施肥对保护地土壤硝态氮分布及氮平衡的影响研究
摘要
保护地作物具有产量高、需肥量大等特点。在实际生产中,过量施肥现象比较严重,造成氮肥利用率较低,大量速效氮累积在土壤中,易引起淋失,造成地下水体硝酸盐污染。针对我国蔬菜生产中不合理施肥导致的氮素损失及环境污染问题,以彩色甜椒和罗马花椰菜为供试作物,研究了京郊保护地条件下单施有机肥、常规施肥及优化施肥措施对蔬菜产量、氮肥利用率、土壤剖面硝态氮分布特征以及土壤—蔬菜系统氮素平衡的影响。主要结果如下:
(1)施肥能够增加彩色甜椒与罗马花椰菜的经济产量。同对照相比,常规施肥与优化施肥处理彩色甜椒增产率分别为20.17%和14.97%,罗马花椰菜增产率分别为32.81%和48.99%,均达到显著水平,单施有机肥未能显著增加罗马花椰菜经济产量;相比常规施肥,优化施肥处理彩色甜椒产量虽有所降低,但未达显著水平。另外,优化施肥较常规施肥在一定程度上减少了两季蔬菜可食部分NO3--N含量;所有处理两季蔬菜可食部分NO3--N含量均远低于蔬菜可食部分硝酸盐的食用卫生一级标准。
(2)研究了施肥对蔬菜氮素利用的影响,结果表明:在彩色甜椒生长季,优化施肥与常规施肥的表观氮肥利用率分别为9.11%和10.42%,无机氮肥利用率分别为5.59%和3.02%,相差均不大;罗马花椰菜生长季,优化施肥的表观氮肥利用率及无机氮肥利用率分别为40.21%和36.39%,比常规施肥分别提高了20.04%和19.37%.
(3)通过彩色甜椒—休闲—罗马花椰菜轮作试验,揭示了不同措施下0~200 cm土体硝态氮分布特征。随着时间的推移,相比定位试验初始土壤剖面硝态氮含量,对照、单施有机肥、优化施肥处理均表现出明显的降低趋势,而常规施肥于彩色甜椒收获后、休闲期结束和罗马花椰菜收获后分别在40~60 cm、80~100 cm、120~140 cm土层出现土壤硝态氮含量累积峰,峰值分别为77.98 mg/kg,74.44 mg/kg和65.51 mg/kg,且均高于初始土壤相对应土层硝态氮含量。两季蔬菜轮作后,对照及单施有机肥处理0~160 cm剖面硝态氮含量较低,160~200 cm范围内逐渐升高,但均未超过20 mg/kg,整体剖面未见明显的累积峰。其中,罗马花椰菜生长季优化施肥及常规施肥处理在120~140 cm范围内出现累积峰,峰值分别为65.51 mg/kg和28.03 mg/kg。两季蔬菜收获后0~200 cm剖面硝态氮累积量优化施肥较常规施肥分别减少了631.05 kg/hm2和613.68 kg/hm2,均达到显著水平。
(4)土壤—蔬菜系统下氮素表观平衡结果表明:同常规施肥相比,优化施肥处理下彩色甜椒和罗马花椰菜单季的氮素表观损失量分别减少9.54 kg/hm2和169.69 kg/hm2。彩色甜椒—休闲—罗马花椰菜轮作下各处理氮素表观损失量在28.26 kg/hm2~1261.14 kg/hm2之间,对照及单施有机肥处理均较低,优化施肥处理显著低于常规施肥处理,各处理表观损失量大小为常规施肥>优化施肥>单施有机肥>对照。
Crops in protected field possess the advantage of high yield, high fertilizer demand and so on. The phenomenon of excessive fertilization which lead to low N use efficiency is serious, and results in high accumulation of available N in actual production process which may cause N leaching easily, also lead to nitrate contamination of groundwater. Nitrogen losses and the pollution of environment due to irrational fertilization in vegetable production system has been becoming more and more concerned to the whole world. Aiming at this problem, a series of field experiments with Sweet Bell Pepper and Broccoli Romanesco were carried out in protected field in Beijing suburb. Four treatments were designed to study on the effects of crop yield, quality, N use efficiency, soil NO3--N distribution and apparent N balance of soil-crop system. These treatments were no fertilizer, manure only, conventional fertilization and optimized fertilization. The results showed as follows:
(1) Fertilization increased economic yields of Sweet Bell Pepper and Broccoli Romanesco. Contrasted with no fertilizer, the yields of optimized fertilization and conventional fertilization enhanced significantly by 20.17% and 14.97% in Sweep Bell Pepper growing season, while 32.81% and 48.99% in Broccoli Romanesco growing season. Manure didn’t enhance economic yield of Broccoli Romanesco significantly. Contrasted with conventional fertilization, optimized fertilization didn’t reduce the yield of Sweet Bell Pepper significantly. In addition, optimized fertilization decreased fruits NO3--N content in both two vegetables to a certain degree. The edible parts NO3--N content in all treatments were much lower than the standard of primary food sanitation standard.
(2) The results of effects of fertilization on the nitrogen utilization showed that: Nitrogen apparent use efficiency of optimized fertilization and conventional fertilization were 9.11% and 10.42% respectively and inorganic nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency were 5.59% and 3.02% in Sweep Bell Pepper growing season. Nitrogen apparent use efficiency and inorganic nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency of optimized fertilization were 40.21% and 36.39% which enhanced 20.04% and 19.37% contrasted with conventional fertilization respectively in Broccoli Romanesco growing season.
(3) The nitrate distribution characteristics in the depth of 0~200 cm soil profiles were studied on Sweet Bell Pepper-Fallow-Broccoli Romanesco rotation system. Compared with the initial experiment, the soil NO3--N content of no fertilization, manure and optimized fertilization fell obviously, while the soil profiles NO3--N content in the depth of 40~60 cm, 80~100 cm, 120~140 cm of conventional fertilization accumulated the highest NO3--N content at the end of every growing season, the peak value were 77.98 mg/kg, 74.44 mg/kg and 65.51 mg/kg, respectively. At the end of the experiment, relative in initial experiment, soil NO3--N accumulation in conventional fertilization and organic manure treatment were lower at 0~160 cm soil profiles and higher in 160~200 cm soil profiles, the soil NO3--N content of conventional fertilization and manure did not higher than 20 mg/kg and without the peak of accumulated nitrate either. While accumulated nitrate peak in 120~140 cm soil profile was found in optimized fertilization and conventional fertilization in Broccoli Romanesco growing season, the peak value were 65.51 mg/kg and 28.03 mg/kg respectively. Compared with conventional fertilization, after the two crops’harvest, the NO3--N residue of optimized fertilization in the depth of 0~200 cm decreased 631.05kg/hm2 and 613.68 kg/hm2, respectively and both showed significant difference.
(4) The results of the apparent nitrogen balance in soil vegetable system indicated: Compared with conventional fertilization, the apparent nitrogen balance of optimized fertilization in Sweet Bell Pepper and Broccoli Romanesco growing season were decreased 9.54 kg/hm2 and 169.69 kg/hm2, respectively. The apparent nitrogen losses of the four treatments varied from 28.26 kg/hm2 to 1261.14 kg/hm2 in the Sweet Bell Pepper-Fallow-Broccoli Romanesco rotation system. The apparent nitrogen balance of no fertilizer and manure were very low, while optimized significantly lower than that of conventional. The apparent nitrogen losses were in an order as follows: conventional fertilization> optimized fertilization>manure>no fertilizer.
(1)施肥能够增加彩色甜椒与罗马花椰菜的经济产量。同对照相比,常规施肥与优化施肥处理彩色甜椒增产率分别为20.17%和14.97%,罗马花椰菜增产率分别为32.81%和48.99%,均达到显著水平,单施有机肥未能显著增加罗马花椰菜经济产量;相比常规施肥,优化施肥处理彩色甜椒产量虽有所降低,但未达显著水平。另外,优化施肥较常规施肥在一定程度上减少了两季蔬菜可食部分NO3--N含量;所有处理两季蔬菜可食部分NO3--N含量均远低于蔬菜可食部分硝酸盐的食用卫生一级标准。
(2)研究了施肥对蔬菜氮素利用的影响,结果表明:在彩色甜椒生长季,优化施肥与常规施肥的表观氮肥利用率分别为9.11%和10.42%,无机氮肥利用率分别为5.59%和3.02%,相差均不大;罗马花椰菜生长季,优化施肥的表观氮肥利用率及无机氮肥利用率分别为40.21%和36.39%,比常规施肥分别提高了20.04%和19.37%.
(3)通过彩色甜椒—休闲—罗马花椰菜轮作试验,揭示了不同措施下0~200 cm土体硝态氮分布特征。随着时间的推移,相比定位试验初始土壤剖面硝态氮含量,对照、单施有机肥、优化施肥处理均表现出明显的降低趋势,而常规施肥于彩色甜椒收获后、休闲期结束和罗马花椰菜收获后分别在40~60 cm、80~100 cm、120~140 cm土层出现土壤硝态氮含量累积峰,峰值分别为77.98 mg/kg,74.44 mg/kg和65.51 mg/kg,且均高于初始土壤相对应土层硝态氮含量。两季蔬菜轮作后,对照及单施有机肥处理0~160 cm剖面硝态氮含量较低,160~200 cm范围内逐渐升高,但均未超过20 mg/kg,整体剖面未见明显的累积峰。其中,罗马花椰菜生长季优化施肥及常规施肥处理在120~140 cm范围内出现累积峰,峰值分别为65.51 mg/kg和28.03 mg/kg。两季蔬菜收获后0~200 cm剖面硝态氮累积量优化施肥较常规施肥分别减少了631.05 kg/hm2和613.68 kg/hm2,均达到显著水平。
(4)土壤—蔬菜系统下氮素表观平衡结果表明:同常规施肥相比,优化施肥处理下彩色甜椒和罗马花椰菜单季的氮素表观损失量分别减少9.54 kg/hm2和169.69 kg/hm2。彩色甜椒—休闲—罗马花椰菜轮作下各处理氮素表观损失量在28.26 kg/hm2~1261.14 kg/hm2之间,对照及单施有机肥处理均较低,优化施肥处理显著低于常规施肥处理,各处理表观损失量大小为常规施肥>优化施肥>单施有机肥>对照。
Crops in protected field possess the advantage of high yield, high fertilizer demand and so on. The phenomenon of excessive fertilization which lead to low N use efficiency is serious, and results in high accumulation of available N in actual production process which may cause N leaching easily, also lead to nitrate contamination of groundwater. Nitrogen losses and the pollution of environment due to irrational fertilization in vegetable production system has been becoming more and more concerned to the whole world. Aiming at this problem, a series of field experiments with Sweet Bell Pepper and Broccoli Romanesco were carried out in protected field in Beijing suburb. Four treatments were designed to study on the effects of crop yield, quality, N use efficiency, soil NO3--N distribution and apparent N balance of soil-crop system. These treatments were no fertilizer, manure only, conventional fertilization and optimized fertilization. The results showed as follows:
(1) Fertilization increased economic yields of Sweet Bell Pepper and Broccoli Romanesco. Contrasted with no fertilizer, the yields of optimized fertilization and conventional fertilization enhanced significantly by 20.17% and 14.97% in Sweep Bell Pepper growing season, while 32.81% and 48.99% in Broccoli Romanesco growing season. Manure didn’t enhance economic yield of Broccoli Romanesco significantly. Contrasted with conventional fertilization, optimized fertilization didn’t reduce the yield of Sweet Bell Pepper significantly. In addition, optimized fertilization decreased fruits NO3--N content in both two vegetables to a certain degree. The edible parts NO3--N content in all treatments were much lower than the standard of primary food sanitation standard.
(2) The results of effects of fertilization on the nitrogen utilization showed that: Nitrogen apparent use efficiency of optimized fertilization and conventional fertilization were 9.11% and 10.42% respectively and inorganic nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency were 5.59% and 3.02% in Sweep Bell Pepper growing season. Nitrogen apparent use efficiency and inorganic nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency of optimized fertilization were 40.21% and 36.39% which enhanced 20.04% and 19.37% contrasted with conventional fertilization respectively in Broccoli Romanesco growing season.
(3) The nitrate distribution characteristics in the depth of 0~200 cm soil profiles were studied on Sweet Bell Pepper-Fallow-Broccoli Romanesco rotation system. Compared with the initial experiment, the soil NO3--N content of no fertilization, manure and optimized fertilization fell obviously, while the soil profiles NO3--N content in the depth of 40~60 cm, 80~100 cm, 120~140 cm of conventional fertilization accumulated the highest NO3--N content at the end of every growing season, the peak value were 77.98 mg/kg, 74.44 mg/kg and 65.51 mg/kg, respectively. At the end of the experiment, relative in initial experiment, soil NO3--N accumulation in conventional fertilization and organic manure treatment were lower at 0~160 cm soil profiles and higher in 160~200 cm soil profiles, the soil NO3--N content of conventional fertilization and manure did not higher than 20 mg/kg and without the peak of accumulated nitrate either. While accumulated nitrate peak in 120~140 cm soil profile was found in optimized fertilization and conventional fertilization in Broccoli Romanesco growing season, the peak value were 65.51 mg/kg and 28.03 mg/kg respectively. Compared with conventional fertilization, after the two crops’harvest, the NO3--N residue of optimized fertilization in the depth of 0~200 cm decreased 631.05kg/hm2 and 613.68 kg/hm2, respectively and both showed significant difference.
(4) The results of the apparent nitrogen balance in soil vegetable system indicated: Compared with conventional fertilization, the apparent nitrogen balance of optimized fertilization in Sweet Bell Pepper and Broccoli Romanesco growing season were decreased 9.54 kg/hm2 and 169.69 kg/hm2, respectively. The apparent nitrogen losses of the four treatments varied from 28.26 kg/hm2 to 1261.14 kg/hm2 in the Sweet Bell Pepper-Fallow-Broccoli Romanesco rotation system. The apparent nitrogen balance of no fertilizer and manure were very low, while optimized significantly lower than that of conventional. The apparent nitrogen losses were in an order as follows: conventional fertilization> optimized fertilization>manure>no fertilizer.
引文
[1]张贵龙.蔬菜保护地氮素利用与去向研究[D].北京:中国农业科学院,2009.
[2]杜连凤.长江三角洲地区菜地系统氮肥利用与土壤质量变异研究[D].北京:中国农业科学院,2005.
[3]Zhu z L, Chen D L. Nitrogen fertilizer use in China-Contributions to food production, impacts On the environment and best management strategies [J]. Nutr Cycl Agroecos,2002,63:117-127.
[4]马文奇.山东省作物施肥现状、问题与对策[D].北京:中国农业大学,1999.
[5]李俊良,崔德杰,孟祥霞,等.山东寿光保护地蔬菜施肥现状及问题研究[J].土壤通报,2002,33(2):126-128.
[6]张学军,赵桂芳,朱雯清,等.菜田土壤氮素淋失及其调控措施的研究进展[J].生态环境,2004,13(1):105-108.
[7]陈新平,邹春琴,刘亚萍,等.菠菜不同品种累积硝酸盐能力的差异及其原因[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2000,6(1):30-34.
[8]刘宏斌,李志宏,张云贵,等.北京市农田土壤硝态氮的分布与累积特征[J].中国农业科学,2004,37(5):692-698.
[9]王朝辉,宗志强,李生秀.菜地和一般农田土壤养分累积的差异[J].应用生态学报2002,13(9):1091-1094.
[10]马文奇,毛达如,张福锁.山东省蔬菜大棚养分累积状况[J].磷肥与复肥,2000,15(3):65-67.
[11]何飞飞.设施番茄生产体系的氮素优化管理及其环境效应研究[D].北京:中国农业大学,2006.
[12]寇长林,巨晓棠,高强,等.两种农作体系施肥对土壤质量的影响[J].生态学报,2004,24(11): 2548-2556.
[13]黄化刚,张锡洲,李廷轩.典型设施栽培地区养分平衡及其环境风险[J].农业环境科学学报,2007,26(2):676-682.
[14]Qing Chen, Xiaosheng Zhang, Hongyan Zhang, et al. Evaluation of current fertilizer practice and soil fertility in vegetable production in the Beijing region[J].Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 2004,69:51-58.
[15]王平,刘淑英.兰州安宁区蔬菜保护地土壤盐分的含量及其剖面分布规律[J].甘肃农业大学学报,1998,33(2):186-189.
[16]Thompson R B, Martínez-Gaitan C, Gallardo M, et al. Identification of irrigation and N management practices that contribute to nitrate leaching loss from an intensive vegetable production system by use of comprehensive survey[J].Agricultural Water Management,2007, 89(3):261-274.
[17]李晓欣,胡春胜,程一松.不同施肥处理对作物产量及土中硝态氮累积的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2003,2(31):38-42.
[18]王朝辉,宗志强,李生秀,等.蔬菜硝态氮累积及菜地土壤硝态氮残留[J].环境科学,2002,23(3):79-83.
[19]袁新民,王周琼.硝态氮的淋洗及其影响因素[J].干旱地区农业研究,2000,17(4):46-52.
[20]杨玉惠,张仁陟.黄土高原半干旱地区施氮对土壤硝态氮分布与累积的影响[J].甘肃农业大学学报,2006,6:102-107.
[21]李俊良,朱建华,张晓晟,等.保护地番茄养分利用与氮素淋失[J].应用与环境生物学报,2001,7(2):126-129.
[22]王辉,董元华,安琼,等.高度集约化利用下蔬菜地土壤酸化及次生盐渍化研究─以南京市南郊为例[J].土壤,2005,37(5):530-533.
[23]杜会英.保护地蔬菜氮肥利用、土壤养分和盐分累积特征研究[D].北京:中国农业科学院,2007.
[24]刘德,赵凤艳.氮肥不同用量对保护地番茄生育及产量影响[J],北方园艺,1998(5):7-8.
[25]魏迎春,李新平,刘刚,等.杨凌地区大棚土壤硝态氮累积效应研究[J],水土保持学报,2008,22(2):570-670.
[26]陆安祥,赵云龙,王纪华,等.不同土地利用类型下氮、磷在土壤剖面中的分布特征[J].生态学报,2007,27(9):3923-3929.
[27]姚春霞,陈振楼,陆利民,等.上海市蔬菜地土壤硝态氮状况研究[J].生态环境,2005,14(2):220-223.
[28]高亚军,李生秀,李世清,等.施肥与灌水对硝态氮在土壤中残留的影响[J].水土保持学报,2005,19(6):61-64.
[29]Jackson L E. Fates and losses of nitrogen from a nitrogen-15-labeled cover crop in an intensively managed vegetable system[J].Soil science Society of America journal,2000,64(4):1404-1412.
[30]易秀.氮肥的渗漏污染研究[J].农业环境保护,1991,10(5):223-226.
[31]徐福利,郭劲松,王震,等.设施条件下氮肥对大青菜硝酸盐及土壤矿质氮累积的影响[J].土壤通报,2006,37(5):924-927.
[32]William R Raun, Johnson Gordon V. Soil plant buffering go fin organic nitrogen in continuous winter wheat[J].Agronomy Journal,1995,87:827-834.
[33]刘敏超,曾长立,王兴仁,等.氮肥施用对冬小麦氮肥利用率及土壤剖面硝态氮含量动态分布的影响[J].农业现代化研究,200021(5):309-312.
[34]刘学军,巨晓棠,边秀举,等.基施氮肥对土壤剖面中无机氮动态的影响[A].中国土壤学会编青年学者论土壤与植物营养科学北京:中国农业科技出版社,2001,227-234.
[35]许学前,吴敬民.小麦氮肥的有效利用和对水体环境污染的影响[J].土壤通报,1999,30(6):268-270.
[36]赵竞英,徐丽敏,宝德俊.小麦生长期见潮土硝态氮垂直移动规律研究[J].河南农业大学学报,1996,30(3):232-235.
[37]黄学芳,池宝亮,张冬梅,等.长期施肥对晋西北农田硝态氮累积与分布的影响[J].华北农学报,2008,23(4):204-207.
[38]袁新民,同延安,杨学云,等.有机肥对土壤硝态氮累积的影响[J].土壤与环境,2000,9(3):197-200.
[39]Chang C, Entz T. Nitrate leaching losses under repeated cattle feedlot manure applications in southern Alberta[J].J.Environ.Qual.,1996,25(1):145-153.
[40]王敬国,曹一平.生态环境对氮在土壤中转化的影响[J].北京农业大学学报,1995,21:99-103.
[41]程励励,文启孝,李洪.稻草还田对土壤氮和水稻增产的影响[J].土壤,1992,24(5):234-238.
[42]Bhogal A, Young SD, Sylvester-Bradley R. Straw in corporation and mobilization of spring-appliednitrogen[J].soil use and manage,1995,13:111-116.
[43]杜春先,聂俊华,王介勇.不同水肥条件下硝态氮在土壤剖面中垂直分布规律研究[J].土壤通报,2006,37(2):278-281.
[44]王志勇,红梅,杨殿林,等.供氮水平和有机无机配施对夏玉米产量及土壤硝态氮的影响[J].中国土壤与肥料,2008,6:11-14.
[45]谢红梅,朱波,朱钟麟.无机与有机肥配施下紫色土铵态氮、硝态氮时空变异研究—夏玉米季[J].中国生态农业学报,2006,14(2):103-106.
[46]张美良,邹建明,唐建军,等.有机无机肥料配施对棉田氮素去向影响的研究[J].江西农业大学学报,2004,26(6):854-858.
[47]巨晓棠,刘学军,张福锁.尿素配施有机物料时土壤不同氮素形态的动态及利用[J].中国农业大学学报,2002,7(3):52-56.
[48]张庆忠,陈欣,沈善敏.农田土壤硝酸盐积累与淋失研进展[J].应用生态学报,2002,13(2):233-238.
[49]江永红,宇振荣,马永良.秸秆还田对农田生态系统及作物生长的影响[J].土壤通报,2001,10(5):209-213.
[50]李贵桐,赵紫娟,黄元仿,等.秸秆还田对土壤氮素转化的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2002,8(2):162-167.
[51]习斌.保护地菜田氮素去向及调控研究[D].北京:中国农业科学院,2009.
[52]唐玉霞,孟春香,贾树龙,等.不同碳氮比肥料组合对肥料氮生物固定、释放及小麦生长的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,2007,15(2):37-40.
[53]刘杏认,任建强,刘建玲.不同氮水平下有机肥碳氮比对土壤硝态氮残留量的影响.干旱地区农业研究,2006,24(4):30-32.
[54]耿玉辉,卢文喜,姜亦梅.秸秆培肥土壤对优先流中养分淋失的影响[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2007,35(11),146-151.
[55]Booltink A .et al. Straw in corporation and immobilization of spring-applied nitrogen Soil Use and Manage,1997,13:111-116.
[56]刘光栋,吴文良.高产农田土壤硝态氮淋失与地下水污染动态研究[J].中国生态农业学报,2003.11(1):91-93.
[57]王朝辉,李生秀,王西娜,等.旱地土壤硝态氮残留淋溶及影响因素研究[J].土壤,2006,38(6):676-681.
[58]Zhou XM, et al. Management practices to conserve soil nitrate in maize production system [J].Environ.Qual.,1997,26:1369-1374.
[59]刘晓宏,田梅霞,郝明德.黄土旱塬长期轮作施肥土壤剖面硝态氮的分布与积累[J].土壤肥料,2000,1:9-12.
[60]Katupitiya A, et al. Long-term tillage and crop rotation effects on residual nitrate in the crop root zone and nitrate accumulation in the intermediate vadose zone Trans[J].ASAE,1997,40(5): 1321-1327.
[61]Don Z, Fox RH, Toth JD. Seasonal soil nitrate dynamics in corn as affected by tillage and nitrogen source [J].Soil Sci.Soc.Am.J,1995,59(3):858-864.
[62]Tony J Vyn, Ken J Janovicek, Murry H Miller, et al. Beauchamp, Soil nitrate accumulation and corn response to preceding small grain fertilization and cover crops[J].Agronomy Journal,1999, 91:17-24.
[63]Lamb J A, Peterson GA, Fenster CR. Fallow nitrate accumulation in a wheat fallow rotation as affected by tillage system [J].Soil Science Society America Journal,1985,49:1441-1446.
[64]HalvorsonAD, Brian J Winenhold, Alfred L Black. Tillage and nitrogen fertilization influence grain and soil nitrogen in an annual cropping system [J].Agronomy Journal,2001,93:836-841.
[65]李世清,李风民,宋秋华,等.半干旱地区不同地膜覆盖时期对土壤氮素有效性的影响[J].生态学报,2001,21(9):1519-1527.
[66]赵允格,邵明安.不同施肥条件下农田硝态氮迁移的试验研究[J].农业工程学报,2002,18(4):37-40.
[67]Aparicio V, Costa J L. Nitrate leaching assessment in a long-term experiment under supplementary irrigation in humid Argentina[J].Agricultural Water Management,2008,95(12):1361-1372.
[68]Abril A, Baleani D, Casado-Murillo N, et al. Effect of wheat crop fertilization on nitrogen dynamics and balance in the Humid Pampas[J].Argentina,Agric.Ecosyst.Environ,2007,(2):171-176.
[69]章明清,陈防,林琼,等.施肥对菜园土壤养分淋溶流失浓度的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2008,14(2):291-99.
[70]李宗新,董树亭,王空军,等.不同肥料运筹对夏玉米田间土壤氮素淋溶与挥发影响的原位研究[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2007,13(6):998-1005.
[71]李世清,李生秀.半干旱地区农田生态系统中硝态氮的淋失[J].应用生态学报,2000,11(2):240-242.
[72]孙昭荣,刘秀奇,杨守春.北京降雨和土壤下渗水中的氮素研究[J].土壤肥料,1993,(2):8-11.
[73]吕殿青,杨学云,张航,等.陕西塿土中硝态氮运移特点及影响因素[J].植物营养与肥料学报,1996,2(4):289-296.
[74]孙克刚,姚健,朱洪勋.长期不同施肥对潮土中硝态氮累积及作物产量的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,1999,17(1):35-38.
[75]蔡大同,张春兰,蒋廷慧,等.优质小麦氮肥分期施用的农业和生理效率[J].植物营养和肥料学报,1996,2(2):104-109.
[76]陈大营,李勇.小麦平衡配套施肥中氮素运筹[J].土壤肥料,1999(1):42-43.
[77]肖厚军,阎献芳,彭钢.氮肥对菠菜产量和硝酸盐含量的影响[J].贵州农业科学,2000,29(1):22-24.
[78]张庆利.包膜控释和常用氮肥氮素淋溶特征及其对土水质量的影响[J].土壤与环境,2001,10(2):98-103.
[79]陆燕勤,张学洪,王敦球,等.竹炭包膜尿素和常用氮肥的氮素淋失特征研究[J].桂林工学院学报,2008,28(3):363-369.
[80]程杰.旱地土壤硝态氮残留及其利用研究[D].西安:西北农林科技大学,2008.
[81]张永丽,于振文.灌水量对不同小麦品种籽粒品质、产量及土壤硝态氮含量的影响[J].水土保持学报,2007,21(5):15-158.
[82]Jégo G, Martínez M, Antigüedad I, et al.Evaluation of the impact of various agricultural practiceson nitrate leaching under the root zone of potato and sugar beet using the STICS soil–crop model[J].Science of The Total Environment,2008,394(2-3):207-221.
[83]于红梅,李子忠,龚元石.传统和优化水氮管理对蔬地土壤氮素损失与利用效率的影响[J].农业工程学报,2007,23(2):54-59.
[84]吕殿青,同延安,孙本华,等.氮肥施用对环境污染影响的研究[J].植物营养与肥料学报,1998,4(1):8-15.
[85]Waddell J T, Gupta S C, Moncrief J F, et al.Irrigation-and nitrogen-management impacts on nitrate leaching under potato[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,2000,29(1):251-261.
[86]Jones RD, Schwab AP. Nitrate leaching and nitrite occurrence in a fine-textured soil [J].Soil Sci.,1993,155:272-282.
[87]Allaire-Leung S E, Wu L, Mitchell JP, et al.Nitrate leaching and soil nitrate content as affected by irrigation uniformity in a carrot field[J].Agricultural Water Management,2001,48(1):37-50.
[88]曹红霞,康绍忠,何华.田间管理措施对土壤硝态氮迁移影响研究进展[J].灌溉排水学报,2005,24(1):72-76.
[89]Mack U D, Feger K H, Gong Y, et al.Soil water balance and nitrate leaching in winter wheat–summer maize double-cropping systems with different irrigation and N fertilization in the North China Plain[J],Plant Nutr Soil Sci,2005,168:454-460.
[90]Darwish T, Atallah S, Hajhasan, et al.Management of nitrogen by fertigation of potato in Lebanon[J].Nutr Cycl Agroecosyst,2003,67:1-11.
[91]习金根,周建斌.不同灌溉施肥方式下尿素态氮在土壤中迁移转化特性的研究[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2003,9(3):271-275.
[92]孙文涛,张玉龙,娄春荣,等.灌溉方法对温室番茄栽培尿素氮利用影响的研究[J].核农学报,2007,21(3):295-298.
[93]杨林,薛栋森,C.L.Henry,等.生物固体对土壤氮循环和硝态氮淋洗的影响[J].农业环境保护,1997,16(4):182-186.
[94]Bronswijk JJB, Hamminga W, Oostindie K. Rapid nutrient leaching to groundwater and surface water in clay soil area[J].Europen Journal of Agronnomy,1995,4(4):431-439.
[95]袁新民.黄土高原地区土壤硝态氮的累积及其影响因素[D].北京:中国农业大学,1999.
[96]黄丽华,沈根祥,钱晓雍,等.砂质梨园和蔬菜地氮素流失及其影响因素研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2008,27(2):687-691.
[97]谢红梅,朱波,朱钟麟.紫色土NH4+-N、NO3--N的吸附—解吸特性研究[J].土壤肥料,2006,(2):19-22.
[98]高兵,李俊良,陈清,等.不同水氮管理对日光温室番茄产量及土壤无机氮的影响[J].水土保持学报,2008,22(6):137-140.
[99]张相松,刘兆辉,江丽华,等.设施菜地土壤硝态氮淋溶防控技术的研究[J].青岛农业大学学报(自然科学版),2009,26(2):207-211.
[100]WYLAND L J, JACKSON L E, SCHULBACH K F. Soil-plant nitrogen dynamics following incorporation of mature rye cover crop in a lettuce production system[J].Journal of AgriculturalScience (Cambridge),1995,124:17-25.
[101]RITTER W F, SCARBOROUGH R W, CHIRNSIDE A EM. Winter cover crops as a best management practice for reducing nitrogen leaching[J].Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, 1998,34(1-2): 1-15.
[102]巨晓棠,刘学军,张福锁.冬小麦一夏玉米轮作中NO3--N在土壤剖面的累积及移动[J].土壤学报,2003,40(4):538-546.
[103]姜慧敏,张建峰,杨俊诚,等.施氮模式对番茄氮素吸收利用及土壤硝态氮累积的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2009,28(12):2623-2630.
[104]黄丽华,沈根祥,钱晓雍,等.滴灌施肥对农田土壤氮素利用和流失的影响[J].农业工程学报,2008,24(7):49-53.
[105]熊又升,陈明亮,何圆球,等.包膜尿素对芹菜产量、品质和氮素平衡的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2005,11(1):104-109.
[106]张学军,赵营,陈晓群,等.滴灌施肥中施氮量对两年蔬菜产量、氮素平衡及土壤硝态氮累积的影响[J].中国农业科学,2007,40(11):2535-2545.
[107]张学军.节水控氮对宁夏不同土壤—蔬菜体系中氮素平衡及NO3--N淋失的影响[D].武汉:华中农业大学,2008.
[108]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析[M].北京:中国农业出版社,200,25-177.
[109]刘学军,赵紫鹃,巨晓棠,等.基施氮肥对冬小麦产量、氮肥利用率及氮平衡的影响.生态学报,2002,22(7):1122-1128.
[110]叶优良,包兴国.长期施用不同肥料对小麦/玉米间作产量、氮吸收利用和土壤硝态氮累积的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2004,10(2):113-119.
[111]沈明珠.蔬菜中的硝酸盐[J].农业环境保护,1982,(2):23-27.
[112]叶景学.有机肥对茄子产量和品质的影响[D].长春:吉林农业大学,2002.
[113]李吉进,邹国元,宋东涛,等.有机肥和化肥对番茄产量和品质的影响[J].土壤通报,2009, 40(6):1330-1332.
[114]赵明,蔡葵,王文娇,等.有机无机肥配施对大白菜产量、品质及重金属含量的影响[J].中国土壤与肥料,2010,(1):45-48.
[115]刘宏斌,李志宏,张维理,等.露地栽培条件下大白菜氮肥利用率与硝态氮淋溶损失研究[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2004,10(3):286-291.
[116]巨晓棠,刘学军,张福锁.冬小麦与夏玉米轮作体系中氮肥效应及氮素平衡研究[J].中国农业科学,2002,35(11):1361-1368.
[2]杜连凤.长江三角洲地区菜地系统氮肥利用与土壤质量变异研究[D].北京:中国农业科学院,2005.
[3]Zhu z L, Chen D L. Nitrogen fertilizer use in China-Contributions to food production, impacts On the environment and best management strategies [J]. Nutr Cycl Agroecos,2002,63:117-127.
[4]马文奇.山东省作物施肥现状、问题与对策[D].北京:中国农业大学,1999.
[5]李俊良,崔德杰,孟祥霞,等.山东寿光保护地蔬菜施肥现状及问题研究[J].土壤通报,2002,33(2):126-128.
[6]张学军,赵桂芳,朱雯清,等.菜田土壤氮素淋失及其调控措施的研究进展[J].生态环境,2004,13(1):105-108.
[7]陈新平,邹春琴,刘亚萍,等.菠菜不同品种累积硝酸盐能力的差异及其原因[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2000,6(1):30-34.
[8]刘宏斌,李志宏,张云贵,等.北京市农田土壤硝态氮的分布与累积特征[J].中国农业科学,2004,37(5):692-698.
[9]王朝辉,宗志强,李生秀.菜地和一般农田土壤养分累积的差异[J].应用生态学报2002,13(9):1091-1094.
[10]马文奇,毛达如,张福锁.山东省蔬菜大棚养分累积状况[J].磷肥与复肥,2000,15(3):65-67.
[11]何飞飞.设施番茄生产体系的氮素优化管理及其环境效应研究[D].北京:中国农业大学,2006.
[12]寇长林,巨晓棠,高强,等.两种农作体系施肥对土壤质量的影响[J].生态学报,2004,24(11): 2548-2556.
[13]黄化刚,张锡洲,李廷轩.典型设施栽培地区养分平衡及其环境风险[J].农业环境科学学报,2007,26(2):676-682.
[14]Qing Chen, Xiaosheng Zhang, Hongyan Zhang, et al. Evaluation of current fertilizer practice and soil fertility in vegetable production in the Beijing region[J].Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 2004,69:51-58.
[15]王平,刘淑英.兰州安宁区蔬菜保护地土壤盐分的含量及其剖面分布规律[J].甘肃农业大学学报,1998,33(2):186-189.
[16]Thompson R B, Martínez-Gaitan C, Gallardo M, et al. Identification of irrigation and N management practices that contribute to nitrate leaching loss from an intensive vegetable production system by use of comprehensive survey[J].Agricultural Water Management,2007, 89(3):261-274.
[17]李晓欣,胡春胜,程一松.不同施肥处理对作物产量及土中硝态氮累积的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2003,2(31):38-42.
[18]王朝辉,宗志强,李生秀,等.蔬菜硝态氮累积及菜地土壤硝态氮残留[J].环境科学,2002,23(3):79-83.
[19]袁新民,王周琼.硝态氮的淋洗及其影响因素[J].干旱地区农业研究,2000,17(4):46-52.
[20]杨玉惠,张仁陟.黄土高原半干旱地区施氮对土壤硝态氮分布与累积的影响[J].甘肃农业大学学报,2006,6:102-107.
[21]李俊良,朱建华,张晓晟,等.保护地番茄养分利用与氮素淋失[J].应用与环境生物学报,2001,7(2):126-129.
[22]王辉,董元华,安琼,等.高度集约化利用下蔬菜地土壤酸化及次生盐渍化研究─以南京市南郊为例[J].土壤,2005,37(5):530-533.
[23]杜会英.保护地蔬菜氮肥利用、土壤养分和盐分累积特征研究[D].北京:中国农业科学院,2007.
[24]刘德,赵凤艳.氮肥不同用量对保护地番茄生育及产量影响[J],北方园艺,1998(5):7-8.
[25]魏迎春,李新平,刘刚,等.杨凌地区大棚土壤硝态氮累积效应研究[J],水土保持学报,2008,22(2):570-670.
[26]陆安祥,赵云龙,王纪华,等.不同土地利用类型下氮、磷在土壤剖面中的分布特征[J].生态学报,2007,27(9):3923-3929.
[27]姚春霞,陈振楼,陆利民,等.上海市蔬菜地土壤硝态氮状况研究[J].生态环境,2005,14(2):220-223.
[28]高亚军,李生秀,李世清,等.施肥与灌水对硝态氮在土壤中残留的影响[J].水土保持学报,2005,19(6):61-64.
[29]Jackson L E. Fates and losses of nitrogen from a nitrogen-15-labeled cover crop in an intensively managed vegetable system[J].Soil science Society of America journal,2000,64(4):1404-1412.
[30]易秀.氮肥的渗漏污染研究[J].农业环境保护,1991,10(5):223-226.
[31]徐福利,郭劲松,王震,等.设施条件下氮肥对大青菜硝酸盐及土壤矿质氮累积的影响[J].土壤通报,2006,37(5):924-927.
[32]William R Raun, Johnson Gordon V. Soil plant buffering go fin organic nitrogen in continuous winter wheat[J].Agronomy Journal,1995,87:827-834.
[33]刘敏超,曾长立,王兴仁,等.氮肥施用对冬小麦氮肥利用率及土壤剖面硝态氮含量动态分布的影响[J].农业现代化研究,200021(5):309-312.
[34]刘学军,巨晓棠,边秀举,等.基施氮肥对土壤剖面中无机氮动态的影响[A].中国土壤学会编青年学者论土壤与植物营养科学北京:中国农业科技出版社,2001,227-234.
[35]许学前,吴敬民.小麦氮肥的有效利用和对水体环境污染的影响[J].土壤通报,1999,30(6):268-270.
[36]赵竞英,徐丽敏,宝德俊.小麦生长期见潮土硝态氮垂直移动规律研究[J].河南农业大学学报,1996,30(3):232-235.
[37]黄学芳,池宝亮,张冬梅,等.长期施肥对晋西北农田硝态氮累积与分布的影响[J].华北农学报,2008,23(4):204-207.
[38]袁新民,同延安,杨学云,等.有机肥对土壤硝态氮累积的影响[J].土壤与环境,2000,9(3):197-200.
[39]Chang C, Entz T. Nitrate leaching losses under repeated cattle feedlot manure applications in southern Alberta[J].J.Environ.Qual.,1996,25(1):145-153.
[40]王敬国,曹一平.生态环境对氮在土壤中转化的影响[J].北京农业大学学报,1995,21:99-103.
[41]程励励,文启孝,李洪.稻草还田对土壤氮和水稻增产的影响[J].土壤,1992,24(5):234-238.
[42]Bhogal A, Young SD, Sylvester-Bradley R. Straw in corporation and mobilization of spring-appliednitrogen[J].soil use and manage,1995,13:111-116.
[43]杜春先,聂俊华,王介勇.不同水肥条件下硝态氮在土壤剖面中垂直分布规律研究[J].土壤通报,2006,37(2):278-281.
[44]王志勇,红梅,杨殿林,等.供氮水平和有机无机配施对夏玉米产量及土壤硝态氮的影响[J].中国土壤与肥料,2008,6:11-14.
[45]谢红梅,朱波,朱钟麟.无机与有机肥配施下紫色土铵态氮、硝态氮时空变异研究—夏玉米季[J].中国生态农业学报,2006,14(2):103-106.
[46]张美良,邹建明,唐建军,等.有机无机肥料配施对棉田氮素去向影响的研究[J].江西农业大学学报,2004,26(6):854-858.
[47]巨晓棠,刘学军,张福锁.尿素配施有机物料时土壤不同氮素形态的动态及利用[J].中国农业大学学报,2002,7(3):52-56.
[48]张庆忠,陈欣,沈善敏.农田土壤硝酸盐积累与淋失研进展[J].应用生态学报,2002,13(2):233-238.
[49]江永红,宇振荣,马永良.秸秆还田对农田生态系统及作物生长的影响[J].土壤通报,2001,10(5):209-213.
[50]李贵桐,赵紫娟,黄元仿,等.秸秆还田对土壤氮素转化的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2002,8(2):162-167.
[51]习斌.保护地菜田氮素去向及调控研究[D].北京:中国农业科学院,2009.
[52]唐玉霞,孟春香,贾树龙,等.不同碳氮比肥料组合对肥料氮生物固定、释放及小麦生长的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,2007,15(2):37-40.
[53]刘杏认,任建强,刘建玲.不同氮水平下有机肥碳氮比对土壤硝态氮残留量的影响.干旱地区农业研究,2006,24(4):30-32.
[54]耿玉辉,卢文喜,姜亦梅.秸秆培肥土壤对优先流中养分淋失的影响[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2007,35(11),146-151.
[55]Booltink A .et al. Straw in corporation and immobilization of spring-applied nitrogen Soil Use and Manage,1997,13:111-116.
[56]刘光栋,吴文良.高产农田土壤硝态氮淋失与地下水污染动态研究[J].中国生态农业学报,2003.11(1):91-93.
[57]王朝辉,李生秀,王西娜,等.旱地土壤硝态氮残留淋溶及影响因素研究[J].土壤,2006,38(6):676-681.
[58]Zhou XM, et al. Management practices to conserve soil nitrate in maize production system [J].Environ.Qual.,1997,26:1369-1374.
[59]刘晓宏,田梅霞,郝明德.黄土旱塬长期轮作施肥土壤剖面硝态氮的分布与积累[J].土壤肥料,2000,1:9-12.
[60]Katupitiya A, et al. Long-term tillage and crop rotation effects on residual nitrate in the crop root zone and nitrate accumulation in the intermediate vadose zone Trans[J].ASAE,1997,40(5): 1321-1327.
[61]Don Z, Fox RH, Toth JD. Seasonal soil nitrate dynamics in corn as affected by tillage and nitrogen source [J].Soil Sci.Soc.Am.J,1995,59(3):858-864.
[62]Tony J Vyn, Ken J Janovicek, Murry H Miller, et al. Beauchamp, Soil nitrate accumulation and corn response to preceding small grain fertilization and cover crops[J].Agronomy Journal,1999, 91:17-24.
[63]Lamb J A, Peterson GA, Fenster CR. Fallow nitrate accumulation in a wheat fallow rotation as affected by tillage system [J].Soil Science Society America Journal,1985,49:1441-1446.
[64]HalvorsonAD, Brian J Winenhold, Alfred L Black. Tillage and nitrogen fertilization influence grain and soil nitrogen in an annual cropping system [J].Agronomy Journal,2001,93:836-841.
[65]李世清,李风民,宋秋华,等.半干旱地区不同地膜覆盖时期对土壤氮素有效性的影响[J].生态学报,2001,21(9):1519-1527.
[66]赵允格,邵明安.不同施肥条件下农田硝态氮迁移的试验研究[J].农业工程学报,2002,18(4):37-40.
[67]Aparicio V, Costa J L. Nitrate leaching assessment in a long-term experiment under supplementary irrigation in humid Argentina[J].Agricultural Water Management,2008,95(12):1361-1372.
[68]Abril A, Baleani D, Casado-Murillo N, et al. Effect of wheat crop fertilization on nitrogen dynamics and balance in the Humid Pampas[J].Argentina,Agric.Ecosyst.Environ,2007,(2):171-176.
[69]章明清,陈防,林琼,等.施肥对菜园土壤养分淋溶流失浓度的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2008,14(2):291-99.
[70]李宗新,董树亭,王空军,等.不同肥料运筹对夏玉米田间土壤氮素淋溶与挥发影响的原位研究[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2007,13(6):998-1005.
[71]李世清,李生秀.半干旱地区农田生态系统中硝态氮的淋失[J].应用生态学报,2000,11(2):240-242.
[72]孙昭荣,刘秀奇,杨守春.北京降雨和土壤下渗水中的氮素研究[J].土壤肥料,1993,(2):8-11.
[73]吕殿青,杨学云,张航,等.陕西塿土中硝态氮运移特点及影响因素[J].植物营养与肥料学报,1996,2(4):289-296.
[74]孙克刚,姚健,朱洪勋.长期不同施肥对潮土中硝态氮累积及作物产量的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,1999,17(1):35-38.
[75]蔡大同,张春兰,蒋廷慧,等.优质小麦氮肥分期施用的农业和生理效率[J].植物营养和肥料学报,1996,2(2):104-109.
[76]陈大营,李勇.小麦平衡配套施肥中氮素运筹[J].土壤肥料,1999(1):42-43.
[77]肖厚军,阎献芳,彭钢.氮肥对菠菜产量和硝酸盐含量的影响[J].贵州农业科学,2000,29(1):22-24.
[78]张庆利.包膜控释和常用氮肥氮素淋溶特征及其对土水质量的影响[J].土壤与环境,2001,10(2):98-103.
[79]陆燕勤,张学洪,王敦球,等.竹炭包膜尿素和常用氮肥的氮素淋失特征研究[J].桂林工学院学报,2008,28(3):363-369.
[80]程杰.旱地土壤硝态氮残留及其利用研究[D].西安:西北农林科技大学,2008.
[81]张永丽,于振文.灌水量对不同小麦品种籽粒品质、产量及土壤硝态氮含量的影响[J].水土保持学报,2007,21(5):15-158.
[82]Jégo G, Martínez M, Antigüedad I, et al.Evaluation of the impact of various agricultural practiceson nitrate leaching under the root zone of potato and sugar beet using the STICS soil–crop model[J].Science of The Total Environment,2008,394(2-3):207-221.
[83]于红梅,李子忠,龚元石.传统和优化水氮管理对蔬地土壤氮素损失与利用效率的影响[J].农业工程学报,2007,23(2):54-59.
[84]吕殿青,同延安,孙本华,等.氮肥施用对环境污染影响的研究[J].植物营养与肥料学报,1998,4(1):8-15.
[85]Waddell J T, Gupta S C, Moncrief J F, et al.Irrigation-and nitrogen-management impacts on nitrate leaching under potato[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,2000,29(1):251-261.
[86]Jones RD, Schwab AP. Nitrate leaching and nitrite occurrence in a fine-textured soil [J].Soil Sci.,1993,155:272-282.
[87]Allaire-Leung S E, Wu L, Mitchell JP, et al.Nitrate leaching and soil nitrate content as affected by irrigation uniformity in a carrot field[J].Agricultural Water Management,2001,48(1):37-50.
[88]曹红霞,康绍忠,何华.田间管理措施对土壤硝态氮迁移影响研究进展[J].灌溉排水学报,2005,24(1):72-76.
[89]Mack U D, Feger K H, Gong Y, et al.Soil water balance and nitrate leaching in winter wheat–summer maize double-cropping systems with different irrigation and N fertilization in the North China Plain[J],Plant Nutr Soil Sci,2005,168:454-460.
[90]Darwish T, Atallah S, Hajhasan, et al.Management of nitrogen by fertigation of potato in Lebanon[J].Nutr Cycl Agroecosyst,2003,67:1-11.
[91]习金根,周建斌.不同灌溉施肥方式下尿素态氮在土壤中迁移转化特性的研究[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2003,9(3):271-275.
[92]孙文涛,张玉龙,娄春荣,等.灌溉方法对温室番茄栽培尿素氮利用影响的研究[J].核农学报,2007,21(3):295-298.
[93]杨林,薛栋森,C.L.Henry,等.生物固体对土壤氮循环和硝态氮淋洗的影响[J].农业环境保护,1997,16(4):182-186.
[94]Bronswijk JJB, Hamminga W, Oostindie K. Rapid nutrient leaching to groundwater and surface water in clay soil area[J].Europen Journal of Agronnomy,1995,4(4):431-439.
[95]袁新民.黄土高原地区土壤硝态氮的累积及其影响因素[D].北京:中国农业大学,1999.
[96]黄丽华,沈根祥,钱晓雍,等.砂质梨园和蔬菜地氮素流失及其影响因素研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2008,27(2):687-691.
[97]谢红梅,朱波,朱钟麟.紫色土NH4+-N、NO3--N的吸附—解吸特性研究[J].土壤肥料,2006,(2):19-22.
[98]高兵,李俊良,陈清,等.不同水氮管理对日光温室番茄产量及土壤无机氮的影响[J].水土保持学报,2008,22(6):137-140.
[99]张相松,刘兆辉,江丽华,等.设施菜地土壤硝态氮淋溶防控技术的研究[J].青岛农业大学学报(自然科学版),2009,26(2):207-211.
[100]WYLAND L J, JACKSON L E, SCHULBACH K F. Soil-plant nitrogen dynamics following incorporation of mature rye cover crop in a lettuce production system[J].Journal of AgriculturalScience (Cambridge),1995,124:17-25.
[101]RITTER W F, SCARBOROUGH R W, CHIRNSIDE A EM. Winter cover crops as a best management practice for reducing nitrogen leaching[J].Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, 1998,34(1-2): 1-15.
[102]巨晓棠,刘学军,张福锁.冬小麦一夏玉米轮作中NO3--N在土壤剖面的累积及移动[J].土壤学报,2003,40(4):538-546.
[103]姜慧敏,张建峰,杨俊诚,等.施氮模式对番茄氮素吸收利用及土壤硝态氮累积的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2009,28(12):2623-2630.
[104]黄丽华,沈根祥,钱晓雍,等.滴灌施肥对农田土壤氮素利用和流失的影响[J].农业工程学报,2008,24(7):49-53.
[105]熊又升,陈明亮,何圆球,等.包膜尿素对芹菜产量、品质和氮素平衡的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2005,11(1):104-109.
[106]张学军,赵营,陈晓群,等.滴灌施肥中施氮量对两年蔬菜产量、氮素平衡及土壤硝态氮累积的影响[J].中国农业科学,2007,40(11):2535-2545.
[107]张学军.节水控氮对宁夏不同土壤—蔬菜体系中氮素平衡及NO3--N淋失的影响[D].武汉:华中农业大学,2008.
[108]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析[M].北京:中国农业出版社,200,25-177.
[109]刘学军,赵紫鹃,巨晓棠,等.基施氮肥对冬小麦产量、氮肥利用率及氮平衡的影响.生态学报,2002,22(7):1122-1128.
[110]叶优良,包兴国.长期施用不同肥料对小麦/玉米间作产量、氮吸收利用和土壤硝态氮累积的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2004,10(2):113-119.
[111]沈明珠.蔬菜中的硝酸盐[J].农业环境保护,1982,(2):23-27.
[112]叶景学.有机肥对茄子产量和品质的影响[D].长春:吉林农业大学,2002.
[113]李吉进,邹国元,宋东涛,等.有机肥和化肥对番茄产量和品质的影响[J].土壤通报,2009, 40(6):1330-1332.
[114]赵明,蔡葵,王文娇,等.有机无机肥配施对大白菜产量、品质及重金属含量的影响[J].中国土壤与肥料,2010,(1):45-48.
[115]刘宏斌,李志宏,张维理,等.露地栽培条件下大白菜氮肥利用率与硝态氮淋溶损失研究[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2004,10(3):286-291.
[116]巨晓棠,刘学军,张福锁.冬小麦与夏玉米轮作体系中氮肥效应及氮素平衡研究[J].中国农业科学,2002,35(11):1361-1368.