东北森林沼泽景观区表生地球化学特征及勘查地球化学技术方法研究
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摘要
二十多年来,在东北森林沼泽区,虽然几经方法技术研究,在不同的历史阶段提出了不同的区域化探扫面方法技术。但是,由于已有的方法技术没有完全排除本景观区广泛分布的有机质干扰问题,使得已完成的区域化探扫面工作不同程度存在着两大问题: ①区域地球化学变差不明显; ②异常被弱化,与异常相关的地球化学分布规律性不明显。因此,该景观区内区域化探扫面的地质找矿效果不明显。造成上述结果的主要原因之一是对森林沼泽景观区在表生作用下元素分散、迁移的机理等基础理论性问题研究力度不够,因而制定方法技术的依据不足。森林沼泽景观区表生地球化学作用有其特殊性, 这其中有机质扮演着十分重要的角色,在很大程度上直接或间接地影响元素的存在形式和迁移能力。因此研究森林沼泽景观区元素表生地球化学作用的机制,尤其是有机质的作用机理,是解决该区勘查地球化学方法技术的关键。
本论文针对上述问题重点研究了森林沼泽景观区元素在各种表生介质中的地球化学分布特征,还研究了有机质在各种表生介质中的分布、构成,与元素的关系,包括在元素分散、富集过程中的作用,干扰机理等关键问题;同时研究了在制定方法技术中有机质的干扰特点、干扰程度和排除干扰的方法以及在化探工作中利用有机质的可行性等几方面内容。
研究结果表明,在森林沼泽景观区,各介质的粗粒级部分(土壤为大于40目粒级,水系沉积物为大于60 目粒级)影响元素地球化学分布特征的主要是地质背景和元素本身的化学性质,有机质的影响甚微。在细粒级部分(土壤为小于40 目粒级,水系沉积物为小于60 目粒级)不论是土壤还是水系沉积物,有机质含量明显增加,对元素表生地球化学分布特征的影响大大增强。一方面有机质可以直接吸附很多元素,造成这些元素的次生富集;另一方面,有机质主要成分为胡敏酸、富里酸和胡敏素,在细粒水系沉积物中有机质含量是粗粒的29 倍,土壤表层是BC 层的8 倍。含量如此增加,大大改变了环境介质的物理化学条件,pH 值逐渐降低,电导率增高,增强了元素的活性,加大元素的迁移能力,从而改变了元素的表生地球化学分布特征。
研究结果还表明,在泥炭中,几乎所有元素在细粒级均出现明显富集现象,
For more than 20 years, studies on methods of geochemical reconnaissance surveys in the swamp-forest areas on the Northeast China have been carried out for several rounds and with different methods and technologies suggested at different phases. However, interference due to organic matters, which is widely exists in swamp-forest areas, has not been completely removed for the suggested methods. Two problems were thus resulted for the geochemical reconnaissance surveys: (1) the regional geochemical variations were not so significant and thus difficult to be traced; (2) the anomalies were weakened and the regularities of geochemical distributions related to the anomalies could not be clearly picked up. Consequently, effects of ore-finding with the geochemical data so obtained were not as good as expected. One of the reasons for this is that the mechanics of element dispersion and migration under secondary conditions in swamp-forest landscape has not been well understood, and therefore the methods have not been suggested under firm theoretical basis. As we know, secondary geochemical actions are very strong in swamp-forest areas. Organic matters play an important role in the actions, and to a great extent they exert an influence, directly or indirectly, on occurrence modes and migration capability of elements. A key point for developing effective geochemical methods in swamp-forest areas is to further understand secondary geochemical mechanics, especially the mechanics of actions due to organic matters, in swamp-forest areas.
Aimed at the problems mentioned above, the characteristics of geochemical distributions of elements in various secondary media in swamp-forest areas have been studies in this paper. Also studied in the paper have been the distribution and composition of organic matters in various secondary media and their roles in the process of element dispersion and enrichment, as well as the mechanics of interference from the organic matters. Based on the understanding of features and degrees of the interference from the organic matters, the ways for removing the interference have been suggested.
The results of the study show that distributions of elements in a coarsely grained portion of various secondary media ( > 40 mesh for soils, > 60 mesh for stream sediments ) are closely associated with and their own chemical properties and corresponding geological settings, little influence from organic matters could be observed. Whereas in a fine-grained portion, no matter for soils or stream sediments ( < 40 mesh for soils, < 60 mesh for stream sediments ), the contents of organic matters obviously increases and their influences on secondary geochemical distribution pattern of elements become much stronger. Many elements could be occluded directly by the organic matters on one hand, resulting in secondary enrichment of the elements. On the other hand, the main compositions of the organic matters are humic acid, fulvic acid and humin. And the content of organic matters in fine-grained stream sediments is 29 times higher than that in coarse-grained stream sediments, the content of organic matters in layer A of soils is 8 times higher
than that in layers B and C of soils. Great changes in physical-chemical condition of the secondary media are thus resulted with such high contents of organic matters, such as decrement of pH value, increment of conductivity, enhancement of activity and migrating capability of elements. The geochemical distribution pattern of elements in secondary environment is finally changed. It shows from our study that almost all of elements in a fine-grained portion in peat are obviously enriched, though the enrichment degree varies from element to element. The elements in grain-size of –80 mesh are mainly occurred in modes of amorphous femic oxides and organic matters, while little in water-soluble mode. The increment for proportion of organic matters is mainly due to the increment of organic carbon. The occlusion by organic matters in anomalous zones is higher that in background areas; it varies for the other two modes ( femic oxides and water-soluble modes ) depending on elements. Although the contrast of anomaly is lowered because of the significant enrichment of elements by organic matters in anomalous zones, enriching centers are still there, therefore it is feasible to track regional geochemical anomalies by taking peat as sampling medium. Based on the results above, the method for geochemical surveys on a scale of 1:200,000 in swamp-forest areas has been suggested. Summarily, the grain size for sampling is –10 ~ + 60 mesh for getting rid of interference from organic matters. The sampling density is one sampling spot every 4 km2, and making the spots mainly spread on 2nd ~ 3rd stream systems and valley mouths of long streams. It is thus possible to sample sandy and granular materials and avoid segments with peat accumulated. While for geochemical surveys more detail than regional surveys, stream sediments and peat could be sampled with grain size selected according to individual circumstance and sampling density adopted based on corresponding regulations. In summary, the geochemical characteristics, especially the mechanics of influence of organic matters on secondary geochemical distribution of elements, for swamp-forest areas have been systematically studies in this paper. And the method for geochemical surveys on a scale of 200,000 has been suggested in swamp-forest areas based on the results of the study. At the same time, the trials for tracking regional geochemical anomalies by taking peat as sampling medium have been carried out with rather good results obtained. The results of the study are not only helpful for practical geochemical surveys, but also prepare a firm ground for further theoretical study in such a kind of landscape.
本论文针对上述问题重点研究了森林沼泽景观区元素在各种表生介质中的地球化学分布特征,还研究了有机质在各种表生介质中的分布、构成,与元素的关系,包括在元素分散、富集过程中的作用,干扰机理等关键问题;同时研究了在制定方法技术中有机质的干扰特点、干扰程度和排除干扰的方法以及在化探工作中利用有机质的可行性等几方面内容。
研究结果表明,在森林沼泽景观区,各介质的粗粒级部分(土壤为大于40目粒级,水系沉积物为大于60 目粒级)影响元素地球化学分布特征的主要是地质背景和元素本身的化学性质,有机质的影响甚微。在细粒级部分(土壤为小于40 目粒级,水系沉积物为小于60 目粒级)不论是土壤还是水系沉积物,有机质含量明显增加,对元素表生地球化学分布特征的影响大大增强。一方面有机质可以直接吸附很多元素,造成这些元素的次生富集;另一方面,有机质主要成分为胡敏酸、富里酸和胡敏素,在细粒水系沉积物中有机质含量是粗粒的29 倍,土壤表层是BC 层的8 倍。含量如此增加,大大改变了环境介质的物理化学条件,pH 值逐渐降低,电导率增高,增强了元素的活性,加大元素的迁移能力,从而改变了元素的表生地球化学分布特征。
研究结果还表明,在泥炭中,几乎所有元素在细粒级均出现明显富集现象,
For more than 20 years, studies on methods of geochemical reconnaissance surveys in the swamp-forest areas on the Northeast China have been carried out for several rounds and with different methods and technologies suggested at different phases. However, interference due to organic matters, which is widely exists in swamp-forest areas, has not been completely removed for the suggested methods. Two problems were thus resulted for the geochemical reconnaissance surveys: (1) the regional geochemical variations were not so significant and thus difficult to be traced; (2) the anomalies were weakened and the regularities of geochemical distributions related to the anomalies could not be clearly picked up. Consequently, effects of ore-finding with the geochemical data so obtained were not as good as expected. One of the reasons for this is that the mechanics of element dispersion and migration under secondary conditions in swamp-forest landscape has not been well understood, and therefore the methods have not been suggested under firm theoretical basis. As we know, secondary geochemical actions are very strong in swamp-forest areas. Organic matters play an important role in the actions, and to a great extent they exert an influence, directly or indirectly, on occurrence modes and migration capability of elements. A key point for developing effective geochemical methods in swamp-forest areas is to further understand secondary geochemical mechanics, especially the mechanics of actions due to organic matters, in swamp-forest areas.
Aimed at the problems mentioned above, the characteristics of geochemical distributions of elements in various secondary media in swamp-forest areas have been studies in this paper. Also studied in the paper have been the distribution and composition of organic matters in various secondary media and their roles in the process of element dispersion and enrichment, as well as the mechanics of interference from the organic matters. Based on the understanding of features and degrees of the interference from the organic matters, the ways for removing the interference have been suggested.
The results of the study show that distributions of elements in a coarsely grained portion of various secondary media ( > 40 mesh for soils, > 60 mesh for stream sediments ) are closely associated with and their own chemical properties and corresponding geological settings, little influence from organic matters could be observed. Whereas in a fine-grained portion, no matter for soils or stream sediments ( < 40 mesh for soils, < 60 mesh for stream sediments ), the contents of organic matters obviously increases and their influences on secondary geochemical distribution pattern of elements become much stronger. Many elements could be occluded directly by the organic matters on one hand, resulting in secondary enrichment of the elements. On the other hand, the main compositions of the organic matters are humic acid, fulvic acid and humin. And the content of organic matters in fine-grained stream sediments is 29 times higher than that in coarse-grained stream sediments, the content of organic matters in layer A of soils is 8 times higher
than that in layers B and C of soils. Great changes in physical-chemical condition of the secondary media are thus resulted with such high contents of organic matters, such as decrement of pH value, increment of conductivity, enhancement of activity and migrating capability of elements. The geochemical distribution pattern of elements in secondary environment is finally changed. It shows from our study that almost all of elements in a fine-grained portion in peat are obviously enriched, though the enrichment degree varies from element to element. The elements in grain-size of –80 mesh are mainly occurred in modes of amorphous femic oxides and organic matters, while little in water-soluble mode. The increment for proportion of organic matters is mainly due to the increment of organic carbon. The occlusion by organic matters in anomalous zones is higher that in background areas; it varies for the other two modes ( femic oxides and water-soluble modes ) depending on elements. Although the contrast of anomaly is lowered because of the significant enrichment of elements by organic matters in anomalous zones, enriching centers are still there, therefore it is feasible to track regional geochemical anomalies by taking peat as sampling medium. Based on the results above, the method for geochemical surveys on a scale of 1:200,000 in swamp-forest areas has been suggested. Summarily, the grain size for sampling is –10 ~ + 60 mesh for getting rid of interference from organic matters. The sampling density is one sampling spot every 4 km2, and making the spots mainly spread on 2nd ~ 3rd stream systems and valley mouths of long streams. It is thus possible to sample sandy and granular materials and avoid segments with peat accumulated. While for geochemical surveys more detail than regional surveys, stream sediments and peat could be sampled with grain size selected according to individual circumstance and sampling density adopted based on corresponding regulations. In summary, the geochemical characteristics, especially the mechanics of influence of organic matters on secondary geochemical distribution of elements, for swamp-forest areas have been systematically studies in this paper. And the method for geochemical surveys on a scale of 200,000 has been suggested in swamp-forest areas based on the results of the study. At the same time, the trials for tracking regional geochemical anomalies by taking peat as sampling medium have been carried out with rather good results obtained. The results of the study are not only helpful for practical geochemical surveys, but also prepare a firm ground for further theoretical study in such a kind of landscape.
引文
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