质环境地质问题研究．北京：地震出版社，1998
[8] 陈望和等．河北地下水[M]．北京：地震出版社，1999
[9] 陈守煜，伏广涛，周惠成等．含水层脆弱性模糊分析评价模型与方法．水利学报，2002，(7)：23-30
[10] 陈守煜，王国利．含水层脆弱性的模糊优选迭代评价模型及应用．大连理工大学学报，1999，39(6)：811-815．
[11] 陈淑兰，王学锋．华北平原地下水质发展趋势评价．河南教育学院学报，1998，7(3)：59-62．
[12] 邓慧平．气候与土地利用变化对水文水资源的影响研究．地球科学进展，2001，16(3)：356-441．
[13] 范伶俐．试论气候变化对我国水资源的影响．关系气象，2002，23(4)：43-44．
[14] 范鹏飞．华北平原地下水演化及预测．地球学报，1998，19(4)：346-352．
[15] 房佩贤，卫中鼎，廖资生．专门水位地质学．地质出版社，1987．90-91．
[16] 费宇红，陈树娥，刘克岩．滹沱河断流区水环境劣变特征与地下调蓄潜力．水利学报，2001，(11)：41-44．
[17] 费宇红，王金哲，李惠娣．滹沱河断流区地下水调蓄潜力分析．南水北调与水利科技，2002，23(5)：11-14．
[18] 费宇红，张兆吉，陈京生．人类活动与海河平原水资源关系研究．地球科学进展，2004，19(增刊)：101-107．
[19] 付素蓉，王焰新，蔡鹤生，李义连．城市地下水污染敏感性分析．地球科学，2000，25(5)：482-486．
[20] 付学功．衡水市深层地下水降落漏斗及发展趋势分析．水资源保护，2001，(1)：24-25，44．
[21] 高太忠，罗人明，黄群贤等．河北平原地下水开发中的问题及可持续利用．地质灾害与环境保护，2002，13(3)：6-9．
[22] 郭永海，沈照理，钟佐燊，刘淑芬．河北平原地下水有机氯污染及其与防污性的关系．水文地质工程地质，1996，(1)：40-42．
[23] 郭永海，王志明，刘淑芬．石家庄市地下水污染特征及其与超量开采的关系．铀矿地质，2005，21(2)：123-127
[24] 郭永海，张作振，沈照理等．河北平原咸淡水界线的变换及影响因素探讨．水文地质工程地质，1996，(4)38-39．
[25] 何长鸣，闫长虹．城市地下工程与地下水污染．环境保护科学，2000，26(总98)：19-20．
[26] 虎维岳，南生辉，柴建禄．大气降水对地下水补给的影响因素分析．地下水，1997，19(4)：168-170．
[27] 姜桂华．地下水脆弱性研究进展．世界地质，2002，21(1)：33-38．
[28] 姜月华，待倾嘉，汪迎平等．长江三角洲地下水开采的负环境效应及其防治．火山地质与矿产，2000，21(3)：214-215．
[29] 雷静，张思聪．唐山市平原区地下水脆弱性评价研究．环境科学学报，2003，23(1)：94-99．
[30] 李春．国外地下水资源的保护与管理研究动态中国人口·资源与环境，2001，11(总第51期)：163-164．
[31] 李彦茹．衡水市浅层地下水水质状况分析评价．海河水利，1998，(5)：19-20．
[32] 林山杉，武健强，张勃夫．地下水环境脆弱程度图编图方法研究．水位地质工程地质，2000，(3)：6-9．
[33] 刘春蓁．中国西北水资源的脆弱性．冰川冻土，2003，25(3)：309-314．
[34] 刘绿柳．水资源脆弱性及其定量评价．水土保持通报，2002，22(2)：41-44．
[35] 刘淑芬，郭永海．区域地下水防污性评价方法及其在河北平原的应用．河北地质学院学报，1996，19(1)：41-45．
[36] 刘振勇，于开宁，吴静芳等．石家庄市地下水环境质量恶化的防止对策．河北地质学院学报，1994，17(4)：334-338．
[37] 路洪海．人类活动胁迫下岩溶含水层脆弱性分析．热带地理，2004，24(3)：212-215．
[38] 马金珠，高前兆．干旱区地下水脆弱性特征及评价方法探讨．干旱区地理，2003，26(1)：44-49．
[39] 马金珠．塔里木盆地南缘地下水脆弱性评价．中国沙漠，2001，21(2)：170-174．
[40] 梅双斌．石家庄市地下水污染及防治．地质灾害与环境保护，1998，9(2)：33-37．
[41] 米玉华．河北省地下水资源质量时空分布规律及成因分析．河北水利水电技术，2003，(1)：31-33．
[42] 柳光中，李晓峰．人工神经网络BP算法的改进和结构的自调整．运筹学学报，2001，5(1)：81-87
[43] 商彦蕊．河北省水文地质环境变化及其脆弱性分析．中国人口·资源与环境，2002，12(5)：105-107．
[44] 尚丽．基于BP网络的自学习算法和C语言实现．工业控制计算机，2002，15(4)：13-17．
[45] 沈新国．长江三角洲地区环境地质问题．火山地质与矿产，2001，22(2)：84-94．
[46] 沈珍瑶，杨志峰，曹瑜．环境脆弱性研究述评．地质科技情报，2003，22(3)：91-94．
[47] 沈振．石家庄市地下水盐污染时空演化规律．北京地质，2003，15(2)：16-20．
[48] 孙才志，林山杉．地下水脆弱性概念的发展过程与评价现状及研究前景．吉林地质，2000，19(1)：29-36．
[49] 孙才志，潘俊．地下水脆弱性的概念、评价方法与研究前景．水科学进展，1999，10(4)：444-449．
[50] 唐国平，李秀彬，刘燕华．全球气候变化下水资源脆弱性及其评估方法．地球科学进展，2000，15(3)：313-317
[51] 王贵玲，蔺文静，张发旺．太行山前平原地下水环境演化规律研究．干旱区资源与环境，2004，18(3)：74-77．
[52] 王玉和．浅论地下水污染．地下水，2004，26(4)：294-296．
[53] 王云海，魏文秋，骆培云．水利工程对地下水水质影响模型的研究．重庆环境科学，1995，17(3)：31-37．
[54] 王政友．降雨入渗补给地下水机理探讨．水文，2003，23(3)：34-36．
[55] 魏加华，王光谦，李慈君，邵景力．GIS在地下水研究中的应用进展．水文地质工程地质，2003，(2)：94-98．
[56] 吴耀国，董悦安．衡水地区浅层地下水开采环境效应再认识．地下水，1996，18(3)：128-130．
[57] 邢威洲，雒彦品，赵卫．污染河流对地下水质的影响．河北水利科技，1995，16(2)：66-69．
[58] 徐恒力，肖国强，李红．人为活动条件下河北平原第四系地下水系统的演变．地质科技情报，2002，21(1)：7-13．
[59] 杨建强，罗先香，高振会．GIS支持下人类活动对地下水动态影响的定量分析．水科学进展，2003，14(3)：358-362．
[60] 杨庆，栾茂田．地下水易污性评价方法——DRASTIC指标体系．水文地质工程地质，1999，(2)：4-9．
[61] 杨晓婷，王文科，乔晓英等．关中盆地地下水脆弱性评价指标体系的探讨．西安工程学院学报，2001，23(2)：46-49．
[62] 杨燕舞，张雁秋．水资源的脆弱性及区域可持续发展．苏州城建环保学院学报，2005，15(4)：85-88．
[63] 杨裕云，杨红刚，吴有才．与地下水作用有关的地质灾害．水文地质工程地质，20004，增刊：1-7．
[64] 殷正宙，孙继朝．华北平原地下水演化中的认为干扰．科学对社会的影响，1995，(2)：19-23．
[65] 尹俊岭．衡水现状条件下地下水资源及可采量分析．河北水利科技，1998，19(2)：29-32．
[66] 于开宁，郝爱兵，李铎，刘振英．石家庄市地下水盐污染的分布及污染机理．地学前 缘，2001，8(1)：151-154．
[67] 于开宁，郝爱兵，王孟科．石家庄市地下水污染特征及机理，水文地质工程地质，1996，(6)：2932．
[68] 于开宁．城市化对地下水补给的影响—以石家庄市为例．地球学报，2001，22(2)：175-178．
[69] 于开宁．石家庄市地下水硬度分布及其异常形成．河北地质学院学报，1996，19(2)：102-126．
[70] 臧东亮，王红霞，于大鹏，浅谈人类活动对地下水资源的影响．水利科技与经济，1999，5(4)：202，222．
[71] 张长春，邵景力，李慈君，崔亚莉．华北平原地下水生态环境水位研究．吉林大学学报(地球科学版)，2003，33(3)：326-330．
[72] 张德富，殷正坤．人工神经网络的发展及其哲理．科学技术与辨证法，2000，17(4)：17-20．
[73] 张光辉，费宇红，刘克岩等．海河平原地下水演变与对策．北京：科学出版社，2004．
[74] 张立杰，巩中友，孙香太．地下水环境脆弱性的模糊综合评判．哈尔滨师范大学自然科学学报，2001，17(2)：109-112．
[75] 张瑞秀．石家庄东部平原地下水环境状况与对策．河北水利水电技术，2003，(1)：41-42
[76] 张文渊．超量开采地下水对环境的影响及其对策．水电能源科学，1999，17(4)：50-52．
[77] 张秀义，赵延宁．衡水市地下水开发利用存在的问题及对策．地下水，2003，25(2)：89-91．
[78] 张学真．我国地下水资源开发利用的回顾与展望，2001，23(1)：6-7．
[79] 张宗祜，施德鸿，任福弘等．论华北平原第四系地下水系统之演化．中国科学，1997，27(2)：158-173．
[80] 张宗祜，沈照理，薛禹群．华北平原底地下水环境演化．北京：地质出版社，2000
[81] 郑连生，穆仲义，马大明．河北省缺水状况、问题及对策．地理学与国土研究，2002，18(1)：56-62．
[82] 郑西来，吴新利，荆静．西安市潜水污染的潜在性分析与评价[J]．工程勘察，1997，(4)：22～24．
[83] 钟佐燊．地下水防污性评价方法探讨．地学前缘，005，12(特刊)：3-9．
[84] 周金龙，王水献，王能英．模糊数学方法在潜水防污性评价中的应用．新疆农业大学学报，2004，27(2)：62-65．
[85] 周铁轴．灰关联法对衡水湖水环境现状评价，1998，19(1)：6-9．
[86] 朱明星，沈谦，张德龙．一种权值预学习BP算法的研究．安徽大学学报，1999，23(1)：71-76．
[87] 朱雪芹，徐秀娟，蒋丽艳等．哈尔滨市地下水易污性评价及计算机制图．世界地质，2001，20(4)：364-368．
[88] Ahmed Alderwish, Mohamed Al-Eryani. An approach for assessing the vulnerability of the water resources of Yemen to climate change. Climate research, 1999, 12: 85-89
[89] Aller L, Bennett T, Lehr JH, Petty RJ, Hackett G. DRASTIC: A standardised system for evaluating groundwater pollution potential using hydrogeologic settings. US Environment Protection Agency, Ada, Oklahoma, EPA, 1987,445
[90] Allison R J,Grove J R etal.Geomorphiligy of the Easten Badia Basalt Plateua.The Geographical Journal, 2000,166:352-370
[91] Anat Uhapinta,Paul F.Hudak.Use of geographic information systems for assessing groundwater pollution potential by pesticides in Central Thailand.Enciroment International,2003,29:87-93.
[92] Barra Caracciolo A, Giulianoa G, Grennia P, et al. Degradation and leaching of the herbicides metolachlor and diuron: a case study in an area of Northern Italy Environmental Pollution, 2005,(134):525-534
[93] Bekesi G, McConchie J. Groundwater recharge modelling using the Monte Carlo technique,Manawatu region, New Zealand.Journal of Hydrology, 1999,(224): 137-148.
[94] Blanchard PE, Lerch RN.W atershed vulnerability to losses of agricultural chemicals: interactions of chemistry, hydrology and land-use.Envir on Sci Technol, 2000,34:3315 - 3322.
[95] Blodgett,R.Drinking water vulnerability assessment in Texas.Proceeding,1993 annual conference,American works association, 1993
[96] Bunnuell J F, Zampella R A, Morgan M D,et al.A comparison of nitrogen removal by subsurface pressure dosing and standard septic systems in sandy soils.Journal of Environmental Management, 1999,56:209-219.
[97] Cey EE, Rudolph DL, Aravena R,etal. Role of the riparian zone in controlling the distribution and fate of agricultural nitrogen near a small stream in southern Ontraio. J. Contam. Hydrol, 1999,37:45-67.
[98] Chan Ho Jeong.Effect of land use and urbanization on hudrochemidtry and contamination of groundwater from Taejon area ,Korea.Journal of Hydrology,2001,(253): 194-2000.
[99] Close ME.Assessment of pesticide contamination of groundwater in New Zealand 1.Ranking of regions for potential contamination.NZJ Mar Freshwater Res, 1993,27:257 - 266.
[100] Close ME.Assessment of pesticide contamination of groundwater in New Zealand 2.Results of groundwater sampling.NZJ Mar Freshwater Res, 1993,27:267-273.
[101]Collin M L, Melloul A J. Assessing groundwater vulnerability to pollution to promote sustainable urban and rural development. Journal of Cleaner Production,.2003,l 1,727-736.
[102]Connell L D,Gerd van den Daele. A quantitive Aapproach to aquifer vulnerability mapping.Journanl of Hydrology, 2003,276:71-88.
[103] Costa JL, Massone H, Martinez, D, et al. Nitrate contamination of a rural aquifer and accumulation in the unsaturated zone. Agricul. Water Manage, 2002,57 (1): 33-47.
[104]Dottridge J. Water resource quality ,suatatinability and development.arid land resources and their management, Jordan desert margin, 1998,67-80
[105]Dutton R W,Shahbaz M.The badia programme:difining and overcoming costrains on sustainable development. Applied Goegraphy, 1999,19:275-281
[106]Eavans B M,Mayers W L.A GIS-based pproach to evaluating regional groundwater pokkution with DRASTIC. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 1990,45,242-245
[107]Ecunda, Collin S S M L, Melloul A J.Groundwater vulnerability assessment using a composite modal combining DRASTIC with extensive agricultural land use in Israel's Sharon region. Journal of Enviromental Management, 1998,54:39-57.
[108] Fobe B, Goossens M.The groundwater vulnerability map for the Flemish region—its principles and uses.Eng Geol, 1990,29:355 - 363.
[109]Fortin M,Thomson K P B,Edwards G.The role of error propagation for integrating multisorce data within spatial models:The case of DRASTIC groundwater nelnerability model.Earth surface Remote Sensing. London: Procedure SPIE Conference, 1997,358-361
[110] Foster I D L , Thorn R H. Contrasting problems of implementing European Community Water Protection Zone Policies in Ireland and Great Britain. Jnl. Inst. Water & Environ. Managers, 1993,7, 62-67.
[111]Fred Worrall,Dana W. Kolpin. Aquifer vulnerability to pesticide pollution—combining soil,land-use and aquifer properties with molecular descriptors. Journal of Hydrology, 2004,293:191-204.
[112] Fritch TG, Mcknight CL, Yelderman, JC.etal.An aquifer vulnerability assessment of the Paluxy aquifer central Texas, USA, using GIS and a modified DRASTIC approach. Environ. Manage, 2000,25: 337-345.
[113] Gerald R.EykhoIt ,Carl R.Elder,Craig H. Benson.Effects of aquifer heterogeneity and reaction mechanism uncertainty on a reactive barrier.Journal of Hazardous Materials,2261(2261).
[114]Giupponi C, Eiselt B, Ghetti P F. A multicriteria approach for mapping risks of agricultural pollution for water resources: The Venice Lagoon watershed case study. Journal of Environmental Management, 1999,56:259-269.
[115]Gustafson DI.Gr oundwater ubiquity score: a simple method for assessing pesticide leachability.Envir on Toxicol Chem, 1989,8:339 - 357.
[116]Hattingh R P, et al. Assessment, prediction and management of longterm post-closure water quality: A case study - Hlobane Colliery, South Africa. Geological Society Special Publication, 2002, 198, 297-314.
[117]Hiscock K M, Lovett A A,Brainard J S. Groundwater vulnerability assessment: two case studies using GIS methodology. Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology, 1995,28(2): 179-184
[118] Iain R. Lakea, Andrew A. Lovetta, Kevin M. Hiscock etal. Evaluating factors influencing groundwater vulnerability to nitrate pollution: developing the potential of GIS. Journal of Environmental Management,2003, (68):315-328.
[119]Jarslav Vbra,AIexander Zaporozec.Guidebook on mapping groundwater vulnerability[M]. International contributions to hydrogeology founded by G.Castany, E.Groba,E.Romijn,1994, Volumr(16)
[120]Kalinski RJ, Kelly WE, Bogardi 1, etal. Correlation between DRASTIC vulnerabilities and Incidents of VOC contamination of municipal wells in Nebraska. Ground Water Journal,1994,32(1):31-34
[121] Keith Loague, Artagnan Lloyd D, Ann NguYen ,et al.A case study simulation of DBCP groundwater contamination in Fresno County,California-Leaching through the unsaturated subsurface.Journal of Contaminant Hudrology, 1998,26:29,109-136.
[122] Kim YJ, Hamm SY. Assessment of the potential for groundwater contamination using the DRASTIC/EGIS technique,Cheongju area, South Korea. Hydrogeol. J, 1999, 7:227-235.
[123]Kolpin DW, Barbash JE, Gilliom RJ.Occurrence of pesticides in shallow groundwater of the United States: initial results from the National Water Quality Assessment Program.Environ Sci Technol, 1998,32:558 -566.
[124]Kolpin DW, Goolsby DA, Thurman EM.Pesticides in nearsurfaceaquifers: an assessment using highly sensitive analytical methods and tritium.J Environ Qual, 1995,24:1125 - 1132.
[125]Kolpin DW, Thurman EM, Linhart SM.The environmental occurrence of herbicides: the importance of degradates in ground water.Ar ch Environ Contam Toxicol, 1998,,35:385 - 390.
[126]Kolpin DW.Agricultural chemicals in groundwater of the Midwestern United States: relations to land use.J Environ Qual, 1997,26:1025 - 1037.
[127] Kraft GJ, Stites W, Mechenich DJ. Impacts of irrigated vegetable agriculture on a humid north-central US sand plain aquifer. Ground Water, 1999,37:00:00 572-580.
[128]Lasserre F, Razack M, Banton O.A GIS-linked model for the assessment of nitrate contamination in groundwater. Journal of Hydrology, 1999,224:81-90.
[129]Lobo-Fereira J P. GIS and mathematical modeling for the assessment of grongdwater vnlnerability to pollution:Application to two Chinese case-study areas.In proceedings of the international conference "ecosystem service and sustainable watershed management towards flood prevetion, pollution control, and socio-economic development in north China"[C].Beijing.PR China,2000,23-25
[130] Lynch SD, Reynders AG, Schulze RE. A DRASTIC approach to groundwater vulnerability in South Africa. South African J. Sci, 1997,93: 59-60.
[131]Maas RP, Kucken DJ, Patch SC, Peek BT, Van Engelen DL. Pesticides in eastern North Carolina rural supply wells:land-use factors and persistence.J Environ Qual, 1995,24:426 - 431.
[132]Madl-Szonyi J, Fule L.Gr oundwater vulnerability assessment of the SW trans-Danubian central range.Hung Environ Geol ,1998,35:9 - 18.
[133]Maeda M , Zhao B, Ozaki Y,etal. Nitrate leaching in an Andisol treated with different types of fertilizers. Environ. Pollut.2003, 121, 477-487.
[134]Marc Soutter, Andre Musy. Coupling 1D Monte-Carlo imulations and geostatistics to assess groundwater vulnerability to pesticide contamination on a regional scale. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, 1998,32,25-39.
[135]Meeks YJ, Dean JD.Evaluating ground-water vulnerability to pesticides. J.Water Resour Plan Manage, 1990,116(5):693 - 707.
[136]Melloul A J, Collin M. A proposed index for aquifer water-quality assessment :the case of Israel's Sharon region. Journal of Environmental Management,1985,54:131-142.
[137]Melloul AJ, Collin ML. Sustainable groundwater management of the stressed Coastal aquifer in the Gaza region. Hydrolog Sci J,2000,45(1):147-59.
[138] Merchant JW.GIS-based groundwater pollution hazard assessment-a critical review of the DRASTIC model.Photogramm Eng Remote Sens, 1994,60:1117 - 1128.
[139] Michael R, Burkart, Dana W, etal. Assessing groundwater vulnerability to agrichemical contamination in the Midwest US.Wat,Sci,Tech, 1999,39(3): 103-112.
[140]Millington A , Al-Hussein S, Dutton R. (1999). Population dynamics, socio-economic change and land colonisation in Northern Jordan, with spatial reference to the Badia Research and Development Project area. Applied Geography, 1999,19:00 363-386
[141]National Research Council.Gr ound water vulnerability assessment:Contamination potential under conditions of uncertainty .National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 1993
[142]Navulur K C S, Engel B A. Groundwater vulnerability assessment to non-point source nitrate pollution on a regional scale using GIS. Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers, 1998,41,1671-1678.
[143] Nolan BT. Relating nitrogen sources and aquifer susceptibility of nitrate in shallow ground waters of the United States. Ground Water,2001,39:290-299.
[144] Palmer RC, Holman IP, Robins NS, Lewis MA.Guide to groundwater vulnerability mapping in England and Wales.Bristol: National Rivers Authority, 1995
[145] Palmer RC, Lewis MA.Assessment of groundwater vulnerability in England and Wales.In: Robins NS, editor. Groundwater pollution, Aquifer Recharge and Vulnerability. London: Geological Society, Special Publications 130, 1998, 191-198.
[146] Panno SV, Hackley KC, Hwang HH,etal. .Determination of the sources of nitrate contamination in karst springs using isotopic and chemical indicators. Chem.Geol, 2001,179: 113-128.
[147] Paul JA. Withers, Eunice I. Lord. Agricultural nutrient inputs to rivers and groundwaters in the UK: policy, environmental management and research needs. The Science of the Total Environment, 2002,282-283:9-24.
[148] Peter B.E. Sandersen, Flemming Jorgensen. Buried Quaternary valleys in western Denmark—occurrence and inferred implications for groundwater resourcess and vulnerability. Journal of Applied Geophysics,2003,53,229-248.
[149]Petry J, Soulsby C, Malcolm IA,etal.Hydrological controls on nutrient concentrations and fluxes in agricultural catchments. Sci. Total Environ, 2002,294:95-110.
[150] Robins N S.Groundwater pollution,aquifer recharge and vulnerability, 1998.
[151]Rundquist D C, Peters A J, Liping D,etal. State-wide groundwater vulnerability assessment in Nebraska using the DRASTIC/GIS model. Geo Cartography International, 1991,6: 51-58.
[152]Secunda S, Collin M, Melloul A J. Groundwater vulnerability assessment using a composite model combining DRASTIC with extensive land use in Israel's Sharon region. Journal of Environmental Management, 1998, 54: 39-57.
[153]Shamsuddin Shahid.A study of groundwater pollution vulnerability using DRASTIC/GIS,West Bengal, INDIA. Journal of Environmental hydrology,2000,(8):1-8.
[154]Sophocleous M,Tainshing Ma.A desion support model to assess vulnerability to salt water intrudion in the Great Beng Prairie aquifer of Kansas[J].Ground Water,1998,36(3):476-483.
[155]Stetzenbach K J, Hodge V F,Guo C,et al.Geochemical and statistical evidence of deep carbonate groundwater within overlying volcanic rock aquifers/aquitards of southern Nevada, USA. Journal of Hydrology, 2001, (243):254-271.
[156] Steven F.Thornton,John H.Tellam,David N.Lerner.Attenuation of landfill leachate by UK Triassic sandstone aquifer materials:Fate of inorganic pollutants in laboratory columns.Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, 2000,43, 327-354.
[157] Stigter TY, van Ooijen SPJ, Post, VEA etal. A hydrogeological and hydrochemical explanation of the groundwater composition under irrigated land in a Mediterranean environment, Algarve, Portugal. J. Hydrol, 1998,208: 262-279.
[158]Tesoriero AJ,Voss F D.Predicting the probability if elevated nitrate concenteations in the Puget Sound Basin:Implications for aquifer susceptibility and vuInerability[J].Ground Water, 1997,35(6): 1029-1039
[159]Thirumalaivasan D, Karmegam M, Venugopal K. AHP-DRASTIC: software for specific aquifer vulnerability assessment using DRASTIC model and GIS. Environmental Modelling & Software, 2003,18:645-656.
[160]Tonn B E, et al. An assessment of waste issues associated with the production of new, lightweight, fuel-efficient vehicles.Journal of Cleaner Production, 2003, 11,-7 753-765.
[161] Torleif Dahlin,Asa Hakansson.Experiences of resistivity surveying for engineering and environmental applications in Sweden.Journal of Applied Geophysics,1995,(34):137-167.
[162] USEPA.A review of methods for assessing aquifer sensitivity and ground water vulnerability to pesticide contamination.USEPA, Office of Water, Washington, DC,1993
[163] US NRE.Innovations in ground water and soil clean up from concept to commercialization.National Academy Press, 1997
[164]Uticchio F,taffaele Giordano,Nicola Lopez.A fuzzy knowledge-based decision support system for groundwater pollution risk evaliation. Journal of Enviromental Management,2004,73:189-197.
[165]Wooff DA, Seheult AH, Coolen FPA, Worrall F.Bayesian discrimination with uncertain covariates for pesticide contamination. In: Barnett V, Stein A, Turkman K, editors.Statistics for the Environment 4:00 Pollution Assessment and Control.Chichester: John Wiley and Sons, 1999,337-353.
[166] Worrall F, Wooff DA, Seheult AH, et al.New approaches to assessing the risk of groundwater contamination by pesticides.J Geol Soc, 2000,157:877 - 884.
[167] Worrall F, Wooff DA, Seheult Ahetal. Bayesian approach to the analysis of environmental fate and behaviour data for pesticide registration.Pestic Sci, 1998,54:99 - 112.
[168] Worrall F. Multi-criteria assessment of the groundwater vulnerability assessment system of England and Wales.J. Hydrol, 2004
[169] Yoon-Seok Hong,Mochale R.Rosen.Intelligent characterization and diagnosis of the groundwater quality in an urban fractured-rock aquifer using an artificial neural network.UrbanWater,2001,(3):217-228.
[170] Zhou huicheng,wang guoli,yangqing.A multi-objective fuzzy recongnition model for assessing gtoundeater vulnerability based on the DRASTIC system[J].Hydrogical Sciences,1999,44(4):611-618
[171]Zetsker IS, Belousova AP, Dudov VY.Regional assessment and mapping of groundwater vulnerability to contamination. Environ Geol, 1995,25:225 - 231.
[1] 白军红，余国营，王庆改．石家庄市地表水环境分析．干旱区研究，2001，18(2)：1-4．
[2] 白军红，余国营，王庆改．石家庄市地表水环境质量及综合防治对策研究．安全与环境学报，2001，1(3)：54-57．
[3] 毕二平，高扬，刘长礼．人类活动影响下石家庄市地下水环境质量现状及趋势研究．勘察科学技术，1999，(6)：7-12．
[4] 毕二平，李政红．石家庄市地下水中氮污染分析．水文地质工程地质，2001，(2)：31-34．
[5] 毕守海．全国地下水超才区现状与治理对策．地下水，2003，25(2)：72-74．
[6] 陈梅芬．我国地下水开发利用现状与展望．地下水开发利用与管理．电子科技大学出版社，1995．
[7] 陈梦熊．中国水文地质环境地质问题研究．北京：地震出版社，1998
[8] 陈望和等．河北地下水[M]．北京：地震出版社，1999
[9] 陈守煜，伏广涛，周惠成等．含水层脆弱性模糊分析评价模型与方法．水利学报，2002，(7)：23-30
[10] 陈守煜，王国利．含水层脆弱性的模糊优选迭代评价模型及应用．大连理工大学学报，1999，39(6)：811-815．
[11] 陈淑兰，王学锋．华北平原地下水质发展趋势评价．河南教育学院学报，1998，7(3)：59-62．
[12] 邓慧平．气候与土地利用变化对水文水资源的影响研究．地球科学进展，2001，16(3)：356-441．
[13] 范伶俐．试论气候变化对我国水资源的影响．关系气象，2002，23(4)：43-44．
[14] 范鹏飞．华北平原地下水演化及预测．地球学报，1998，19(4)：346-352．
[15] 房佩贤，卫中鼎，廖资生．专门水位地质学．地质出版社，1987．90-91．
[16] 费宇红，陈树娥，刘克岩．滹沱河断流区水环境劣变特征与地下调蓄潜力．水利学报，2001，(11)：41-44．
[17] 费宇红，王金哲，李惠娣．滹沱河断流区地下水调蓄潜力分析．南水北调与水利科技，2002，23(5)：11-14．
[18] 费宇红，张兆吉，陈京生．人类活动与海河平原水资源关系研究．地球科学进展，2004，19(增刊)：101-107．
[19] 付素蓉，王焰新，蔡鹤生，李义连．城市地下水污染敏感性分析．地球科学，2000，25(5)：482-486．
[20] 付学功．衡水市深层地下水降落漏斗及发展趋势分析．水资源保护，2001，(1)：24-25，44．
[21] 高太忠，罗人明，黄群贤等．河北平原地下水开发中的问题及可持续利用．地质灾害与环境保护，2002，13(3)：6-9．
[22] 郭永海，沈照理，钟佐燊，刘淑芬．河北平原地下水有机氯污染及其与防污性的关系．水文地质工程地质，1996，(1)：40-42．
[23] 郭永海，王志明，刘淑芬．石家庄市地下水污染特征及其与超量开采的关系．铀矿地质，2005，21(2)：123-127
[24] 郭永海，张作振，沈照理等．河北平原咸淡水界线的变换及影响因素探讨．水文地质工程地质，1996，(4)38-39．
[25] 何长鸣，闫长虹．城市地下工程与地下水污染．环境保护科学，2000，26(总98)：19-20．
[26] 虎维岳，南生辉，柴建禄．大气降水对地下水补给的影响因素分析．地下水，1997，19(4)：168-170．
[27] 姜桂华．地下水脆弱性研究进展．世界地质，2002，21(1)：33-38．
[28] 姜月华，待倾嘉，汪迎平等．长江三角洲地下水开采的负环境效应及其防治．火山地质与矿产，2000，21(3)：214-215．
[29] 雷静，张思聪．唐山市平原区地下水脆弱性评价研究．环境科学学报，2003，23(1)：94-99．
[30] 李春．国外地下水资源的保护与管理研究动态中国人口·资源与环境，2001，11(总第51期)：163-164．
[31] 李彦茹．衡水市浅层地下水水质状况分析评价．海河水利，1998，(5)：19-20．
[32] 林山杉，武健强，张勃夫．地下水环境脆弱程度图编图方法研究．水位地质工程地质，2000，(3)：6-9．
[33] 刘春蓁．中国西北水资源的脆弱性．冰川冻土，2003，25(3)：309-314．
[34] 刘绿柳．水资源脆弱性及其定量评价．水土保持通报，2002，22(2)：41-44．
[35] 刘淑芬，郭永海．区域地下水防污性评价方法及其在河北平原的应用．河北地质学院学报，1996，19(1)：41-45．
[36] 刘振勇，于开宁，吴静芳等．石家庄市地下水环境质量恶化的防止对策．河北地质学院学报，1994，17(4)：334-338．
[37] 路洪海．人类活动胁迫下岩溶含水层脆弱性分析．热带地理，2004，24(3)：212-215．
[38] 马金珠，高前兆．干旱区地下水脆弱性特征及评价方法探讨．干旱区地理，2003，26(1)：44-49．
[39] 马金珠．塔里木盆地南缘地下水脆弱性评价．中国沙漠，2001，21(2)：170-174．
[40] 梅双斌．石家庄市地下水污染及防治．地质灾害与环境保护，1998，9(2)：33-37．
[41] 米玉华．河北省地下水资源质量时空分布规律及成因分析．河北水利水电技术，2003，(1)：31-33．
[42] 柳光中，李晓峰．人工神经网络BP算法的改进和结构的自调整．运筹学学报，2001，5(1)：81-87
[43] 商彦蕊．河北省水文地质环境变化及其脆弱性分析．中国人口·资源与环境，2002，12(5)：105-107．
[44] 尚丽．基于BP网络的自学习算法和C语言实现．工业控制计算机，2002，15(4)：13-17．
[45] 沈新国．长江三角洲地区环境地质问题．火山地质与矿产，2001，22(2)：84-94．
[46] 沈珍瑶，杨志峰，曹瑜．环境脆弱性研究述评．地质科技情报，2003，22(3)：91-94．
[47] 沈振．石家庄市地下水盐污染时空演化规律．北京地质，2003，15(2)：16-20．
[48] 孙才志，林山杉．地下水脆弱性概念的发展过程与评价现状及研究前景．吉林地质，2000，19(1)：29-36．
[49] 孙才志，潘俊．地下水脆弱性的概念、评价方法与研究前景．水科学进展，1999，10(4)：444-449．
[50] 唐国平，李秀彬，刘燕华．全球气候变化下水资源脆弱性及其评估方法．地球科学进展，2000，15(3)：313-317
[51] 王贵玲，蔺文静，张发旺．太行山前平原地下水环境演化规律研究．干旱区资源与环境，2004，18(3)：74-77．
[52] 王玉和．浅论地下水污染．地下水，2004，26(4)：294-296．
[53] 王云海，魏文秋，骆培云．水利工程对地下水水质影响模型的研究．重庆环境科学，1995，17(3)：31-37．
[54] 王政友．降雨入渗补给地下水机理探讨．水文，2003，23(3)：34-36．
[55] 魏加华，王光谦，李慈君，邵景力．GIS在地下水研究中的应用进展．水文地质工程地质，2003，(2)：94-98．
[56] 吴耀国，董悦安．衡水地区浅层地下水开采环境效应再认识．地下水，1996，18(3)：128-130．
[57] 邢威洲，雒彦品，赵卫．污染河流对地下水质的影响．河北水利科技，1995，16(2)：66-69．
[58] 徐恒力，肖国强，李红．人为活动条件下河北平原第四系地下水系统的演变．地质科技情报，2002，21(1)：7-13．
[59] 杨建强，罗先香，高振会．GIS支持下人类活动对地下水动态影响的定量分析．水科学进展，2003，14(3)：358-362．
[60] 杨庆，栾茂田．地下水易污性评价方法——DRASTIC指标体系．水文地质工程地质，1999，(2)：4-9．
[61] 杨晓婷，王文科，乔晓英等．关中盆地地下水脆弱性评价指标体系的探讨．西安工程学院学报，2001，23(2)：46-49．
[62] 杨燕舞，张雁秋．水资源的脆弱性及区域可持续发展．苏州城建环保学院学报，2005，15(4)：85-88．
[63] 杨裕云，杨红刚，吴有才．与地下水作用有关的地质灾害．水文地质工程地质，20004，增刊：1-7．
[64] 殷正宙，孙继朝．华北平原地下水演化中的认为干扰．科学对社会的影响，1995，(2)：19-23．
[65] 尹俊岭．衡水现状条件下地下水资源及可采量分析．河北水利科技，1998，19(2)：29-32．
[66] 于开宁，郝爱兵，李铎，刘振英．石家庄市地下水盐污染的分布及污染机理．地学前 缘，2001，8(1)：151-154．
[67] 于开宁，郝爱兵，王孟科．石家庄市地下水污染特征及机理，水文地质工程地质，1996，(6)：2932．
[68] 于开宁．城市化对地下水补给的影响—以石家庄市为例．地球学报，2001，22(2)：175-178．
[69] 于开宁．石家庄市地下水硬度分布及其异常形成．河北地质学院学报，1996，19(2)：102-126．
[70] 臧东亮，王红霞，于大鹏，浅谈人类活动对地下水资源的影响．水利科技与经济，1999，5(4)：202，222．
[71] 张长春，邵景力，李慈君，崔亚莉．华北平原地下水生态环境水位研究．吉林大学学报(地球科学版)，2003，33(3)：326-330．
[72] 张德富，殷正坤．人工神经网络的发展及其哲理．科学技术与辨证法，2000，17(4)：17-20．
[73] 张光辉，费宇红，刘克岩等．海河平原地下水演变与对策．北京：科学出版社，2004．
[74] 张立杰，巩中友，孙香太．地下水环境脆弱性的模糊综合评判．哈尔滨师范大学自然科学学报，2001，17(2)：109-112．
[75] 张瑞秀．石家庄东部平原地下水环境状况与对策．河北水利水电技术，2003，(1)：41-42
[76] 张文渊．超量开采地下水对环境的影响及其对策．水电能源科学，1999，17(4)：50-52．
[77] 张秀义，赵延宁．衡水市地下水开发利用存在的问题及对策．地下水，2003，25(2)：89-91．
[78] 张学真．我国地下水资源开发利用的回顾与展望，2001，23(1)：6-7．
[79] 张宗祜，施德鸿，任福弘等．论华北平原第四系地下水系统之演化．中国科学，1997，27(2)：158-173．
[80] 张宗祜，沈照理，薛禹群．华北平原底地下水环境演化．北京：地质出版社，2000
[81] 郑连生，穆仲义，马大明．河北省缺水状况、问题及对策．地理学与国土研究，2002，18(1)：56-62．
[82] 郑西来，吴新利，荆静．西安市潜水污染的潜在性分析与评价[J]．工程勘察，1997，(4)：22～24．
[83] 钟佐燊．地下水防污性评价方法探讨．地学前缘，005，12(特刊)：3-9．
[84] 周金龙，王水献，王能英．模糊数学方法在潜水防污性评价中的应用．新疆农业大学学报，2004，27(2)：62-65．
[85] 周铁轴．灰关联法对衡水湖水环境现状评价，1998，19(1)：6-9．
[86] 朱明星，沈谦，张德龙．一种权值预学习BP算法的研究．安徽大学学报，1999，23(1)：71-76．
[87] 朱雪芹，徐秀娟，蒋丽艳等．哈尔滨市地下水易污性评价及计算机制图．世界地质，2001，20(4)：364-368．
[88] Ahmed Alderwish, Mohamed Al-Eryani. An approach for assessing the vulnerability of the water resources of Yemen to climate change. Climate research, 1999, 12: 85-89
[89] Aller L, Bennett T, Lehr JH, Petty RJ, Hackett G. DRASTIC: A standardised system for evaluating groundwater pollution potential using hydrogeologic settings. US Environment Protection Agency, Ada, Oklahoma, EPA, 1987,445
[90] Allison R J,Grove J R etal.Geomorphiligy of the Easten Badia Basalt Plateua.The Geographical Journal, 2000,166:352-370
[91] Anat Uhapinta,Paul F.Hudak.Use of geographic information systems for assessing groundwater pollution potential by pesticides in Central Thailand.Enciroment International,2003,29:87-93.
[92] Barra Caracciolo A, Giulianoa G, Grennia P, et al. Degradation and leaching of the herbicides metolachlor and diuron: a case study in an area of Northern Italy Environmental Pollution, 2005,(134):525-534
[93] Bekesi G, McConchie J. Groundwater recharge modelling using the Monte Carlo technique,Manawatu region, New Zealand.Journal of Hydrology, 1999,(224): 137-148.
[94] Blanchard PE, Lerch RN.W atershed vulnerability to losses of agricultural chemicals: interactions of chemistry, hydrology and land-use.Envir on Sci Technol, 2000,34:3315 - 3322.
[95] Blodgett,R.Drinking water vulnerability assessment in Texas.Proceeding,1993 annual conference,American works association, 1993
[96] Bunnuell J F, Zampella R A, Morgan M D,et al.A comparison of nitrogen removal by subsurface pressure dosing and standard septic systems in sandy soils.Journal of Environmental Management, 1999,56:209-219.
[97] Cey EE, Rudolph DL, Aravena R,etal. Role of the riparian zone in controlling the distribution and fate of agricultural nitrogen near a small stream in southern Ontraio. J. Contam. Hydrol, 1999,37:45-67.
[98] Chan Ho Jeong.Effect of land use and urbanization on hudrochemidtry and contamination of groundwater from Taejon area ,Korea.Journal of Hydrology,2001,(253): 194-2000.
[99] Close ME.Assessment of pesticide contamination of groundwater in New Zealand 1.Ranking of regions for potential contamination.NZJ Mar Freshwater Res, 1993,27:257 - 266.
[100] Close ME.Assessment of pesticide contamination of groundwater in New Zealand 2.Results of groundwater sampling.NZJ Mar Freshwater Res, 1993,27:267-273.
[101]Collin M L, Melloul A J. Assessing groundwater vulnerability to pollution to promote sustainable urban and rural development. Journal of Cleaner Production,.2003,l 1,727-736.
[102]Connell L D,Gerd van den Daele. A quantitive Aapproach to aquifer vulnerability mapping.Journanl of Hydrology, 2003,276:71-88.
[103] Costa JL, Massone H, Martinez, D, et al. Nitrate contamination of a rural aquifer and accumulation in the unsaturated zone. Agricul. Water Manage, 2002,57 (1): 33-47.
[104]Dottridge J. Water resource quality ,suatatinability and development.arid land resources and their management, Jordan desert margin, 1998,67-80
[105]Dutton R W,Shahbaz M.The badia programme:difining and overcoming costrains on sustainable development. Applied Goegraphy, 1999,19:275-281
[106]Eavans B M,Mayers W L.A GIS-based pproach to evaluating regional groundwater pokkution with DRASTIC. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 1990,45,242-245
[107]Ecunda, Collin S S M L, Melloul A J.Groundwater vulnerability assessment using a composite modal combining DRASTIC with extensive agricultural land use in Israel's Sharon region. Journal of Enviromental Management, 1998,54:39-57.
[108] Fobe B, Goossens M.The groundwater vulnerability map for the Flemish region—its principles and uses.Eng Geol, 1990,29:355 - 363.
[109]Fortin M,Thomson K P B,Edwards G.The role of error propagation for integrating multisorce data within spatial models:The case of DRASTIC groundwater nelnerability model.Earth surface Remote Sensing. London: Procedure SPIE Conference, 1997,358-361
[110] Foster I D L , Thorn R H. Contrasting problems of implementing European Community Water Protection Zone Policies in Ireland and Great Britain. Jnl. Inst. Water & Environ. Managers, 1993,7, 62-67.
[111]Fred Worrall,Dana W. Kolpin. Aquifer vulnerability to pesticide pollution—combining soil,land-use and aquifer properties with molecular descriptors. Journal of Hydrology, 2004,293:191-204.
[112] Fritch TG, Mcknight CL, Yelderman, JC.etal.An aquifer vulnerability assessment of the Paluxy aquifer central Texas, USA, using GIS and a modified DRASTIC approach. Environ. Manage, 2000,25: 337-345.
[113] Gerald R.EykhoIt ,Carl R.Elder,Craig H. Benson.Effects of aquifer heterogeneity and reaction mechanism uncertainty on a reactive barrier.Journal of Hazardous Materials,2261(2261).
[114]Giupponi C, Eiselt B, Ghetti P F. A multicriteria approach for mapping risks of agricultural pollution for water resources: The Venice Lagoon watershed case study. Journal of Environmental Management, 1999,56:259-269.
[115]Gustafson DI.Gr oundwater ubiquity score: a simple method for assessing pesticide leachability.Envir on Toxicol Chem, 1989,8:339 - 357.
[116]Hattingh R P, et al. Assessment, prediction and management of longterm post-closure water quality: A case study - Hlobane Colliery, South Africa. Geological Society Special Publication, 2002, 198, 297-314.
[117]Hiscock K M, Lovett A A,Brainard J S. Groundwater vulnerability assessment: two case studies using GIS methodology. Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology, 1995,28(2): 179-184
[118] Iain R. Lakea, Andrew A. Lovetta, Kevin M. Hiscock etal. Evaluating factors influencing groundwater vulnerability to nitrate pollution: developing the potential of GIS. Journal of Environmental Management,2003, (68):315-328.
[119]Jarslav Vbra,AIexander Zaporozec.Guidebook on mapping groundwater vulnerability[M]. International contributions to hydrogeology founded by G.Castany, E.Groba,E.Romijn,1994, Volumr(16)
[120]Kalinski RJ, Kelly WE, Bogardi 1, etal. Correlation between DRASTIC vulnerabilities and Incidents of VOC contamination of municipal wells in Nebraska. Ground Water Journal,1994,32(1):31-34
[121] Keith Loague, Artagnan Lloyd D, Ann NguYen ,et al.A case study simulation of DBCP groundwater contamination in Fresno County,California-Leaching through the unsaturated subsurface.Journal of Contaminant Hudrology, 1998,26:29,109-136.
[122] Kim YJ, Hamm SY. Assessment of the potential for groundwater contamination using the DRASTIC/EGIS technique,Cheongju area, South Korea. Hydrogeol. J, 1999, 7:227-235.
[123]Kolpin DW, Barbash JE, Gilliom RJ.Occurrence of pesticides in shallow groundwater of the United States: initial results from the National Water Quality Assessment Program.Environ Sci Technol, 1998,32:558 -566.
[124]Kolpin DW, Goolsby DA, Thurman EM.Pesticides in nearsurfaceaquifers: an assessment using highly sensitive analytical methods and tritium.J Environ Qual, 1995,24:1125 - 1132.
[125]Kolpin DW, Thurman EM, Linhart SM.The environmental occurrence of herbicides: the importance of degradates in ground water.Ar ch Environ Contam Toxicol, 1998,,35:385 - 390.
[126]Kolpin DW.Agricultural chemicals in groundwater of the Midwestern United States: relations to land use.J Environ Qual, 1997,26:1025 - 1037.
[127] Kraft GJ, Stites W, Mechenich DJ. Impacts of irrigated vegetable agriculture on a humid north-central US sand plain aquifer. Ground Water, 1999,37:00:00 572-580.
[128]Lasserre F, Razack M, Banton O.A GIS-linked model for the assessment of nitrate contamination in groundwater. Journal of Hydrology, 1999,224:81-90.
[129]Lobo-Fereira J P. GIS and mathematical modeling for the assessment of grongdwater vnlnerability to pollution:Application to two Chinese case-study areas.In proceedings of the international conference "ecosystem service and sustainable watershed management towards flood prevetion, pollution control, and socio-economic development in north China"[C].Beijing.PR China,2000,23-25
[130] Lynch SD, Reynders AG, Schulze RE. A DRASTIC approach to groundwater vulnerability in South Africa. South African J. Sci, 1997,93: 59-60.
[131]Maas RP, Kucken DJ, Patch SC, Peek BT, Van Engelen DL. Pesticides in eastern North Carolina rural supply wells:land-use factors and persistence.J Environ Qual, 1995,24:426 - 431.
[132]Madl-Szonyi J, Fule L.Gr oundwater vulnerability assessment of the SW trans-Danubian central range.Hung Environ Geol ,1998,35:9 - 18.
[133]Maeda M , Zhao B, Ozaki Y,etal. Nitrate leaching in an Andisol treated with different types of fertilizers. Environ. Pollut.2003, 121, 477-487.
[134]Marc Soutter, Andre Musy. Coupling 1D Monte-Carlo imulations and geostatistics to assess groundwater vulnerability to pesticide contamination on a regional scale. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, 1998,32,25-39.
[135]Meeks YJ, Dean JD.Evaluating ground-water vulnerability to pesticides. J.Water Resour Plan Manage, 1990,116(5):693 - 707.
[136]Melloul A J, Collin M. A proposed index for aquifer water-quality assessment :the case of Israel's Sharon region. Journal of Environmental Management,1985,54:131-142.
[137]Melloul AJ, Collin ML. Sustainable groundwater management of the stressed Coastal aquifer in the Gaza region. Hydrolog Sci J,2000,45(1):147-59.
[138] Merchant JW.GIS-based groundwater pollution hazard assessment-a critical review of the DRASTIC model.Photogramm Eng Remote Sens, 1994,60:1117 - 1128.
[139] Michael R, Burkart, Dana W, etal. Assessing groundwater vulnerability to agrichemical contamination in the Midwest US.Wat,Sci,Tech, 1999,39(3): 103-112.
[140]Millington A , Al-Hussein S, Dutton R. (1999). Population dynamics, socio-economic change and land colonisation in Northern Jordan, with spatial reference to the Badia Research and Development Project area. Applied Geography, 1999,19:00 363-386
[141]National Research Council.Gr ound water vulnerability assessment:Contamination potential under conditions of uncertainty .National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 1993
[142]Navulur K C S, Engel B A. Groundwater vulnerability assessment to non-point source nitrate pollution on a regional scale using GIS. Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers, 1998,41,1671-1678.
[143] Nolan BT. Relating nitrogen sources and aquifer susceptibility of nitrate in shallow ground waters of the United States. Ground Water,2001,39:290-299.
[144] Palmer RC, Holman IP, Robins NS, Lewis MA.Guide to groundwater vulnerability mapping in England and Wales.Bristol: National Rivers Authority, 1995
[145] Palmer RC, Lewis MA.Assessment of groundwater vulnerability in England and Wales.In: Robins NS, editor. Groundwater pollution, Aquifer Recharge and Vulnerability. London: Geological Society, Special Publications 130, 1998, 191-198.
[146] Panno SV, Hackley KC, Hwang HH,etal. .Determination of the sources of nitrate contamination in karst springs using isotopic and chemical indicators. Chem.Geol, 2001,179: 113-128.
[147] Paul JA. Withers, Eunice I. Lord. Agricultural nutrient inputs to rivers and groundwaters in the UK: policy, environmental management and research needs. The Science of the Total Environment, 2002,282-283:9-24.
[148] Peter B.E. Sandersen, Flemming Jorgensen. Buried Quaternary valleys in western Denmark—occurrence and inferred implications for groundwater resourcess and vulnerability. Journal of Applied Geophysics,2003,53,229-248.
[149]Petry J, Soulsby C, Malcolm IA,etal.Hydrological controls on nutrient concentrations and fluxes in agricultural catchments. Sci. Total Environ, 2002,294:95-110.
[150] Robins N S.Groundwater pollution,aquifer recharge and vulnerability, 1998.
[151]Rundquist D C, Peters A J, Liping D,etal. State-wide groundwater vulnerability assessment in Nebraska using the DRASTIC/GIS model. Geo Cartography International, 1991,6: 51-58.
[152]Secunda S, Collin M, Melloul A J. Groundwater vulnerability assessment using a composite model combining DRASTIC with extensive land use in Israel's Sharon region. Journal of Environmental Management, 1998, 54: 39-57.
[153]Shamsuddin Shahid.A study of groundwater pollution vulnerability using DRASTIC/GIS,West Bengal, INDIA. Journal of Environmental hydrology,2000,(8):1-8.
[154]Sophocleous M,Tainshing Ma.A desion support model to assess vulnerability to salt water intrudion in the Great Beng Prairie aquifer of Kansas[J].Ground Water,1998,36(3):476-483.
[155]Stetzenbach K J, Hodge V F,Guo C,et al.Geochemical and statistical evidence of deep carbonate groundwater within overlying volcanic rock aquifers/aquitards of southern Nevada, USA. Journal of Hydrology, 2001, (243):254-271.
[156] Steven F.Thornton,John H.Tellam,David N.Lerner.Attenuation of landfill leachate by UK Triassic sandstone aquifer materials:Fate of inorganic pollutants in laboratory columns.Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, 2000,43, 327-354.
[157] Stigter TY, van Ooijen SPJ, Post, VEA etal. A hydrogeological and hydrochemical explanation of the groundwater composition under irrigated land in a Mediterranean environment, Algarve, Portugal. J. Hydrol, 1998,208: 262-279.
[158]Tesoriero AJ,Voss F D.Predicting the probability if elevated nitrate concenteations in the Puget Sound Basin:Implications for aquifer susceptibility and vuInerability[J].Ground Water, 1997,35(6): 1029-1039
[159]Thirumalaivasan D, Karmegam M, Venugopal K. AHP-DRASTIC: software for specific aquifer vulnerability assessment using DRASTIC model and GIS. Environmental Modelling & Software, 2003,18:645-656.
[160]Tonn B E, et al. An assessment of waste issues associated with the production of new, lightweight, fuel-efficient vehicles.Journal of Cleaner Production, 2003, 11,-7 753-765.
[161] Torleif Dahlin,Asa Hakansson.Experiences of resistivity surveying for engineering and environmental applications in Sweden.Journal of Applied Geophysics,1995,(34):137-167.
[162] USEPA.A review of methods for assessing aquifer sensitivity and ground water vulnerability to pesticide contamination.USEPA, Office of Water, Washington, DC,1993
[163] US NRE.Innovations in ground water and soil clean up from concept to commercialization.National Academy Press, 1997
[164]Uticchio F,taffaele Giordano,Nicola Lopez.A fuzzy knowledge-based decision support system for groundwater pollution risk evaliation. Journal of Enviromental Management,2004,73:189-197.
[165]Wooff DA, Seheult AH, Coolen FPA, Worrall F.Bayesian discrimination with uncertain covariates for pesticide contamination. In: Barnett V, Stein A, Turkman K, editors.Statistics for the Environment 4:00 Pollution Assessment and Control.Chichester: John Wiley and Sons, 1999,337-353.
[166] Worrall F, Wooff DA, Seheult AH, et al.New approaches to assessing the risk of groundwater contamination by pesticides.J Geol Soc, 2000,157:877 - 884.
[167] Worrall F, Wooff DA, Seheult Ahetal. Bayesian approach to the analysis of environmental fate and behaviour data for pesticide registration.Pestic Sci, 1998,54:99 - 112.
[168] Worrall F. Multi-criteria assessment of the groundwater vulnerability assessment system of England and Wales.J. Hydrol, 2004
[169] Yoon-Seok Hong,Mochale R.Rosen.Intelligent characterization and diagnosis of the groundwater quality in an urban fractured-rock aquifer using an artificial neural network.UrbanWater,2001,(3):217-228.
[170] Zhou huicheng,wang guoli,yangqing.A multi-objective fuzzy recongnition model for assessing gtoundeater vulnerability based on the DRASTIC system[J].Hydrogical Sciences,1999,44(4):611-618
[171]Zetsker IS, Belousova AP, Dudov VY.Regional assessment and mapping of groundwater vulnerability to contamination. Environ Geol, 1995,25:225 - 231.