不同地貌区及不同尺度的耕地质量评价与衔接研究
|
摘要
土地资源是人类生存的基本条件,耕地是土地资源中最重要的部分,其存量和质量是决定国家安全度的重要方面。进入20世纪90年代以来,由于人口增加和经济发展对水、土和生物资源的压力越来越大,土地质量问题日益引起世界各国、国际组织和科学家的普遍关注。耕地资源是粮食生产的重要基础,具有作为人类活动承载空间、物质生产和生态服务等基本功能,保护耕地对保障国家粮食安全、维护社会稳定、促进经济社会全面、协调、可持续发展具有十分重要的意义。耕地质量的高低直接影响到农业的可持续发展和粮食安全,开展耕地质量评价,摸清耕地质量及其影响因素,是加强耕地质量建设和合理利用土地的重要基础。
本研究针对当前耕地评价中不同地貌区和不同空间尺度指标体系的统一和衔接这一关键技术问题,采用传统的土壤调查方法与地理信息系统技术相结合,选择山东省茌平县(平原区)与章丘市(丘陵区)作为评价区域,对耕地质量评价指标体系及评价结果进行系统研究,探索不同地貌区评价指标体系的统一和衔接。同时,选择乐陵县为研究区,通过对不同类型指标空间变异性的研究,分析不同取样数对耕地质量评价结果的影响,建立不同尺度耕地质量评价指标体系。具体研究成果如下:
1、在GIS支持下,利用土壤图、土地利用现状图叠置划分法确定区域耕地质量评价单元,分别建立茌平县(平原)和章丘市(丘陵)两个地貌类型的耕地质量评价指标体系及其模型,运用层次分析法和模糊数学方法对耕地质量进行了综合评价,并对评价结果进行了分析。
2、分别对茌平县和章丘市采用不同指标体系的评价结果进行分析,建立了两套指标体系及结果的线性函数衔接模型。运用灰色关联度、回归分析、层次分析法等对平原区和丘陵区的评价指标进行分析,筛选出对耕地质量影响较大的指标,建立统一的耕地质量评价指标体系。经过验证,采用统一指标体系的评价结果与采用原有的指标体系评价结果一致,即统一评价指标体系既保证了评价结果与原有工作成果的一致性,又解决了不同指标体系间的差异,使区域内耕地质量评价结果统一。
3、运用地统计学、Kriging插值理论,对样点数据进行分析,确定不同土壤养分指标的空间变异特征,确定合理的取样个数。
4、分析不同尺度下取样对耕地质量评价结果的影响,确定最适宜的取样尺度。
5、在县级耕地质量评价的基础上,根据土壤养分及其他影响因素的空间变异状况,筛选地市级、省级耕地质量评价指标,建立了不同尺度的耕地质量评价指标体系。
6、以茌平县和章丘市作为样区,对不同尺度耕地质量评价指标体系评价结果进行对比分析,结果证明不同尺度耕地质量评价指标体系评价结果基本一致。
Land resource is the main source of human survival. Cultivated land is the most important of land resource, and its quantity and quality is an important aspect of the national security. Since 1990s, the pressure of water, soil and biology has been increasingly great. Land quality is paid more attention by all over the world, international organizations and scientists. Cultivated land resource is the basic of grain production, and it can provide spatial, material production and ecological service. Protection of cultivated land has important significance for guaranteeing nation grain safety, maintaining social stability, and promoting economic all-round, harmonious, sustainable development. The quality of cultivated land will directly affect agricultural sustainable development and grain security. Developing cultivated land quality evaluation, clarifying cultivated land quality and its influencing factors is important basis for quality management of cultivated land and rational use of land.
According to the key technical problems of non-uniform evaluation index systems in different geomorphologic and different scale regions, using traditional methods of soil investigation and geographic information system technology, this paper studies on the index system and results of cultivated land quality evaluation, researches unification and connection between different geomorphologic regions. In the case of Leling County, we studies on the spatial variability of different nutrient index, analyzes the effects of evaluation results with different sampling number, establishes cultivated land quality evaluation index systems of different scales. Detail research results are as follows:
1. Based on GIS, overlapping soil map and land-use map and getting evaluation units of cultivated land quality evaluation, we established respectively index systems of cultivated land quality evaluation in Chiping (plain) and Zhangqiu County (hill). Using analytic hierarchy process and fuzzy mathematics method, we evaluated cultivated land quality and analyzed results of evaluation.
2. Respectively analyzed results of evaluation with different index system in Chiping and Zhangqiu County, and established linear model that may link plain and hill index system. Using grey correlation, regression analysis and analytic hierarchy process, we analyzed plain and hill index system, selected important influence factors, and established uniform index system of cultivated land quality evaluation. Results of evaluation with uniform index system and its original index system are accordant through test. Uniform index system eliminates difference of different index system and realizes the uniform results of cultivated land quality evaluation.
3. Using geo-statistics and kriging interpolation, analyzing data of sample point, we educed spatial variability character of soil nutrient index, and made certain rational number of sampling points.
4. Analyzing results of cultivated land quality evaluation with different sampling scale, we determined the rational sampling scale.
5. Based on the cultivated land quality evaluation of county level, according to spatial variability character of soil nutrient and other factors, we selected evaluation index of city level and provincial level, and established index system of cultivated land quality evaluation of different scales.
6. In the case of Chiping and Zhangqiu County, we analyzed the results of cultivated land quality evaluation with different scale index system and approved the accordance of the results.
本研究针对当前耕地评价中不同地貌区和不同空间尺度指标体系的统一和衔接这一关键技术问题,采用传统的土壤调查方法与地理信息系统技术相结合,选择山东省茌平县(平原区)与章丘市(丘陵区)作为评价区域,对耕地质量评价指标体系及评价结果进行系统研究,探索不同地貌区评价指标体系的统一和衔接。同时,选择乐陵县为研究区,通过对不同类型指标空间变异性的研究,分析不同取样数对耕地质量评价结果的影响,建立不同尺度耕地质量评价指标体系。具体研究成果如下:
1、在GIS支持下,利用土壤图、土地利用现状图叠置划分法确定区域耕地质量评价单元,分别建立茌平县(平原)和章丘市(丘陵)两个地貌类型的耕地质量评价指标体系及其模型,运用层次分析法和模糊数学方法对耕地质量进行了综合评价,并对评价结果进行了分析。
2、分别对茌平县和章丘市采用不同指标体系的评价结果进行分析,建立了两套指标体系及结果的线性函数衔接模型。运用灰色关联度、回归分析、层次分析法等对平原区和丘陵区的评价指标进行分析,筛选出对耕地质量影响较大的指标,建立统一的耕地质量评价指标体系。经过验证,采用统一指标体系的评价结果与采用原有的指标体系评价结果一致,即统一评价指标体系既保证了评价结果与原有工作成果的一致性,又解决了不同指标体系间的差异,使区域内耕地质量评价结果统一。
3、运用地统计学、Kriging插值理论,对样点数据进行分析,确定不同土壤养分指标的空间变异特征,确定合理的取样个数。
4、分析不同尺度下取样对耕地质量评价结果的影响,确定最适宜的取样尺度。
5、在县级耕地质量评价的基础上,根据土壤养分及其他影响因素的空间变异状况,筛选地市级、省级耕地质量评价指标,建立了不同尺度的耕地质量评价指标体系。
6、以茌平县和章丘市作为样区,对不同尺度耕地质量评价指标体系评价结果进行对比分析,结果证明不同尺度耕地质量评价指标体系评价结果基本一致。
Land resource is the main source of human survival. Cultivated land is the most important of land resource, and its quantity and quality is an important aspect of the national security. Since 1990s, the pressure of water, soil and biology has been increasingly great. Land quality is paid more attention by all over the world, international organizations and scientists. Cultivated land resource is the basic of grain production, and it can provide spatial, material production and ecological service. Protection of cultivated land has important significance for guaranteeing nation grain safety, maintaining social stability, and promoting economic all-round, harmonious, sustainable development. The quality of cultivated land will directly affect agricultural sustainable development and grain security. Developing cultivated land quality evaluation, clarifying cultivated land quality and its influencing factors is important basis for quality management of cultivated land and rational use of land.
According to the key technical problems of non-uniform evaluation index systems in different geomorphologic and different scale regions, using traditional methods of soil investigation and geographic information system technology, this paper studies on the index system and results of cultivated land quality evaluation, researches unification and connection between different geomorphologic regions. In the case of Leling County, we studies on the spatial variability of different nutrient index, analyzes the effects of evaluation results with different sampling number, establishes cultivated land quality evaluation index systems of different scales. Detail research results are as follows:
1. Based on GIS, overlapping soil map and land-use map and getting evaluation units of cultivated land quality evaluation, we established respectively index systems of cultivated land quality evaluation in Chiping (plain) and Zhangqiu County (hill). Using analytic hierarchy process and fuzzy mathematics method, we evaluated cultivated land quality and analyzed results of evaluation.
2. Respectively analyzed results of evaluation with different index system in Chiping and Zhangqiu County, and established linear model that may link plain and hill index system. Using grey correlation, regression analysis and analytic hierarchy process, we analyzed plain and hill index system, selected important influence factors, and established uniform index system of cultivated land quality evaluation. Results of evaluation with uniform index system and its original index system are accordant through test. Uniform index system eliminates difference of different index system and realizes the uniform results of cultivated land quality evaluation.
3. Using geo-statistics and kriging interpolation, analyzing data of sample point, we educed spatial variability character of soil nutrient index, and made certain rational number of sampling points.
4. Analyzing results of cultivated land quality evaluation with different sampling scale, we determined the rational sampling scale.
5. Based on the cultivated land quality evaluation of county level, according to spatial variability character of soil nutrient and other factors, we selected evaluation index of city level and provincial level, and established index system of cultivated land quality evaluation of different scales.
6. In the case of Chiping and Zhangqiu County, we analyzed the results of cultivated land quality evaluation with different scale index system and approved the accordance of the results.
引文
[1]白淑英,张树文等.遥感和GIS在土地适宜性评价研究中的应用[J].水土保持学报,2003,17(6):115~119.
[2]陈慧选,吴持平等.应用地质统计法对土壤环境重金属最佳估值的研究[J].农业环境与发展,1999,3:32~37.
[3]陈良.模糊综合评判在农用土地评价中的应用[J].甘肃教育学院学报(自然科学版),1999,13(3):21~23.
[4]陈美球,赵小敏等.GIS支持下的耕地分等定级——以浙江省临海市为例[J].江西农业大学学报,1999,21(3):421~424.
[5]陈玉萍,李江风等.土地可持续利用评价研究综述[J].湖北农业科技,2002,5(2):20~22.
[6]崔青春,倪绍祥等.GIS与土地生产力评价模型的集成[J].农机化研究,2004,2(6):18~21.
[7]董家华.生态农业土地综合评价指标体系研究[J].中国生态农业学报,2005,13(3):25~28.
[8]D. A.戴维森.加拿大土地评价的进展.地理译报.1988 (I): 18~23.
[9]方斌,吴次芳等.耕地质量多功能技术评价指标研究---以平湖市为例[J].水土保持学报,2006,21(1):177~180.
[10]傅伯杰.美国土地适宜性评价的进展.自然资源学报.198,2 (1): 8~15.
[11]高向军,马仁会.中国农用土地等级评价研究进展[J].农业工程学报,2002,18(1):165~168.
[12]郭凤芝.土地资源安全评价的几个理论问题[J].山西财经大学学报,2004,26(3):122～126.
[13]国土资源部.《农用地分等定级规程》,2001.
[14]郭旭东,傅伯杰.河北省遵化平原土壤养分的时空变异特征---变异函数与Kriging插值分析[J].地理学报,2000, 55(5):555~566.
[15]郭旭东,邱扬等.基于PSR框架的土地质量指标体系研究进展与展望[J].地理科学进展,2003,22(5):167~177.
[16]胡业翠,赵庚星等.GIS支持下山东省土地自然质量评价研究[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2001,29(Suppl):39~43.
[17]江畅,崔春龙.农用地评价因素指标确定的若干问题[J].西南科技大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2005,22(1):140~143.
[18]冷疏影,李秀彬.土地质量指标体系国际研究的新进展[J].地理学报,1999,54(2):177-183.
[19]李明阳.森林生态评价的尺度和指标[J].中南林业调查规划,1997,16(3):52-54.
[20]李子忠.不同尺度农田土壤水分和无机氮空间变异性。中国农大博士论文,2000.
[21]刘付程,史学正,于东升,潘贤章,等.基于地统计学和GIS的太湖典型地区土壤属性制图研究—以土壤全氮制图为例[J].土壤学报,2004,41(1):20～27.
[22]刘建军,李春来等.GIS支持下的农业土地资源评价研究以贵阳市区为例[J].矿物学报,2001,21(1):73~79.
[23]刘黎明.土地资源调查与评价[M].北京:中国农业大学出版社,2004.
[24]厉伟,但承龙等.城市化进程中土地持续利用评价指标体系研究[J].中国土地科学,2004.18(5):26~31.
[25]倪绍祥.近十年来中国土地评价研究的进展[J].自然资源学报,2003,18(6):672~683.
[26]聂庆华,包浩生.基于GIS农田质量自动分等定级算法及其实现——以北京市房山区为例[J].南京大学学报(自然科学),1999,35(6):697~703.
[27]区美美,王建武.土壤空间变异研究进展[J].土壤,2003,22(1):30~33.
[28]欧阳进良,宇振荣.基于GIS的县域不同作物土地综合生产力评价[J].农业现代化研究,2002,23(2):97~101.
[29]欧阳进良,宇振荣,张凤荣.基于生态经济分区的土壤质量及其变化与农民行为分析[J].生态学报,2003, 23 (6): 1147~1155.
[30]齐峰,王学军.环境空间分析中常用采样方法及其对空间结构表达的影响.环境科学学报,2000,20(2):207~212.
[31]乔伟峰,孙在宏.GIS辅助下的城市土地集约利用潜力评价方法研究[J].国土资源科技管理,2004,1:34~37.
[32]邱扬,傅伯杰等.黄土丘陵小流域土壤物理性质的空间变异[J].地理学报,2002,57(5):587~594.
[33]任晓华,魏二虎等.湖北省土地资源遥感调查与评价[J].长江流域资源与环境,2002,11(5):433~436.
[34]邵景安.农用地分等定级研究进展[J].成都大学学报(自然科学版),2002 (9): 30-35.
[35]史海滨,陈亚新.土壤水分空间变异的套合结构模型及区域信息估值[J].水利学报,1994,7:70~77.
[36]孙华,李云梅等.典型小流域土地利用景观生态评价方法及其应用研究——以浙江仙居县永安溪为例[J].武汉大学学报,2003,28(2):177~181.
[37]孙希华,侯西勇.长清县土地生产力综合评价研究[J].地球信息科学,2002,2:89~94.
[38]谭健康,肖小平等.宁乡县基本农田地力分等定级的技术方法[J].湖南农业科学,1998,3:35~37.
[39]王光宇,韩千红等.安徽省耕地资源定级评价指标体系研究[J].中国农业资源与区划,2004,25(2):9~13.
[40]王建国,单艳红等.我国农用地分等定级理论与方法探讨[J].农业系统科学与综合研究,2002,18(2):84~88.
[41]王静,张凤荣等.县级尺度土地资源可持续利用评价方法研究[J].地理与地理信息科学,2004,20(2):51~54.
[42]王军,邱扬.土地质量的空间变异与尺度效应研究进展[J].地理科学进展,2005.24(4):28~35.
[43]王万茂、但承龙.农用土地分等、定级和估价的理论与方法探讨[J].中国农业资源与区划.2001 (4):22~26.
[44]王晓鹏.模糊聚类与主成份分析土地分等定级方法之研究[J].青海师范大学学报(自然科学版),1998,3:57~63.
[45]王政权著.地统计学及其在生态学中的应用[M].北京:科学出版社,1999: 74~96.
[46]伍世代.GIS支持的福清市多目标土地适宜性评价[J].福建师范大学学报(自然科学版),2000,16(3):87~91.
[47]薛红霞,何江华.广东省耕地分等中的土壤肥力评价指标体系[J].生态环境,2004,l3(3):461~46.
[48]燕新程,谢啸斌等.农用土地分等方法研究[J].河北农业大学学报,2001,24(3):27~31.
[49]杨玉玲,文启凯.土壤空间变异研究现状及展望[J].干旱区研究,2001,18(2):50~55.
[50]张朝生等.长江水系沉积物重金属含量空间分布特征一地统计学方法[J].地理学报,1997,52 (2) :184-192.
[51]张华,张甘霖.热带低丘地区农场尺度土壤质量指标的空间变异[J].土壤通报,2003,34(4):241~245.
[52]张建新,邢旭东等.湖南土地资源可持续利用的生态安全评价[J].湖南地质,2002,21(2):119~121.
[53]张丽琴.城市土地利用评价指标体系构建[J].资源开发与市场,2003,19(5):278~280.
[54]张庆利,潘贤章等.中等尺度上土壤肥力质量的空间分布研究及定量评价[J].土壤通报,2003,34(6):493~497.
[55]张素兰,王昌全等.土地可持续利用评价指标体系与方法研究概述[J].四川农业大学学报,2005,23(3):364~368.
[56]钟毅.广东省土地资源可持续利用综合评价[J].中国土地科学,2001,15(5):13~48.
[57]周勇,田有国等.定量化土地评价指标体系及评价方法探讨[J].生态环境,2003,12(1):37~41.
[58]朱永恒,濮励杰等.土地质量的概念及其评价指标体系研究[J].国土与自然资源研究,2005(2):31~34.
[59]Antonio, P.M. Spatial Variability Patterns of Phosphorus and Potassium in No-Tilled Soils for Two Sampling Scales. Soil Sci. Soc.Am. J, 1996, 60: 1743~1781.
[60]Bindraban P S, Stoorvogel J J, Jansen D M. Land quality indicators for sustainable land management: proposed method for vield gap and soil nutrient balance. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environments, 2000, 81: 103~102.
[61]Boehm M M, Anderson D W. A landscape-scale study of soil quality in three prairie farming systems. Soil Science Society of America. Journal, 1997, 61: 1147~1159.
[62]Brubaker, S C,Jones A J, Frank K, Lewis D T. Regression models for estimating soil properties by landscape positions. Soil Science Society of America. Journal, 1994, 58:1763~1767.
[63] Cambardella C A, Moorman T B, Novak J M, Parkin T B, Karlen D L, Turco R F, Konopka A E. Field-scale variability of soil properties in Central Iowa soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 1994, 58: 1501~1511.
[64]Chen Yi-ju, Lee Dar-yuan. Geostatistical analysis of soil properties of mid-west Tai Wan soils. Soil Science, 1997,162(4):291~298.
[65]Doran J W, Sarrantonio W, Liebig M A. Soil health and sustainability. Adv. Agron, 1996, (56):1~54.
[66]FAO,Report on the Agro-Ecological Zone Project, Vo1,1,Word Soil Resources Report No.48, Rome, 1982.
[67]Framwork for Evaluation of Sustainable Land Management:A Case Study of Two Rain-Fed Ceroal-Livestock Farming Systemes in the Black Chernozemic Soil Zone of Southern Allberta.Canada. Can J Soil Sci.,1995,75(4):429~437.
[68] Fu Bojie, Chen Liding, Ma Keming, Zhou Huafeng, Wang Jun. The relationships between land use and soil conditions in the hilly area of the loess plateau in northern Shanxi, China. Catena, 2000, 39: 69~78.
[69]Hartemink A E. Soil chemical land physical properties as indicators of sustainable land management under sugar cane it Papua New Guinea. Geoderma, 1998, 85:283~306.
[70] Hontoria, C, Rodriguez-Murillo J C, Saa A. Relationships between soil organic carbon and site characteristics in Penisnsular Spain. Soil Science Society of America journal, 1999, 63: 614~621.
[71]Islam K R, Weil R R. Land use effects on soil quality in a tropical forest ecosystem of Bangladesh. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 2000, 79: 9~16.
[72] Juang K W, Lee D Y, Timothy R, et al. Using rank-order geostatistics for spatial interpolation of highly skewed data in a heavy-metal contaminated site. J. of Environmental Quality,2001,30:103~110.
[73] Kosmas C, Gerontidis S, Marathianou M. The effect of land use change on soils and vegetatio over various lithological formations on Lesvos (Greece). Catena, 2000, 40: 51~68.
[74] Leibig M A, Doran J W. Evaluation of point-scale assessments of soil quality. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 1999, 54(2):510~518.
[75] Levin S A. The problem of pattern and scale in ecology. Ecology, 1992, 73:1943~1967.
[76] Lyons S K, Willig R M. A hemispheric assessment of scale dependence in latitudinal gradients of species richness. Ecology, 1999, 80(8): 2483~2491.
[77] Morris S J, Boerner R E J. Landscape patterns of nitrogen mineralization and nitrification in southern Ohio hardwood forests. Landscape Ecology,1998,13: 215~224.
[78] Murage E W, Karanja N K. Diagnostic indicators of soil quality in productive and non-productive smallholders' fields of Kenya's Central Highlands. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 2000, 79: 1~8.
[79] O'Neill R V, Johson A R, King A W. A hierarchical framework for the analysis of scale. Landscape Ecology, 1989, 3: 101~205.
[80] Qi Y, Wu J. Effects of changing spatial resolution on the results of landscape pattern analysis using spatial autocorrelation indices. Landscape Ecology, 1996, 11(1):39~49.
[81] Pennock D J, de John E. Spatial pattern of soil redistribution in Boron landscapes, southern Saskatchewan, Canada. Soil Science, 1990, 150(6):867~873.
[82] Qiu Yang, Fu Bojie, Wang Jun, Chen Liding. Spatial variability of soil moisture content and its relation to environmental indices in a semi-arid gully catchment of the Loess Plateau,China. Journal of Arid Environments,2001,49:723~750
[83] Qiu Yang, Fu Bojie,. Soil moisture variation in relation to topography and land use in a hillslope catchment of the Loess Plateau, China. Journal of Hydroloey. 2001. 240(3-4): 243-263.
[84]Ryder R. Land evaluation for steepland agriculture in the Dominican Republic.The Geographical Journal, 1994, 160(1):74~86.
[85]Saunders S C, Chen J, Crow T R, Brosofske K D. Hierarchical relationships between landscape structure and temperature in a managed forest landscape. Landscape Ecology, 1998,13:381~395.
[86]Turner M G,Gardner R H.Quantitative methods in Landscape Ecology. Springer-Verlag,New York,1991.
[87]Wang Jun, Fu Bojie, Qiu Yang. Geostatistical analysis of soil moisture variability on Da Nangou catchment of the loess platvan,China. Environmental Geology,2001,41:113~120
[88]Wang Jun, Fu Bojie, Qiu Yang, Chen Liding. The effects of land use and its patterns on soil properties in a small catchment of the Loess Plateau. Jounrnal of Environmental Sciences,2003,15(2):263~266.
[89] Watt A S. On the ecology of British beechwoods with special reference to their regeneration. Journal Ecology, 1925, 13: 27~73.
[90]Webster R. Quantitative spatial analysis of soil in the field. Advance in Soil Science, 1985, 3: 61~70.
[91] Western A W, Bloschl G. On the Spatial scaling of soil moisture. Journal of Hydrology, 1999, 217: 203~224.
[92]White J G, Welch R M,Norvell W A.Soil Zinc Map of the USA using Geostatistics and Geographic Information and Systems. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 1997,(61):185-194
[93] Yost R S, Uehara G, Fox R L. Geostatistical analysis of soil chemical properties of large land areas. I. Semi -variograms. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 1982, 46: 1028~1032.
[2]陈慧选,吴持平等.应用地质统计法对土壤环境重金属最佳估值的研究[J].农业环境与发展,1999,3:32~37.
[3]陈良.模糊综合评判在农用土地评价中的应用[J].甘肃教育学院学报(自然科学版),1999,13(3):21~23.
[4]陈美球,赵小敏等.GIS支持下的耕地分等定级——以浙江省临海市为例[J].江西农业大学学报,1999,21(3):421~424.
[5]陈玉萍,李江风等.土地可持续利用评价研究综述[J].湖北农业科技,2002,5(2):20~22.
[6]崔青春,倪绍祥等.GIS与土地生产力评价模型的集成[J].农机化研究,2004,2(6):18~21.
[7]董家华.生态农业土地综合评价指标体系研究[J].中国生态农业学报,2005,13(3):25~28.
[8]D. A.戴维森.加拿大土地评价的进展.地理译报.1988 (I): 18~23.
[9]方斌,吴次芳等.耕地质量多功能技术评价指标研究---以平湖市为例[J].水土保持学报,2006,21(1):177~180.
[10]傅伯杰.美国土地适宜性评价的进展.自然资源学报.198,2 (1): 8~15.
[11]高向军,马仁会.中国农用土地等级评价研究进展[J].农业工程学报,2002,18(1):165~168.
[12]郭凤芝.土地资源安全评价的几个理论问题[J].山西财经大学学报,2004,26(3):122～126.
[13]国土资源部.《农用地分等定级规程》,2001.
[14]郭旭东,傅伯杰.河北省遵化平原土壤养分的时空变异特征---变异函数与Kriging插值分析[J].地理学报,2000, 55(5):555~566.
[15]郭旭东,邱扬等.基于PSR框架的土地质量指标体系研究进展与展望[J].地理科学进展,2003,22(5):167~177.
[16]胡业翠,赵庚星等.GIS支持下山东省土地自然质量评价研究[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2001,29(Suppl):39~43.
[17]江畅,崔春龙.农用地评价因素指标确定的若干问题[J].西南科技大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2005,22(1):140~143.
[18]冷疏影,李秀彬.土地质量指标体系国际研究的新进展[J].地理学报,1999,54(2):177-183.
[19]李明阳.森林生态评价的尺度和指标[J].中南林业调查规划,1997,16(3):52-54.
[20]李子忠.不同尺度农田土壤水分和无机氮空间变异性。中国农大博士论文,2000.
[21]刘付程,史学正,于东升,潘贤章,等.基于地统计学和GIS的太湖典型地区土壤属性制图研究—以土壤全氮制图为例[J].土壤学报,2004,41(1):20～27.
[22]刘建军,李春来等.GIS支持下的农业土地资源评价研究以贵阳市区为例[J].矿物学报,2001,21(1):73~79.
[23]刘黎明.土地资源调查与评价[M].北京:中国农业大学出版社,2004.
[24]厉伟,但承龙等.城市化进程中土地持续利用评价指标体系研究[J].中国土地科学,2004.18(5):26~31.
[25]倪绍祥.近十年来中国土地评价研究的进展[J].自然资源学报,2003,18(6):672~683.
[26]聂庆华,包浩生.基于GIS农田质量自动分等定级算法及其实现——以北京市房山区为例[J].南京大学学报(自然科学),1999,35(6):697~703.
[27]区美美,王建武.土壤空间变异研究进展[J].土壤,2003,22(1):30~33.
[28]欧阳进良,宇振荣.基于GIS的县域不同作物土地综合生产力评价[J].农业现代化研究,2002,23(2):97~101.
[29]欧阳进良,宇振荣,张凤荣.基于生态经济分区的土壤质量及其变化与农民行为分析[J].生态学报,2003, 23 (6): 1147~1155.
[30]齐峰,王学军.环境空间分析中常用采样方法及其对空间结构表达的影响.环境科学学报,2000,20(2):207~212.
[31]乔伟峰,孙在宏.GIS辅助下的城市土地集约利用潜力评价方法研究[J].国土资源科技管理,2004,1:34~37.
[32]邱扬,傅伯杰等.黄土丘陵小流域土壤物理性质的空间变异[J].地理学报,2002,57(5):587~594.
[33]任晓华,魏二虎等.湖北省土地资源遥感调查与评价[J].长江流域资源与环境,2002,11(5):433~436.
[34]邵景安.农用地分等定级研究进展[J].成都大学学报(自然科学版),2002 (9): 30-35.
[35]史海滨,陈亚新.土壤水分空间变异的套合结构模型及区域信息估值[J].水利学报,1994,7:70~77.
[36]孙华,李云梅等.典型小流域土地利用景观生态评价方法及其应用研究——以浙江仙居县永安溪为例[J].武汉大学学报,2003,28(2):177~181.
[37]孙希华,侯西勇.长清县土地生产力综合评价研究[J].地球信息科学,2002,2:89~94.
[38]谭健康,肖小平等.宁乡县基本农田地力分等定级的技术方法[J].湖南农业科学,1998,3:35~37.
[39]王光宇,韩千红等.安徽省耕地资源定级评价指标体系研究[J].中国农业资源与区划,2004,25(2):9~13.
[40]王建国,单艳红等.我国农用地分等定级理论与方法探讨[J].农业系统科学与综合研究,2002,18(2):84~88.
[41]王静,张凤荣等.县级尺度土地资源可持续利用评价方法研究[J].地理与地理信息科学,2004,20(2):51~54.
[42]王军,邱扬.土地质量的空间变异与尺度效应研究进展[J].地理科学进展,2005.24(4):28~35.
[43]王万茂、但承龙.农用土地分等、定级和估价的理论与方法探讨[J].中国农业资源与区划.2001 (4):22~26.
[44]王晓鹏.模糊聚类与主成份分析土地分等定级方法之研究[J].青海师范大学学报(自然科学版),1998,3:57~63.
[45]王政权著.地统计学及其在生态学中的应用[M].北京:科学出版社,1999: 74~96.
[46]伍世代.GIS支持的福清市多目标土地适宜性评价[J].福建师范大学学报(自然科学版),2000,16(3):87~91.
[47]薛红霞,何江华.广东省耕地分等中的土壤肥力评价指标体系[J].生态环境,2004,l3(3):461~46.
[48]燕新程,谢啸斌等.农用土地分等方法研究[J].河北农业大学学报,2001,24(3):27~31.
[49]杨玉玲,文启凯.土壤空间变异研究现状及展望[J].干旱区研究,2001,18(2):50~55.
[50]张朝生等.长江水系沉积物重金属含量空间分布特征一地统计学方法[J].地理学报,1997,52 (2) :184-192.
[51]张华,张甘霖.热带低丘地区农场尺度土壤质量指标的空间变异[J].土壤通报,2003,34(4):241~245.
[52]张建新,邢旭东等.湖南土地资源可持续利用的生态安全评价[J].湖南地质,2002,21(2):119~121.
[53]张丽琴.城市土地利用评价指标体系构建[J].资源开发与市场,2003,19(5):278~280.
[54]张庆利,潘贤章等.中等尺度上土壤肥力质量的空间分布研究及定量评价[J].土壤通报,2003,34(6):493~497.
[55]张素兰,王昌全等.土地可持续利用评价指标体系与方法研究概述[J].四川农业大学学报,2005,23(3):364~368.
[56]钟毅.广东省土地资源可持续利用综合评价[J].中国土地科学,2001,15(5):13~48.
[57]周勇,田有国等.定量化土地评价指标体系及评价方法探讨[J].生态环境,2003,12(1):37~41.
[58]朱永恒,濮励杰等.土地质量的概念及其评价指标体系研究[J].国土与自然资源研究,2005(2):31~34.
[59]Antonio, P.M. Spatial Variability Patterns of Phosphorus and Potassium in No-Tilled Soils for Two Sampling Scales. Soil Sci. Soc.Am. J, 1996, 60: 1743~1781.
[60]Bindraban P S, Stoorvogel J J, Jansen D M. Land quality indicators for sustainable land management: proposed method for vield gap and soil nutrient balance. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environments, 2000, 81: 103~102.
[61]Boehm M M, Anderson D W. A landscape-scale study of soil quality in three prairie farming systems. Soil Science Society of America. Journal, 1997, 61: 1147~1159.
[62]Brubaker, S C,Jones A J, Frank K, Lewis D T. Regression models for estimating soil properties by landscape positions. Soil Science Society of America. Journal, 1994, 58:1763~1767.
[63] Cambardella C A, Moorman T B, Novak J M, Parkin T B, Karlen D L, Turco R F, Konopka A E. Field-scale variability of soil properties in Central Iowa soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 1994, 58: 1501~1511.
[64]Chen Yi-ju, Lee Dar-yuan. Geostatistical analysis of soil properties of mid-west Tai Wan soils. Soil Science, 1997,162(4):291~298.
[65]Doran J W, Sarrantonio W, Liebig M A. Soil health and sustainability. Adv. Agron, 1996, (56):1~54.
[66]FAO,Report on the Agro-Ecological Zone Project, Vo1,1,Word Soil Resources Report No.48, Rome, 1982.
[67]Framwork for Evaluation of Sustainable Land Management:A Case Study of Two Rain-Fed Ceroal-Livestock Farming Systemes in the Black Chernozemic Soil Zone of Southern Allberta.Canada. Can J Soil Sci.,1995,75(4):429~437.
[68] Fu Bojie, Chen Liding, Ma Keming, Zhou Huafeng, Wang Jun. The relationships between land use and soil conditions in the hilly area of the loess plateau in northern Shanxi, China. Catena, 2000, 39: 69~78.
[69]Hartemink A E. Soil chemical land physical properties as indicators of sustainable land management under sugar cane it Papua New Guinea. Geoderma, 1998, 85:283~306.
[70] Hontoria, C, Rodriguez-Murillo J C, Saa A. Relationships between soil organic carbon and site characteristics in Penisnsular Spain. Soil Science Society of America journal, 1999, 63: 614~621.
[71]Islam K R, Weil R R. Land use effects on soil quality in a tropical forest ecosystem of Bangladesh. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 2000, 79: 9~16.
[72] Juang K W, Lee D Y, Timothy R, et al. Using rank-order geostatistics for spatial interpolation of highly skewed data in a heavy-metal contaminated site. J. of Environmental Quality,2001,30:103~110.
[73] Kosmas C, Gerontidis S, Marathianou M. The effect of land use change on soils and vegetatio over various lithological formations on Lesvos (Greece). Catena, 2000, 40: 51~68.
[74] Leibig M A, Doran J W. Evaluation of point-scale assessments of soil quality. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 1999, 54(2):510~518.
[75] Levin S A. The problem of pattern and scale in ecology. Ecology, 1992, 73:1943~1967.
[76] Lyons S K, Willig R M. A hemispheric assessment of scale dependence in latitudinal gradients of species richness. Ecology, 1999, 80(8): 2483~2491.
[77] Morris S J, Boerner R E J. Landscape patterns of nitrogen mineralization and nitrification in southern Ohio hardwood forests. Landscape Ecology,1998,13: 215~224.
[78] Murage E W, Karanja N K. Diagnostic indicators of soil quality in productive and non-productive smallholders' fields of Kenya's Central Highlands. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 2000, 79: 1~8.
[79] O'Neill R V, Johson A R, King A W. A hierarchical framework for the analysis of scale. Landscape Ecology, 1989, 3: 101~205.
[80] Qi Y, Wu J. Effects of changing spatial resolution on the results of landscape pattern analysis using spatial autocorrelation indices. Landscape Ecology, 1996, 11(1):39~49.
[81] Pennock D J, de John E. Spatial pattern of soil redistribution in Boron landscapes, southern Saskatchewan, Canada. Soil Science, 1990, 150(6):867~873.
[82] Qiu Yang, Fu Bojie, Wang Jun, Chen Liding. Spatial variability of soil moisture content and its relation to environmental indices in a semi-arid gully catchment of the Loess Plateau,China. Journal of Arid Environments,2001,49:723~750
[83] Qiu Yang, Fu Bojie,. Soil moisture variation in relation to topography and land use in a hillslope catchment of the Loess Plateau, China. Journal of Hydroloey. 2001. 240(3-4): 243-263.
[84]Ryder R. Land evaluation for steepland agriculture in the Dominican Republic.The Geographical Journal, 1994, 160(1):74~86.
[85]Saunders S C, Chen J, Crow T R, Brosofske K D. Hierarchical relationships between landscape structure and temperature in a managed forest landscape. Landscape Ecology, 1998,13:381~395.
[86]Turner M G,Gardner R H.Quantitative methods in Landscape Ecology. Springer-Verlag,New York,1991.
[87]Wang Jun, Fu Bojie, Qiu Yang. Geostatistical analysis of soil moisture variability on Da Nangou catchment of the loess platvan,China. Environmental Geology,2001,41:113~120
[88]Wang Jun, Fu Bojie, Qiu Yang, Chen Liding. The effects of land use and its patterns on soil properties in a small catchment of the Loess Plateau. Jounrnal of Environmental Sciences,2003,15(2):263~266.
[89] Watt A S. On the ecology of British beechwoods with special reference to their regeneration. Journal Ecology, 1925, 13: 27~73.
[90]Webster R. Quantitative spatial analysis of soil in the field. Advance in Soil Science, 1985, 3: 61~70.
[91] Western A W, Bloschl G. On the Spatial scaling of soil moisture. Journal of Hydrology, 1999, 217: 203~224.
[92]White J G, Welch R M,Norvell W A.Soil Zinc Map of the USA using Geostatistics and Geographic Information and Systems. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 1997,(61):185-194
[93] Yost R S, Uehara G, Fox R L. Geostatistical analysis of soil chemical properties of large land areas. I. Semi -variograms. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 1982, 46: 1028~1032.