设施蔬菜控漏灌水机理与技术研究
|
摘要
本文针对设施菜田灌溉水量大、渗漏浪费严重,蔬菜节水灌溉理论缺乏、灌溉指标体系不健全的问题,基于设施蔬菜高频灌溉和移栽栽培的特点,以根-土-水系统为核心,进行了以番茄、黄瓜为代表的日光温室蔬菜控漏灌水机理与技术研究。通过控制性蔬菜试验,研究了根系分布特征及其对土壤水分环境的响应,不同灌溉与栽培方式下根系消耗土壤水的空间特征和不同根土空间对番茄生长的贡献率,不同灌水量下的番茄田水分与养分土体运移特征与控漏灌溉土壤水分含量阈值,不同灌水量对番茄生长发育、产量和水分生产效率的影响,蔬菜控漏灌溉的灌水定额指标体系构建;配合不同减蒸控漏的灌溉方式的番茄产量、水分利用效率之间的关系研究,构建蔬菜节水灌溉关键技术。
本研究探讨了温室环境下高频灌溉的浅根系蔬菜的根-土-水-肥的关系,阐明了设施蔬菜控漏灌溉的机理,提出了“根-水-肥同位管理”的理念和采取“依根定水”的管理策略,确立了根层灌溉关键指标,达到了控漏灌溉节水的目标。提出结合现有的减蒸技术能够实现蔬菜“减蒸控漏”是蔬菜高效用水的有效途径。主要研究结果如下:
1.日光温室蔬菜根系分布特征及对土壤水分环境的响应
蔬菜主要根系层分布具有相对稳定性。蔬菜根系扎深基本不受灌溉方式、灌溉水量等土壤水分环境变化的影响,露地甘蓝垂直分布的最大深度30cm、温室黄瓜30 cm、温室番茄60cm。蔬菜占根质量90%的主要根系分布在0~30cm的浅土层。不同蔬菜种类根重在土层的垂直分布,露地甘蓝91%以上在0~10cm,温室黄瓜99%以上在0~25cm土层,温室番茄92%以上在0~30cm土层。面对主要根系层的“依浅根管理”对蔬菜作物尤为重要。
蔬菜根系密集层垂直分布具有变化性。以根质量最大的土层作为蔬菜的根系密集层,根系密集层显著受灌溉方式、土壤水分、供水界面、覆盖与否等条件因素影响。滴灌、覆膜和水分过高环境都使其变浅。地下供水(渗灌)较地面供水(沟灌)使根系分布呈现较均匀化特征。调节根系密集层的分布范围有利于根系更大范围吸收水分及养分。
2.番茄对土壤水的消耗特征
灌溉方式影响番茄田不同生育时期的最大耗水层、土体水分活跃层、亚活跃层、稳定层及主要耗水层等耗水表征量,但无论何种灌溉方式,番茄田各生育期的土壤水分活跃层均在0~30cm的土层,土壤水分稳定层在30~60cm或40~60cm土层。番茄田的主要耗水层次均在0~40cm土层,该层次耗水量占番茄根层耗水的85%~90%以上;耗水强度最大层除采收期在0~10cm土层外,其他时期均在10~20cm土层。0~40cm土层是菜田控漏灌溉所要考虑的关键“根土层”。
不同生育期蔬菜田耗水强度呈现花果期盛果期>结果后期>花果期的趋势;不同灌溉方式下各时期日耗水量分别为,膜下渗灌:花果期0.77mm、盛果期2.02mm、结果后期1.95mm;膜下沟灌:花果期0.74mm、盛果期1.90mm、结果后期1.99mm;沟灌:花果期1.22mm、盛果期3.32mm、结果后期3.29mm。番茄田不同生育期耗水强度的明确,为制定可变灌溉周期提供了依据。
3不同根土空间对番茄生长的贡献率
不同根土空间对温室番茄产量的试验研究表明,至少30cm的根系纵深,才能够获得与对照差异不显著的产量效果,30cm根土空间的番茄产量可达对照的97.9%,40cm可达到99.1%。番茄不同生育性状所需根土空间具有差异。株高初花期需要10cm、花果期需要30cm的根土空间以满足水肥供给;而叶片数、茎粗、节间等生长性状不同时期则需10cm根土空间;叶面积初花期及果膨期后期需要10cm,果膨期前期则需要20cm。
土体的塑料隔深与番茄产量及根系生物量与番茄产量均呈现二次曲线关系,以产量为目标的番茄田最大“根土功能空间”为0~40cm。由此,促进一定根土空间范围内的根-水-肥功能同位与同步,成为实现较高的产量和水肥利用效率的基础。
4.蔬菜控漏灌水定额指标的确定
不同生育期土壤含水量对黄瓜生育影响的研究表明,黄瓜各生长指标的增速存在显著的阶段差异。株高增速最大期在苗期,叶片数在初瓜期,叶面积在盛瓜期,茎粗在结瓜后期。缺水对处于最大增速期器官的影响极为明显。根据温室黄瓜生育及产量对土壤水分的响应,确定了黄瓜不同生育期灌溉的土壤水分阈限值:下限指标分别为苗期75%、初瓜期75%、盛瓜期85%和结瓜后期85%;上限指标分别为苗期95%、初瓜期95%、盛瓜期100%和结瓜后期100%。不同生育期适宜的土壤水分指标分别为:苗期75%-80%、初瓜期75%-95%;盛瓜期85%-95%;后期85%-95%。由此估算黄瓜不同生育期的控漏经济灌水定额在10~14m~3/667m~2。
温室番茄不同生育性状对土壤水分的反应具有显著差异,茎粗基本不受灌水量影响,株高各个时段均对土壤水分反应敏感,Fv/Fm和光合速率只在采收前阶段或进入采收期后才呈现差异。不同土壤水分与番茄产量,及土壤水分与菜田耗水量均为二次曲线关系。综合考虑生长、产量、水分生产效率等指标,秋冬茬温室番茄生产以灌水量15m~3/667m~2为宜,灌溉10与15 m~3/667m~2产量差异不显著,灌水量10m~3/667m~2也可作为生产选择。
5温室番茄田水分与养分的土体运移规律及控漏灌水定额
灌溉水土体运移监测表明,灌水定额大于30mm水平下,水分入渗深度可达120cm土层,小于15mm时,最深至60cm,灌水定额7.5mm水分入渗深度仅40cm,并部分层次不能达到田间持水量的85%。以主要根系层40cm为界,灌水定额大于30mm水平下会造成59.13%以上的灌溉水量渗漏;以最深根层60cm为界,则花果期会造成48.23%,盛果期36.27%以上的灌溉水渗漏。在灌水定额7.5mm~45mm范围内,灌溉水根层外的渗漏率与灌水定额呈线性相关;0~40 cm、0~50 cm、0~60 cm不同土层渗漏率为0的灌水定额分别为:9.55 mm、11.27 mm和12.07 mm。
施肥与不施肥条件下的灌溉试验表明,灌水定额与土壤硝态氮淋溶量和淋溶率、渗漏率均呈直线关系。灌溉均会引起浅根层(0~20 cm)硝态氮淋溶,灌溉施肥条件下7.5-15 mm灌水定额范围内硝态氮积累有一个峰值,而22.5-45 mm范围则有两个峰值。以40cm土层为界面,灌水定额在7.5-15mm时,灌溉不施肥条件下硝态氮渗漏率为0,灌溉施肥条件下土壤硝态氮渗漏率为0-5.19%;灌水定额在22.5-45 mm之间,灌溉不施肥土壤硝态氮渗漏率为5.38%-19.08%,灌溉施肥条件下土壤硝态氮渗漏率为21.91%-61.96%。
综合蔬菜对水分处理的生物学反应及水土工程学特征,提出黄瓜不同生育期的控漏经济灌水定额在10-14m~3/667m~2,番茄适宜的灌水定额10-15 m~3/667m~2。控制番茄田花果期与采收期水氮根层外渗漏的最大灌溉定额为15m~3/667m~2。
6通过日光温室小区栽培番茄试验,比较沟灌(CK)、全覆盖膜下沟灌和膜下渗灌3种灌溉方式的土壤耗水特点、节水效果及其温室生态环境效应表明,膜下灌溉方式,能够减少灌溉水的浪费。膜下渗灌和膜下沟灌较沟灌(CK)提高灌溉水效率47.98%-48.90%,提高水分生产效率43.80%-91.57%。膜下灌溉能够显著降低温室空气相对湿度,有效减少病虫害发生,提高蔬菜品质。
本文依蔬菜生物学、生态学及菜田水土工程学为基础,揭示了蔬菜控漏灌溉的基本机理,提出了针对浅根性蔬菜作物采取“依根定水”,达到“根-水-肥同位”运行的控漏灌溉指标与技术体系,为促进与实现“减蒸控漏”的蔬菜水资源高效生产提供了有效途径。
Based on the background of greenhouse vegetables with high-frequency irrigation and transplanted seedlings cultivation and taken the root-soil-water system as the core in this paper. Seven field experiments were conducted for solving the problems of serious seepage in field irrigation water, the lack of water-saving irrigation mechanism and the unsoundness of irrigation indicator system.
The relations of root-soil-water-fertilizer under the high-frequency irrigation in greenhouse environment shallow-root vegetable were studied in this paper. A series of results were output, they are following: The mechanism of vegetable leakage control irrigation was clarified. The new concept of“root, water and fertilizer synchronous management”was put forward to. The management strategy of“determining water supply by root distribution”was adopted. The key indexes of root irrigation were confirmed and the water-saving purpose by leakage control irrigation was achieved. That all put forward the effective way of achieving the target of“evaporation reduction and leakage control”to use water effectively on vegetables. The main research results are as follows:
1. Response of the root distribution characteristics with soil moisture environment and its effects with irrigation methods on greenhouse vegetables
By studying the response characteristics of the vertical distribution of greenhouse tomato, cucumber and cabbage on different irrigation method, soil moisture, water-supply interface, covering condition and other factors and taking the soil layer with 90% of root mass as the main root layer and the soil layer with greatest root mass as the root-concentrated layer of vegetable, it can obtain that:
1.1 The distribution of main root layer of vegetables is relatively stable. Its space distribution and displacement characteristics in soil are mainly affected by vegetable-bearing period and water supply point and other factors have fewer effects on them; it mainly distributes in the 0-30cm shallow soil layer and becomes deep gradually according to the bearing process; the vertical distributions of different vegetables in soil layer are: over 91% of cabbages in the 0-10cm soil layer, over 99% of greenhouse cucumbers in the 0-25cm soil layer, and over 92% of greenhouse tomatoes in the 0-30cm soil layer.“Managing according to shallow root”is particularly important for vegetable crops.
1.2 The depth of vegetable root is almost not affected by the changes of irrigation method, irrigation quantity and soil moisture environment, and it is also stable. The largest vertical depth of greenhouse tomato is 60cm, the largest vertical depth of greenhouse cucumber is 30cm, and the largest vertical depth of greenhouse cabbage is 30cm. It shall pay more attention to the root horizontal control for vegetable production management.
1.3 The vertical distribution of vegetable root-concentrated layer is changeable. The root-concentrated layer is markedly affected by irrigation method, soil moisture, water-supply interface, covering condition and other factors. Drip irrigation, laminating and high moisture all can make it shallow. By underground water supply (infiltration irrigation), the root can be better distributed than by aground water supply (furrow irrigation). Adjusting the distribution scope of root-concentrated layer, it can make the root absorb moisture and nutriment in larger scope.
2. Soil water consumption characteristics of tomatoes under different irrigation methods
By studying the change characteristics of tomato root soil space on soil water consumption layer, soil moisture scope, quantity and ratio in bearing period and under different irrigation method, it can obtain the following results:
2.1 The main water consumption layer of vegetable is stable. The irrigation method can affect the largest water consumption layer, soil moisture active layer, sub-active layer, stable layer, main water consumption layer and other water consumption characterizations of tomato field in different bearing period. However, for the tomato field in bearing period and irrigated by any way, soil moisture active layer is in the 0-30cm soil layer; stable layer is in the 30-60cm or 40-60cm soil layer; main water consumption layer is in the 0-40cm soil layer. The water consumption of this layer accounts for over 85% to 90% of the water consumption in tomato root layer; in the harvest, the layer with largest water consumption is in the 0-10cm soil layer, and it is in the 10-20cm soil layer in other different period and under each irrigation method; the 0-40cm layer is the key root-soil layer which shall be considered in leakage control irrigation of vegetable field.
2.2 The daily water consumption of vegetable is changeable. Under different irrigation method and in different bearing period, the water consumption of tomato orderly reduces from full fruiting period, later fruiting period to flowering and fruiting period. The daily water consumption for under-membrane infiltration irrigation is 0.77mm in flowering and fruiting period, 2.02mm in full fruiting period and 1.95mm in later fruiting period; the water consumption for under-membrane furrow irrigation is 0.74mm in flowering and fruiting period, 1.90mm in full fruiting period and 1.99mm in later fruiting period; the water consumption for furrow irrigation is 1.22mm in flowering and fruiting period, 3.32mm in full fruiting period and 3.29mm in later fruiting period. It provides a basis for tomato field in making changeable irrigation period.
3. Contribution rate of different root-soil space on the growth stages of tomatoes
By the manual-controlled root-soil distribution test for gauze interlayer and plastic cloth interlayer, it studies the contribution rate of different root-soil space on the growth of greenhouse tomatoes and shows that:
3.1 The root-soil space of different growing characters is different. For the plant height, it needs 10cm root-soil space in first flowering period and 30cm root-soil space in flowering and fruiting period to satisfy the water and fertilizer supply in the same compared condition; for the leaf number, stem diameter, inter-node and other growing characters, it only need 10cm root-soil space in different periods; for the leaf area, it needs 10cm root-soil space in first flowering period and later fruit expansion period and 20cm root-soil space in first fruit expansion period; for the output, it shall have 30cm vertical root-soil space at least to make tomato achieve the output which has unobvious difference with the comparison. 30cm root-soil space can make the tomato output reach 97.9% of the comparison and 40cm root-soil space can make the tomato output reach 99.1% of the comparison. The interlayer limits the supply and demand of root, soil, water and fertilizer. Only the root-soil space over 40cm can fully satisfy the water consumption demand of tomato. And the plastic cloth interlayer with suitable depth is good for the growth and output of tomato.
3.2 The plastic interlayer with different depth and the output of tomato are in the conic relation. The best scope is in the 40cm soil-root layer, and the largest“root-soil functional space”of tomato field is 0-40cm. Thus, as long as the root, water and fertilizer are in the same position in soil-root space, it can achieve a high output and water-fertilizer use efficiency. So the root-soil layer management and control can make vegetable achieve the objects of water saving, high efficiency and high output. Meanwhile, it proves that it is unsuitable to use“moisture-storing irrigation”for shallow-root vegetables.
3.3 The root biomass and tomato output are in the conic relation. The soil interlayer limits the vertical distribution scope of root; however, it can obtain high output if having a certain degree of root biomass and the tomato root also has“redundancy”phenomenon
4. Confirmation for the water ration index of leakage-control irrigation on vegetables
4.1 Response of cucumber growth character on soil moisture and threshold of irrigation
When the monitoring layer of irrigation water is in the 0-40cm layer, it studies the water content bound of soil and the most suitable soil moisture for cucumber in different bearing periods, and the result shows that:
4.1.1 The increment speed of each cucumber growing index is different in each growing period. For different objects, the effect is most obvious if controlling and adjusting it in the key period with fastest increment speed; meanwhile, it doesn’t have obvious effects on the growth of cucumber if properly reducing the resource input in the period with minimum increment speed. The plant height increases fastest in the seedling stage, while leaf number increases fastest in the first fruiting period, leaf area increases fastest in the full fruiting period and stem diameter increases fastest in the later fruiting period; in the later fruiting period, the increment speed of plant height, leaf area and leaf number is minimum.
4.1.2 According to the effects of soil moisture treatment on output, it confirms that the soil moisture lower bounds of cucumber in different bearing periods are respectively: 75% in seedling stage, 75% in first fruiting period, 85% in full fruiting period and 85% in later fruiting period; the upper bounds are respectively: 95% in seedling stage, 95% in first fruiting period, 100% in full fruiting period and 100% in later fruiting period; the suitable soil moisture indexes in different periods are respectively: 75-80% in seedling stage, 75-95% in first fruiting period, 85-95% in full fruiting period and 85-95% in later fruiting period.
4.1.3 According to the suitable soil moisture threshold of cucumber and the equation of economic irrigation amount, it estimates that the range of economic leakage-control irrigation amount for cucumber in different bearing period is 10 to 14 m3/667m2. 4.2 Reaction of Tomato Growth & Development Character to Irrigation Amount It is the study of influence by different irrigation amounts on tomato’s growth, development, yield and water use efficiency according to method of furrow irrigation under complete coverage film. The result shows:
4.2.1 Different growth and development characters have different stages for reaction on treatment of irrigation amount. Plant height, Fv/Fm and photosynthetic rate can show the limit effect of water shortage at the stage of relatively large water demand of tomato; whereas fluorescence reaction is occurred upon harvest time. Growth rate of number of leaves presents limit effect of water shortage only from the fifth inflorescence fruited and to the primary stage of pinching.
4.2.2 Different growth and development characters have sensitivity to difference for reaction on treatment of irrigation amount. Growth rate of stem diameter basically is not affected by treatment of irrigation amount and sensitivity of influence of number of leaves is appeared in a very short primary stage. Reflection of Plant height on water treatment presents in all time period. Fv/Fm and photosynthetic rate only shows difference at the pre-stage of harvest or upon entering harvest time. Yield and water production efficiency are the final presence of water treatment. It is a conic relationship between water consumption by different treatment and yield and water production efficiency.
4.2.3 Integrating growth, yield and water production efficiency index, combining estimated result of the water production function as well as considering water-saving and water production efficiency as the main proof, it is proper to use irrigation amount of 15m3/667m2 for tomato production in autumn and winter. It is not prominent in yield difference between 10 and 15m3/667m2 by irrigation. Irrigation amount with 10m3/667m2 can be also considered as production selection.
4.3 Soil Migration Principle & Irrigation Leakage Control Quota of Tomato Field Water and Nutrient under Different Irrigation Quotas
4.3.1 Under conditions of irrigation without fertilization and with fertilization, irrigation quota, soil nitrate nitrogen leaching amount, leaching ratio, storage rate and leakage rate all present linear relationship; irrigation will cause nitrate nitrogen leaching at the shallow root layer(0-20cm) and under conditions of irrigation with fertilization, there is a peak for nitrate nitrogen by irrigation quota range from 7.5mm to 15 mm but two peaks from 22.5mm to 45mm; considering 40cm root-soil interface as discriminated interface, irrigation quota ranging from 7.5mm to 15mm and under conditions of irrigation without fertilization, the root-layer soil nitrate nitrogen leaching rate is 0, which ranges from 0 to 5.19 percent under conditions of irrigation with fertilization; irrigation quota ranging from 22.5mm to 45mm and under conditions of irrigation without fertilization, the root-layer soil nitrate nitrogen leaching rate is from 5.38 percent to 19.08 percent, which ranges from 21.91 percent to 61.96 percent under conditions of irrigation with fertilization; furrow irrigation under tomato film in greenhouse can reduce fertilization leaching and leaking water-saving and irrigation quota into 15mm.
4.3.2 If irrigation quota is higher than the level of 30mm, water penetration depth can reach the soil layer by 120cm; if irrigation quota is lower than 15mm, it can reach 60cm to the maximum depth. Moreover, it can only reach 40cm for water penetration depth with irrigation quota of 7.5mm, but partial layers can not reach 85 percent of field water holding capacity; bounded by 40cm main root layer, it will cause leakage above 59.13 percent for irrigation water with irrigation quota for more than 30mm; bounded by deepest root layer, namely the flowering fruit bearing stage will cause leakage above 48.23 percent for irrigation water and the full fruit bearing stage will cause 36.27 percent leakage for irrigation water. If irrigation quota is lower than level of 15mm, it will not cause leakage of irrigation water; within irrigation quota range of 7.5mm-45mm, leakage rate beyond irrigation root layer presents the linear correlation with irrigation quota; irrigation quotas with 0 leakage rate at different soil layers by 0-40 cm, 0-50 cm and 0-60 cm are 9.55mm, 11.27mm and 12.07mm respectively.
4.3.3 The proper irrigation quota is from 15mm to 22.5mm for effective water supplier and water-nitrogen leakage control in tomato flowering fruit period and harvest time with the core of root-water-soil coupling; it is (0, 22.5mm) for the threshold value of controlling leakage outside the water-nitrogen root.
4.4 Integrating above-mentioned biological response for vegetable by water treatment and characteristics of water and soil engineering, the leakage control economical irrigation amount range is 10-14m3/667m2 according to different growth periods of cucumber and it is the suitable irrigation quota 10-15 m3/667m2 for tomato. The threshold value range of irrigation amount is (0, 22.5mm) for controlling leakage outside the water-nitrogen root of tomato. The irrigation water quota of leakage control is determined to be (0, 22.5mm) according to the basic moisture of irrigation for detail. But the largest irrigation quota edge of leakage control is 22.5mm.
5. The effective of integrated techniques on the output of greenhouse vegetables
According to tomato planting experiment in greenhouse and with comparison of soil water consumption characteristics, water-saving effect and other comprehensive effect among three irrigation methods including furrow irrigation, furrow irrigation under complete coverage film and new infiltration irrigation, the result indicates:
By using method of irrigation under film, it can reduce consumption of irrigation and infiltration under film and furrow irrigation under film can increase irrigation efficiency by 47.98 percent-48.90 percent;it also can increase water production efficiency by 43.80 percent-91.57 percent. Irrigation under film can obviously reduce relative air humidity in greenhouse, effectively decrease possibility of occurring damage by diseases and insects and enhance vegetable quality.
In conclusion, this study, according to relationship research on vegetable field root-soil-water-crop, discovers that vegetable in greenhouse has following obvious features:⑴Three relative stability, namely it is relatively stable for vegetable to soil water consumption of 0-40cm root-soil layer and root main distribution layer 0-30cm and root maximum depth are relatively stable.⑵Correlation. There is a prominent correlation feature between root spatial distribution and root-soil functional and spatial layout. Namely, main spatial distribution of vegetable root lies in 0-30cm and the spatial layout of root main function lies in 0-40cm.⑶Controllability. Irrigation amount and water, N infiltration amount and leakage amount have controllable boundary feature. Namely, the irrigation quota of controlling leakage outside the water-nitrogen root layer is from 0mm to 22.5mm with maximum threshold value of 22.5mm.⑷Sensitivity to differences. Namely the response of vegetable growth and development on water not only has sensitivity to differences not only during growth and development stage, but also among different characters at the same time.
The study result has obvious difference by comparing to outdoor vegetables and field crops regarding to soil root-growing space, crop sensitivity and controllable boundary range. This difference is the biological, ecological and water and soil engineering basics of vegetable irrigation leakage control, which has revealed the basic mechanism of vegetable irrigation leakage control, namely Water Determination Based on Root aiming at shallow root vegetables and crops, realizing water-saving for irrigation leakage control by reaching operation of Root-Water-Fertilizer Collocated. It is the effective way to use water in high efficiency for vegetables by integrating current reduced pressure distillation technology which can realize Reduced Pressure Distillation and Leakage Control for vegetables.
The result of this study uses the method of field measuring which makes up for limitation brought by application and production of pot experiment result. It selects three elements including crops-soil-water and confirms policies and key technology index for water-saving irrigation by comprehensive reflection. Moreover, the result achieved can precisely reflect essence of field soil-water-root. It not only provides basics and materials in terms of biology, ecology, water and soil engineering and cultivation science for water-saving study and practice of protected vegetable, but also provides experience for water-saving study and practice of other shallow root crops, which has the important theoretical and practical application value.
Aiming at vegetable irrigation cycle variability and water demand stage features, it is the key direction to establish the synchronization technology system of vegetable water and fertilizer supply and demand for further study on vegetable reduced pressure distillation and leakage control technological system.
本研究探讨了温室环境下高频灌溉的浅根系蔬菜的根-土-水-肥的关系,阐明了设施蔬菜控漏灌溉的机理,提出了“根-水-肥同位管理”的理念和采取“依根定水”的管理策略,确立了根层灌溉关键指标,达到了控漏灌溉节水的目标。提出结合现有的减蒸技术能够实现蔬菜“减蒸控漏”是蔬菜高效用水的有效途径。主要研究结果如下:
1.日光温室蔬菜根系分布特征及对土壤水分环境的响应
蔬菜主要根系层分布具有相对稳定性。蔬菜根系扎深基本不受灌溉方式、灌溉水量等土壤水分环境变化的影响,露地甘蓝垂直分布的最大深度30cm、温室黄瓜30 cm、温室番茄60cm。蔬菜占根质量90%的主要根系分布在0~30cm的浅土层。不同蔬菜种类根重在土层的垂直分布,露地甘蓝91%以上在0~10cm,温室黄瓜99%以上在0~25cm土层,温室番茄92%以上在0~30cm土层。面对主要根系层的“依浅根管理”对蔬菜作物尤为重要。
蔬菜根系密集层垂直分布具有变化性。以根质量最大的土层作为蔬菜的根系密集层,根系密集层显著受灌溉方式、土壤水分、供水界面、覆盖与否等条件因素影响。滴灌、覆膜和水分过高环境都使其变浅。地下供水(渗灌)较地面供水(沟灌)使根系分布呈现较均匀化特征。调节根系密集层的分布范围有利于根系更大范围吸收水分及养分。
2.番茄对土壤水的消耗特征
灌溉方式影响番茄田不同生育时期的最大耗水层、土体水分活跃层、亚活跃层、稳定层及主要耗水层等耗水表征量,但无论何种灌溉方式,番茄田各生育期的土壤水分活跃层均在0~30cm的土层,土壤水分稳定层在30~60cm或40~60cm土层。番茄田的主要耗水层次均在0~40cm土层,该层次耗水量占番茄根层耗水的85%~90%以上;耗水强度最大层除采收期在0~10cm土层外,其他时期均在10~20cm土层。0~40cm土层是菜田控漏灌溉所要考虑的关键“根土层”。
不同生育期蔬菜田耗水强度呈现花果期盛果期>结果后期>花果期的趋势;不同灌溉方式下各时期日耗水量分别为,膜下渗灌:花果期0.77mm、盛果期2.02mm、结果后期1.95mm;膜下沟灌:花果期0.74mm、盛果期1.90mm、结果后期1.99mm;沟灌:花果期1.22mm、盛果期3.32mm、结果后期3.29mm。番茄田不同生育期耗水强度的明确,为制定可变灌溉周期提供了依据。
3不同根土空间对番茄生长的贡献率
不同根土空间对温室番茄产量的试验研究表明,至少30cm的根系纵深,才能够获得与对照差异不显著的产量效果,30cm根土空间的番茄产量可达对照的97.9%,40cm可达到99.1%。番茄不同生育性状所需根土空间具有差异。株高初花期需要10cm、花果期需要30cm的根土空间以满足水肥供给;而叶片数、茎粗、节间等生长性状不同时期则需10cm根土空间;叶面积初花期及果膨期后期需要10cm,果膨期前期则需要20cm。
土体的塑料隔深与番茄产量及根系生物量与番茄产量均呈现二次曲线关系,以产量为目标的番茄田最大“根土功能空间”为0~40cm。由此,促进一定根土空间范围内的根-水-肥功能同位与同步,成为实现较高的产量和水肥利用效率的基础。
4.蔬菜控漏灌水定额指标的确定
不同生育期土壤含水量对黄瓜生育影响的研究表明,黄瓜各生长指标的增速存在显著的阶段差异。株高增速最大期在苗期,叶片数在初瓜期,叶面积在盛瓜期,茎粗在结瓜后期。缺水对处于最大增速期器官的影响极为明显。根据温室黄瓜生育及产量对土壤水分的响应,确定了黄瓜不同生育期灌溉的土壤水分阈限值:下限指标分别为苗期75%、初瓜期75%、盛瓜期85%和结瓜后期85%;上限指标分别为苗期95%、初瓜期95%、盛瓜期100%和结瓜后期100%。不同生育期适宜的土壤水分指标分别为:苗期75%-80%、初瓜期75%-95%;盛瓜期85%-95%;后期85%-95%。由此估算黄瓜不同生育期的控漏经济灌水定额在10~14m~3/667m~2。
温室番茄不同生育性状对土壤水分的反应具有显著差异,茎粗基本不受灌水量影响,株高各个时段均对土壤水分反应敏感,Fv/Fm和光合速率只在采收前阶段或进入采收期后才呈现差异。不同土壤水分与番茄产量,及土壤水分与菜田耗水量均为二次曲线关系。综合考虑生长、产量、水分生产效率等指标,秋冬茬温室番茄生产以灌水量15m~3/667m~2为宜,灌溉10与15 m~3/667m~2产量差异不显著,灌水量10m~3/667m~2也可作为生产选择。
5温室番茄田水分与养分的土体运移规律及控漏灌水定额
灌溉水土体运移监测表明,灌水定额大于30mm水平下,水分入渗深度可达120cm土层,小于15mm时,最深至60cm,灌水定额7.5mm水分入渗深度仅40cm,并部分层次不能达到田间持水量的85%。以主要根系层40cm为界,灌水定额大于30mm水平下会造成59.13%以上的灌溉水量渗漏;以最深根层60cm为界,则花果期会造成48.23%,盛果期36.27%以上的灌溉水渗漏。在灌水定额7.5mm~45mm范围内,灌溉水根层外的渗漏率与灌水定额呈线性相关;0~40 cm、0~50 cm、0~60 cm不同土层渗漏率为0的灌水定额分别为:9.55 mm、11.27 mm和12.07 mm。
施肥与不施肥条件下的灌溉试验表明,灌水定额与土壤硝态氮淋溶量和淋溶率、渗漏率均呈直线关系。灌溉均会引起浅根层(0~20 cm)硝态氮淋溶,灌溉施肥条件下7.5-15 mm灌水定额范围内硝态氮积累有一个峰值,而22.5-45 mm范围则有两个峰值。以40cm土层为界面,灌水定额在7.5-15mm时,灌溉不施肥条件下硝态氮渗漏率为0,灌溉施肥条件下土壤硝态氮渗漏率为0-5.19%;灌水定额在22.5-45 mm之间,灌溉不施肥土壤硝态氮渗漏率为5.38%-19.08%,灌溉施肥条件下土壤硝态氮渗漏率为21.91%-61.96%。
综合蔬菜对水分处理的生物学反应及水土工程学特征,提出黄瓜不同生育期的控漏经济灌水定额在10-14m~3/667m~2,番茄适宜的灌水定额10-15 m~3/667m~2。控制番茄田花果期与采收期水氮根层外渗漏的最大灌溉定额为15m~3/667m~2。
6通过日光温室小区栽培番茄试验,比较沟灌(CK)、全覆盖膜下沟灌和膜下渗灌3种灌溉方式的土壤耗水特点、节水效果及其温室生态环境效应表明,膜下灌溉方式,能够减少灌溉水的浪费。膜下渗灌和膜下沟灌较沟灌(CK)提高灌溉水效率47.98%-48.90%,提高水分生产效率43.80%-91.57%。膜下灌溉能够显著降低温室空气相对湿度,有效减少病虫害发生,提高蔬菜品质。
本文依蔬菜生物学、生态学及菜田水土工程学为基础,揭示了蔬菜控漏灌溉的基本机理,提出了针对浅根性蔬菜作物采取“依根定水”,达到“根-水-肥同位”运行的控漏灌溉指标与技术体系,为促进与实现“减蒸控漏”的蔬菜水资源高效生产提供了有效途径。
Based on the background of greenhouse vegetables with high-frequency irrigation and transplanted seedlings cultivation and taken the root-soil-water system as the core in this paper. Seven field experiments were conducted for solving the problems of serious seepage in field irrigation water, the lack of water-saving irrigation mechanism and the unsoundness of irrigation indicator system.
The relations of root-soil-water-fertilizer under the high-frequency irrigation in greenhouse environment shallow-root vegetable were studied in this paper. A series of results were output, they are following: The mechanism of vegetable leakage control irrigation was clarified. The new concept of“root, water and fertilizer synchronous management”was put forward to. The management strategy of“determining water supply by root distribution”was adopted. The key indexes of root irrigation were confirmed and the water-saving purpose by leakage control irrigation was achieved. That all put forward the effective way of achieving the target of“evaporation reduction and leakage control”to use water effectively on vegetables. The main research results are as follows:
1. Response of the root distribution characteristics with soil moisture environment and its effects with irrigation methods on greenhouse vegetables
By studying the response characteristics of the vertical distribution of greenhouse tomato, cucumber and cabbage on different irrigation method, soil moisture, water-supply interface, covering condition and other factors and taking the soil layer with 90% of root mass as the main root layer and the soil layer with greatest root mass as the root-concentrated layer of vegetable, it can obtain that:
1.1 The distribution of main root layer of vegetables is relatively stable. Its space distribution and displacement characteristics in soil are mainly affected by vegetable-bearing period and water supply point and other factors have fewer effects on them; it mainly distributes in the 0-30cm shallow soil layer and becomes deep gradually according to the bearing process; the vertical distributions of different vegetables in soil layer are: over 91% of cabbages in the 0-10cm soil layer, over 99% of greenhouse cucumbers in the 0-25cm soil layer, and over 92% of greenhouse tomatoes in the 0-30cm soil layer.“Managing according to shallow root”is particularly important for vegetable crops.
1.2 The depth of vegetable root is almost not affected by the changes of irrigation method, irrigation quantity and soil moisture environment, and it is also stable. The largest vertical depth of greenhouse tomato is 60cm, the largest vertical depth of greenhouse cucumber is 30cm, and the largest vertical depth of greenhouse cabbage is 30cm. It shall pay more attention to the root horizontal control for vegetable production management.
1.3 The vertical distribution of vegetable root-concentrated layer is changeable. The root-concentrated layer is markedly affected by irrigation method, soil moisture, water-supply interface, covering condition and other factors. Drip irrigation, laminating and high moisture all can make it shallow. By underground water supply (infiltration irrigation), the root can be better distributed than by aground water supply (furrow irrigation). Adjusting the distribution scope of root-concentrated layer, it can make the root absorb moisture and nutriment in larger scope.
2. Soil water consumption characteristics of tomatoes under different irrigation methods
By studying the change characteristics of tomato root soil space on soil water consumption layer, soil moisture scope, quantity and ratio in bearing period and under different irrigation method, it can obtain the following results:
2.1 The main water consumption layer of vegetable is stable. The irrigation method can affect the largest water consumption layer, soil moisture active layer, sub-active layer, stable layer, main water consumption layer and other water consumption characterizations of tomato field in different bearing period. However, for the tomato field in bearing period and irrigated by any way, soil moisture active layer is in the 0-30cm soil layer; stable layer is in the 30-60cm or 40-60cm soil layer; main water consumption layer is in the 0-40cm soil layer. The water consumption of this layer accounts for over 85% to 90% of the water consumption in tomato root layer; in the harvest, the layer with largest water consumption is in the 0-10cm soil layer, and it is in the 10-20cm soil layer in other different period and under each irrigation method; the 0-40cm layer is the key root-soil layer which shall be considered in leakage control irrigation of vegetable field.
2.2 The daily water consumption of vegetable is changeable. Under different irrigation method and in different bearing period, the water consumption of tomato orderly reduces from full fruiting period, later fruiting period to flowering and fruiting period. The daily water consumption for under-membrane infiltration irrigation is 0.77mm in flowering and fruiting period, 2.02mm in full fruiting period and 1.95mm in later fruiting period; the water consumption for under-membrane furrow irrigation is 0.74mm in flowering and fruiting period, 1.90mm in full fruiting period and 1.99mm in later fruiting period; the water consumption for furrow irrigation is 1.22mm in flowering and fruiting period, 3.32mm in full fruiting period and 3.29mm in later fruiting period. It provides a basis for tomato field in making changeable irrigation period.
3. Contribution rate of different root-soil space on the growth stages of tomatoes
By the manual-controlled root-soil distribution test for gauze interlayer and plastic cloth interlayer, it studies the contribution rate of different root-soil space on the growth of greenhouse tomatoes and shows that:
3.1 The root-soil space of different growing characters is different. For the plant height, it needs 10cm root-soil space in first flowering period and 30cm root-soil space in flowering and fruiting period to satisfy the water and fertilizer supply in the same compared condition; for the leaf number, stem diameter, inter-node and other growing characters, it only need 10cm root-soil space in different periods; for the leaf area, it needs 10cm root-soil space in first flowering period and later fruit expansion period and 20cm root-soil space in first fruit expansion period; for the output, it shall have 30cm vertical root-soil space at least to make tomato achieve the output which has unobvious difference with the comparison. 30cm root-soil space can make the tomato output reach 97.9% of the comparison and 40cm root-soil space can make the tomato output reach 99.1% of the comparison. The interlayer limits the supply and demand of root, soil, water and fertilizer. Only the root-soil space over 40cm can fully satisfy the water consumption demand of tomato. And the plastic cloth interlayer with suitable depth is good for the growth and output of tomato.
3.2 The plastic interlayer with different depth and the output of tomato are in the conic relation. The best scope is in the 40cm soil-root layer, and the largest“root-soil functional space”of tomato field is 0-40cm. Thus, as long as the root, water and fertilizer are in the same position in soil-root space, it can achieve a high output and water-fertilizer use efficiency. So the root-soil layer management and control can make vegetable achieve the objects of water saving, high efficiency and high output. Meanwhile, it proves that it is unsuitable to use“moisture-storing irrigation”for shallow-root vegetables.
3.3 The root biomass and tomato output are in the conic relation. The soil interlayer limits the vertical distribution scope of root; however, it can obtain high output if having a certain degree of root biomass and the tomato root also has“redundancy”phenomenon
4. Confirmation for the water ration index of leakage-control irrigation on vegetables
4.1 Response of cucumber growth character on soil moisture and threshold of irrigation
When the monitoring layer of irrigation water is in the 0-40cm layer, it studies the water content bound of soil and the most suitable soil moisture for cucumber in different bearing periods, and the result shows that:
4.1.1 The increment speed of each cucumber growing index is different in each growing period. For different objects, the effect is most obvious if controlling and adjusting it in the key period with fastest increment speed; meanwhile, it doesn’t have obvious effects on the growth of cucumber if properly reducing the resource input in the period with minimum increment speed. The plant height increases fastest in the seedling stage, while leaf number increases fastest in the first fruiting period, leaf area increases fastest in the full fruiting period and stem diameter increases fastest in the later fruiting period; in the later fruiting period, the increment speed of plant height, leaf area and leaf number is minimum.
4.1.2 According to the effects of soil moisture treatment on output, it confirms that the soil moisture lower bounds of cucumber in different bearing periods are respectively: 75% in seedling stage, 75% in first fruiting period, 85% in full fruiting period and 85% in later fruiting period; the upper bounds are respectively: 95% in seedling stage, 95% in first fruiting period, 100% in full fruiting period and 100% in later fruiting period; the suitable soil moisture indexes in different periods are respectively: 75-80% in seedling stage, 75-95% in first fruiting period, 85-95% in full fruiting period and 85-95% in later fruiting period.
4.1.3 According to the suitable soil moisture threshold of cucumber and the equation of economic irrigation amount, it estimates that the range of economic leakage-control irrigation amount for cucumber in different bearing period is 10 to 14 m3/667m2. 4.2 Reaction of Tomato Growth & Development Character to Irrigation Amount It is the study of influence by different irrigation amounts on tomato’s growth, development, yield and water use efficiency according to method of furrow irrigation under complete coverage film. The result shows:
4.2.1 Different growth and development characters have different stages for reaction on treatment of irrigation amount. Plant height, Fv/Fm and photosynthetic rate can show the limit effect of water shortage at the stage of relatively large water demand of tomato; whereas fluorescence reaction is occurred upon harvest time. Growth rate of number of leaves presents limit effect of water shortage only from the fifth inflorescence fruited and to the primary stage of pinching.
4.2.2 Different growth and development characters have sensitivity to difference for reaction on treatment of irrigation amount. Growth rate of stem diameter basically is not affected by treatment of irrigation amount and sensitivity of influence of number of leaves is appeared in a very short primary stage. Reflection of Plant height on water treatment presents in all time period. Fv/Fm and photosynthetic rate only shows difference at the pre-stage of harvest or upon entering harvest time. Yield and water production efficiency are the final presence of water treatment. It is a conic relationship between water consumption by different treatment and yield and water production efficiency.
4.2.3 Integrating growth, yield and water production efficiency index, combining estimated result of the water production function as well as considering water-saving and water production efficiency as the main proof, it is proper to use irrigation amount of 15m3/667m2 for tomato production in autumn and winter. It is not prominent in yield difference between 10 and 15m3/667m2 by irrigation. Irrigation amount with 10m3/667m2 can be also considered as production selection.
4.3 Soil Migration Principle & Irrigation Leakage Control Quota of Tomato Field Water and Nutrient under Different Irrigation Quotas
4.3.1 Under conditions of irrigation without fertilization and with fertilization, irrigation quota, soil nitrate nitrogen leaching amount, leaching ratio, storage rate and leakage rate all present linear relationship; irrigation will cause nitrate nitrogen leaching at the shallow root layer(0-20cm) and under conditions of irrigation with fertilization, there is a peak for nitrate nitrogen by irrigation quota range from 7.5mm to 15 mm but two peaks from 22.5mm to 45mm; considering 40cm root-soil interface as discriminated interface, irrigation quota ranging from 7.5mm to 15mm and under conditions of irrigation without fertilization, the root-layer soil nitrate nitrogen leaching rate is 0, which ranges from 0 to 5.19 percent under conditions of irrigation with fertilization; irrigation quota ranging from 22.5mm to 45mm and under conditions of irrigation without fertilization, the root-layer soil nitrate nitrogen leaching rate is from 5.38 percent to 19.08 percent, which ranges from 21.91 percent to 61.96 percent under conditions of irrigation with fertilization; furrow irrigation under tomato film in greenhouse can reduce fertilization leaching and leaking water-saving and irrigation quota into 15mm.
4.3.2 If irrigation quota is higher than the level of 30mm, water penetration depth can reach the soil layer by 120cm; if irrigation quota is lower than 15mm, it can reach 60cm to the maximum depth. Moreover, it can only reach 40cm for water penetration depth with irrigation quota of 7.5mm, but partial layers can not reach 85 percent of field water holding capacity; bounded by 40cm main root layer, it will cause leakage above 59.13 percent for irrigation water with irrigation quota for more than 30mm; bounded by deepest root layer, namely the flowering fruit bearing stage will cause leakage above 48.23 percent for irrigation water and the full fruit bearing stage will cause 36.27 percent leakage for irrigation water. If irrigation quota is lower than level of 15mm, it will not cause leakage of irrigation water; within irrigation quota range of 7.5mm-45mm, leakage rate beyond irrigation root layer presents the linear correlation with irrigation quota; irrigation quotas with 0 leakage rate at different soil layers by 0-40 cm, 0-50 cm and 0-60 cm are 9.55mm, 11.27mm and 12.07mm respectively.
4.3.3 The proper irrigation quota is from 15mm to 22.5mm for effective water supplier and water-nitrogen leakage control in tomato flowering fruit period and harvest time with the core of root-water-soil coupling; it is (0, 22.5mm) for the threshold value of controlling leakage outside the water-nitrogen root.
4.4 Integrating above-mentioned biological response for vegetable by water treatment and characteristics of water and soil engineering, the leakage control economical irrigation amount range is 10-14m3/667m2 according to different growth periods of cucumber and it is the suitable irrigation quota 10-15 m3/667m2 for tomato. The threshold value range of irrigation amount is (0, 22.5mm) for controlling leakage outside the water-nitrogen root of tomato. The irrigation water quota of leakage control is determined to be (0, 22.5mm) according to the basic moisture of irrigation for detail. But the largest irrigation quota edge of leakage control is 22.5mm.
5. The effective of integrated techniques on the output of greenhouse vegetables
According to tomato planting experiment in greenhouse and with comparison of soil water consumption characteristics, water-saving effect and other comprehensive effect among three irrigation methods including furrow irrigation, furrow irrigation under complete coverage film and new infiltration irrigation, the result indicates:
By using method of irrigation under film, it can reduce consumption of irrigation and infiltration under film and furrow irrigation under film can increase irrigation efficiency by 47.98 percent-48.90 percent;it also can increase water production efficiency by 43.80 percent-91.57 percent. Irrigation under film can obviously reduce relative air humidity in greenhouse, effectively decrease possibility of occurring damage by diseases and insects and enhance vegetable quality.
In conclusion, this study, according to relationship research on vegetable field root-soil-water-crop, discovers that vegetable in greenhouse has following obvious features:⑴Three relative stability, namely it is relatively stable for vegetable to soil water consumption of 0-40cm root-soil layer and root main distribution layer 0-30cm and root maximum depth are relatively stable.⑵Correlation. There is a prominent correlation feature between root spatial distribution and root-soil functional and spatial layout. Namely, main spatial distribution of vegetable root lies in 0-30cm and the spatial layout of root main function lies in 0-40cm.⑶Controllability. Irrigation amount and water, N infiltration amount and leakage amount have controllable boundary feature. Namely, the irrigation quota of controlling leakage outside the water-nitrogen root layer is from 0mm to 22.5mm with maximum threshold value of 22.5mm.⑷Sensitivity to differences. Namely the response of vegetable growth and development on water not only has sensitivity to differences not only during growth and development stage, but also among different characters at the same time.
The study result has obvious difference by comparing to outdoor vegetables and field crops regarding to soil root-growing space, crop sensitivity and controllable boundary range. This difference is the biological, ecological and water and soil engineering basics of vegetable irrigation leakage control, which has revealed the basic mechanism of vegetable irrigation leakage control, namely Water Determination Based on Root aiming at shallow root vegetables and crops, realizing water-saving for irrigation leakage control by reaching operation of Root-Water-Fertilizer Collocated. It is the effective way to use water in high efficiency for vegetables by integrating current reduced pressure distillation technology which can realize Reduced Pressure Distillation and Leakage Control for vegetables.
The result of this study uses the method of field measuring which makes up for limitation brought by application and production of pot experiment result. It selects three elements including crops-soil-water and confirms policies and key technology index for water-saving irrigation by comprehensive reflection. Moreover, the result achieved can precisely reflect essence of field soil-water-root. It not only provides basics and materials in terms of biology, ecology, water and soil engineering and cultivation science for water-saving study and practice of protected vegetable, but also provides experience for water-saving study and practice of other shallow root crops, which has the important theoretical and practical application value.
Aiming at vegetable irrigation cycle variability and water demand stage features, it is the key direction to establish the synchronization technology system of vegetable water and fertilizer supply and demand for further study on vegetable reduced pressure distillation and leakage control technological system.
引文
[1] Milly,P C D.A simulation analysis of thermal from soil [J].Water Resour.Res,1984,20(8) : 1657-1663.
[2]薛志士,罗其友,宫连英,等.节水农业宏观决策基础研究[M].北京:气象出版社,1998.
[3]吴景社,李英能.我国21世纪农业用水危机与节水农业[J].农业工程学报,1998,14(3):95-101.
[4]杨培岭,任树梅.发展我国设施农业节水灌溉技术的对策研究[J].节水灌溉,2002,2:7-9.
[5]黄修桥,高峰,王宪杰.节水灌溉与21世纪水资源的持续利用[J].灌溉排水,2001,20(3):1-5.
[6]康绍忠,许迪.我国现代农业节水高新技术发展战略的思考[J].中国农村水利水电,2001,10: 25-29.
[7] Chu S T,Green-Ampt analysis of wetting patterns for surface emitters [J] J.of Irrig.and Drain Engrg,1994,120: 414-421.
[8] Charles B,Improving water use efficiency as part of integrated catchment management [J].Agricultural Water Management,1999,40: 249-263.
[9] Olien M E.Effects of a rapid water stress and a low water stress On the growth of Redhaven peach tree [J].Fruit Var,1990,44:4-7.
[10]李里特.节水农业是我国农业发展的必由之路-以色列节水农业发展的启示[J].农业工程学报,1999,3: 11-15.
[11]山仑.借鉴以色列节水经验发展我国节水农业.水土保持研究[J],1999,117-120.
[12]许一飞.国外农业高效用水的研究及发展趋势[J].节水灌溉,1998,02:30-31.
[13]黄占斌.以色利节水高效农业简介田.水土保持通报,1996,16(6): 73-75.
[14]康绍忠,张建华,梁宗锁.控制性交替灌溉―一种新的农田节水调控思路.干旱地区农业研究,1997,15(1):1-6.
[15]张学军.节水控氮对宁夏不同土壤–蔬菜体系中氮素平衡及N03 -N淋溶的影响[D].武汉:华中农业大学博士学位论文,2008
[16]马忠明.有限灌溉条件下作物水分关系的研究[J].干早地区农业研究.1998,2(16): 75-79.
[17]姚邦松,董成森.作物非充分灌溉研究进展[J].湖南农业科学,2003,(4): 42-44.
[18]作物根系分区交替灌溉和调亏灌溉的理论与实践[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2002.
[19]陈亚新,康绍忠.非充分灌溉原理[M].北京:水利电力出版社,1995.
[20]曹琦,王树忠,高丽红,任华中等.交替隔沟灌溉对温室黄瓜生长及水分利用效率的影响[J].农业工程学报,2010,(01)
[21]康绍忠主编,农业水土工程概论[M].中国农业出版社,2007.
[22]程建峰,潘晓云,刘宜柏,等.作物根系研究法最新进展[J].江西农业学报,1999,11(4):55-59.
[23] Jackson R D,Reginato R J,Idso S B.Wheat canopy temperature:a practical tool for evaluating water requirements[J].Water Resour.Res.1997,13: 651-656.
[24] Kiniry J R,Blanchet R,Gassman P W,et al.A general,Processoriented model for two competing plant species[J].Trans.ASAE,1992,35:801-801.
[25] Koeijer T J.Environmental-economic analysis of mixed crop-livestock farming [J].Agricultural Systems,1995 ,48(5):515-530.
[26] Lubana P S,Narda N K.Soil water dynamics model for trickle irrigated tomatoes [J].Agric.Wat Manage. 1998,37:145-161.Lynch
[27] Lloret F,Casanovas C,Penuelas J.Seeding survival of Mediterranean shrubland species in relation to root:shoot ratio seed size and water and nitrogen use[J].Functional Ecology,1999,13:210-216.
[28] Li J.Modeling crop yield as affected by uniformity of sprinkler irrigation system [J].Agric.Wat.Manage,1998,38:135-146.
[29]苗果园等.黄土高原旱地冬小麦根系生长规律的研究[J].作物学报,1989,2,(15):104-115.
[30]王法宏.夏大豆根系生长规律的初步研究[J].莱阳农学院学报,1990,7,(1):24-27.
[31] GALE M R,GRIGAL D E.Vertical root distribution of northern tree species in relation to successional status[J].Can J For For,1987,(17): 829-834.
[32] Jastrow J D,MiUer R M.Neighbor influences on root morphology and mycorrhizal fungus colonization in tallgrass prairie plants [J].Ecology,1993,72:561-569.
[33] Janden U,Danielle V.Mechenieal resistance by an ectorganic soil layer on root development of seeding Pinus sylvestris [J].Plant and Soil,1997,197:209-217.
[34]苗果园等.黄土高原旱地冬小麦根系生长规律的研究[J].作物学报,1989,2,(15):104-115.
[35] Chang Y,Corapcioglu M Y.Effect of roots on water flow in unsaturated soil[J].Irrig.And Drain.Engrg.,1997,123(3):202-209.
[36]刘殿英,石立岩,董庆裕.不同时期施肥水对冬小麦根系活性和植株性状的影响[J].作物学报,1993,19(2):149-155.
[37] Boland A M,Jerie P H,Mitchell P D.The effect of a saline and non-saline water table on peach tree water use,growth,productivity and ion uptake[J].Australian Journal of Agricultural Research,1996.
[38]汤章城.植物对水分胁迫的反应和适应性[J].Ⅱ.植物对干旱的反应和适应性,植物生理学通讯,1983,(4):1-7.
[39]冯广龙,刘昌明.人工控制土壤水分剖面调控根系分布的研究[J].地理学报,1997,(05):461-468
[40] Sharma B R,Chaudhary T N.Wheat root growth,grain yield and water uptakeas influenced by water regime and depth of nitrogen placement in a sand soil[J].Agriculture water management,1983,6:365-373.
[41] Carefoot J M,Major D J.Effect of irrigation application depth on cereal production in the semi-arid climate of southern[J].Alberta.brig.Sci.,1994,15:9-16.
[42] Nobel P S,Quero E-,Lxrtares H.-Root versus shoot biomass:responses to water,nitrogen and phosphorus appli-canon[J].Oar.agave Jechuguilla.dot.Gaz.,1989 ,150: 411-416
[43] Hodgson A S,Constable G A,Duddy G R,Daniells IG.A comparision of drip and furrow irrigated cottonnn acracking clay soil,2.water use efficiency,waterlogging,root distribution and soil structure[J].brig.Sci,1990,11:143-148.
[44] Phene C J.Davis K P,Hutmacher R B.Effect of high frequency surface and subsurface drip irrigation on root distribution of sweet corn[J].brig.Sci,1991,12:135-140.
[45]齐广平,张恩和.膜下滴灌条件下不同灌溉量对番茄根系分布和产量的影响[J].中国沙漠,2009,29,(3)467-467.
[46]单立山.塔里木沙漠公路防护林植物幼苗根系分布特征对灌溉量的响应[C].硕士论文,2007,5-8.
[47]杨培岭,罗远培,石元普.土壤―植物系统的水分运输(综述)[J].北京农业大学学报,1993,19,(2):25-30.
[48] Dalsgaard J P T,Official R T.A.quantitative approach for assessing the productive performance and ecological contributions of smallholder farms [J].Agricultural Systems,1997,55,(4): 503-533.
[49] Doorembos J Pruitt W O.Crop water requirements [R].Irrigation and Drainage Paper,1997,24:1-4.
[50]张爱良,苗果园.作物根系与水分的关系[J].作物研究,1997,3,(2):4-6.
[51] Ehlers W,Hamblin AP,Tennant D. Root system parameters determining water uptake of field crops[J].brig.Sci.,1991,12:115-124.
[52] Jordan W R.and Miller F R..Genetic variability in sorghum root systems:Implications for drought resistence [J].Adaption of plants to Water and High Temperature Stress.N.C.Turner and P.J.Kramer,(Editors),Wiley-InterScience,New York,N.Y,383-399、
[53]郑景生,李义珍,朱睦兵.水稻根系形态发育研究进展[J]福建稻麦科技,1998,(03) .
[54]凌启鸿,张国平,朱庆森,等.水稻根系对水分和养分的反应[J].江苏农学院学报.1990,11 (1): 23-27.
[55]马瑞昆等.供水深度与冬小麦根系发育关系[J].干旱地区农业研究,1991,(3):l-9.
[56]侯琼,沈建国,乌兰巴特尔.典型草原区土壤水分变化特征及影响因素分析[J].自然资源学报,2005,(06)
[57]陈新明,蔡焕杰,单志杰,王燕,王军海.无压地下灌溉对番茄根系分布特征的调控效应[J].农业工程学报,2009,(03)
[58]冯广龙,刘昌明.人工控制土壤水分剖面调控根系分布的研究[J].地理学报,1997,(05)
[59]南京农业大学.蔬菜保护地栽培(北方本)[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1987.
[60]李百凤,冯浩,吴普特等.作物非充分灌溉适宜土壤水分下限指标研究进展[J].干旱地区农业研究,200 7 ,25 (3) :227-231.
[61]山仑,张岁岐.节水农业及其生物学基础[J] .水土保持研究,1999 ,6 (1) :2-6.
[62]王修贵,张祖莲,等.作物产量对水分亏缺敏感性指标的初步研究[J].灌溉排水,1998 ,17 (2) :25-30.
[63]张振贤,程智慧高级蔬菜生理学[M].北京:科学出版社,2008.10,59-60 .
[64]钱胜国.田间持水量与土壤容重机械组成的相关特性[J] .土壤通报,1981,(5) :12-14.
[65]冯金朝,黄子琛.春小麦蒸发蒸腾的调控[J] .作物学报,1995 ,21 (5) :544-550.
[66]马忠明.河西地区节水潜力分析[J] .甘肃农业科技,1993 ,(5) :31-32.
[67]康定明.不同灌溉量对小麦生长的影响[J] .石河子农学院学报,1996 ,14 (2) :19-22.
[68]陆帼一.蔬菜水分生理与灌溉指标的研究进展[J].长江蔬菜,1989,(2):1-4.
[69]柏成寿.水分胁迫对番茄幼苗影响的研究[D].西北农业大学硕士研究生毕业论文,1988.
[70]李建明,邹志荣,付建芬.温室番茄节水灌溉指标的研究[J].沈阳农业大学学报2000,31(1):110-112.
[71]邹志荣,李清明,贺忠群.不同灌溉上限对温室黄瓜结瓜期生长动态、产量及品质的影响[J].农业工程学报,200,12:77-81.
[72]罗家雄,魏一谦.塑料大栩滴灌蔬菜的耗水量及灌溉制度[J].新疆农业科学,1981,4:42-52.
[73]贺忠群,邹志荣,陈小红等.温室黄瓜节水灌溉指标的研究[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2003,31(3):77-80.
[74]王绍辉,任理,张福坦.日光温室黄瓜栽培条件下土坡水分动态的数值模拟[J].农业工程学报,2000,16(4):110-114.
[75]魏恒文,杨培岭.日光温室黄瓜智能灌溉控制指标研究[J].灌溉排水学报,2008,27,(3),63-65.
[76]栾时雨.塑料大棚黄瓜的灌水始点[J].灌溉排水,1990,9(1):62-63.
[77]王新元,李登顺,张喜英.日光温室冬春茬黄瓜产量与灌水量的关系[J].中国蔬菜,1999,(01)
[78]李建明等.番茄苗期灌溉最佳土坡含水量上限指标的研究[J].河北农业技术师范学院学报,1998,12(4):26-29.
[79]李建明,邹志荣.灌溉土壤水分上限对温室番茄开花坐果期生理指标的影响[J].西北农业学报,2000,9(4):71-74.
[80]诸葛玉平等.保护地番茄栽培渗灌灌水指标的研究[J].农业工程学报,2002,18(2):53-57.
[81]曾向辉等.温室西红柿滴灌灌水制度试验研究[J].灌溉排水,1999,18(4):23-26.
[82] Borin M.Irrigation management of proceesing tomato and cucumber inenvironments with different water tabledepths[J].Acta Horticulture,1990,267:85-92.
[83]张书函,丁跃元,戴建平等.日光温室樱桃西红柿滴灌适宜土壤水分控制指标研究[J].中国农村水利水电,2002,1:23-25.
[84]唐雅莹,黄丹枫.不同灌水上限对番茄穴盘苗生长的影响.上海农业学报,2005,21(2):33-36
[85] Georges T Dodds,Leif Trenholm,Ali Rajabipour,et al.Yield and quality of tomato fruit under water-table management[J].Amer Soc Hort Sci,1997,122(4):491-498.
[86] Bleyaer T D.A study of plant water reations in tomato (LycopersiconescllientllmMill). A contribution to the optimization of irrigation[D]. Faculteit van de land bodwwetenshappen, Rijksunivesitent Gent,1991, Belgium;Doctoral thesis Horticllltural Abstraets, 1993, 63 (3):254.
[87] Chouphury E N.Effect of irrigation levels on productivity of processing tomatos[J].Horticultura Abstraets 1980,50(8): 512.
[88]熊亚梅,梁银丽.土壤水分对日光温室西葫芦耗水量及产量的影响[J].西北农业学报2007 ,16 (3) :141-144.
[89]黄兴学等.温室辣椒节水灌溉指标的研究[J].陕西农业科学,2002,2:8-10.
[90]高庆芳.大棚辣椒需水量及灌溉技术研究[J].江苏农业科学,1992,(1):46-47.
[91]日本农山渔村文化协会,北京农业大学译.蔬菜生态生理学基础[M].北京:农业出版社,1985.
[92]罗家雄,魏一谦.塑料大拥滴灌蔬菜的耗水量及灌溉制度[J],新疆农业科学,1981(4):42-52.
[93]王贺辉,赵恒,高强等.温室番茄滴灌灌水指标试验研究[J].节水灌溉,2005(4):22-23,25.
[94]邹志荣,饶景萍,陈红武.设施园艺学[M].西安:西安地图出版社,1997.
[95] Georges T Dodds,Leif Trenholm,Ali Rajabipour,et al.Yield and quality of tomato fruit under water-table management[J].Amer Soc Hort Sci,1997,122(4):491-498.
[96] Bleyaer T D.A study of plant water reations in tomato (LycopersiconescllientllmMill).Acontribution to the optimization of irrigation[D].Faculteit van de land bodwwetenshappen, Rijksunivesitent Gent,1991,Belgium;Doctoral thesis Horticllltural Abstraets,1993,63 (3):254.
[97] Tan C S.Water uptake and root distribution by corn and tomato at different depth[J].Horticulture Science,1985,20(4):686.
[98]王立祥,李军.农作学[M ]北京:科学出版社,2003.
[99] Van Genuchten R M T.A closed form equation for predicting the hydraulicconductivity of unsaturated soils [J].Soil Sci.Soc.Am.J.,1980,40:892-898.
[100]毛学森,李登顺.日光温室黄瓜节水灌溉指标的研究[J].灌溉排水,2000,19(2):45-47.
[101]许贵民,姜竣业.塑料大棚黄瓜节水灌溉的研究[J].农业工程学报,1990,6(2):55-63.
[102]贺忠群,邹志荣,陈小红,等.温室黄瓜节水灌溉指标的研究[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2003,31(3):77-80.
[103]诸葛玉平,保护地渗灌土壤水分调控技术及作物增产节水机理的研究[D]沈阳农业大学(2001)
[104] Hartz TK,Water management in drip-irrigated vegetable production.Using plasticulture seminar,Lexington,Kentucky,USA,28-29 Sep.1994.1994,12-15.
[105] Hartz TK,Water management in drip-irrigated vegetable production.HortTechnology. 1996,6(3):165-167.
[106] Momii K,Water requirements of drip-irrigated cabbage at the coastal arid lands in the California peninsula,Mexico.Transactions of the Japanese Society of Irrigation Drainage and Reclamation Engineering.1995,No.177,99-104.
[107] May DM,Water management differences between drip-and furrow-irrigated processing tomatoes to maximize yield and fruit quality on California.Proceedings of the 1stInternational conference on the proceedings tomato,Recife,Pernambuco,Brazil,18-21 November 1996,and the 1stInternationalsymposium on tropical tomato diseases,Recife,pernambuco,Brazil,21-22 November 1996.1997,54-58.
[108] Andrade junior AS de,and et al,Yield of lettuce as a function of soil water matric potential and irrigation levels.Horticultura Brasilerira.1996,14(1):17-31.
[109] EL Adl M,and et al,Drip irrigation and water distribution in the soil.17th ICID European Regional Conference on Irrigation and Drianage,Varna,Bulgaria,16-22 May,1994.Volume 2:modification of irrigation schedule of crops due to scarcity of water.1994,29-38.
[110] Slavik L,Efficiency of drip irrigation and microirrigation in summer cauliflower and spring lettuce.Rostlinna Vyroba.1996,42(8):381-384.
[111]李彩霞,陈晓飞,王铁良,等.控制性交替灌溉对玉米根系层水分再分布与产量的影响[J].农业工程学报,2007,23(11):59-64.
[112]张学军.节水控氮对宁夏不同土壤–蔬菜体系中氮素平衡及NO3-N淋溶的影响[D].武汉:华中农业大学,2008.
[113]于红梅.不同水氮管理下蔬菜地水分渗漏和硝态氮淋洗特征的研究[D].北京:中国农业大学,2005.
[114]康绍忠,蔡焕杰.农业水管理学[M ].北京:中国农业出版社,1996.
[115]李志宏,张福锁,郭素英.菜田土壤有效氮的动态研究[J].土壤通报,2001,32(1):19-21.
[116]孙丽萍,王树忠,赵景文,等.灌溉频率对日光温室黄瓜水分利用规律的影响[J].上海交通大学学报:农业科学版,2008,26(5):477-490
[117] Arming Zhu,Jiabao Zhang,Bingzi Zhao,et al.Water balance and nitrate leaching losses under intensive crop productionwith Ochric Aquic Cambosols in North China P1ain[J].Environment International,2005,31(6): 904-912.
[118] Moreno F,Cayuela J A,Ferna'ndez J E,et al.Water balance and nitrate leaching in an irrigated maize crop in SWSpain[J].AgricWater Manag,1996,32(1): 71-83.
[119] Munir Jamil Mohammad.Utilization of applied fertilizer nitrogen and irrigation water by drip-fertigated squash as determined by nuclear and traditional techniques[J].Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems,2004,68(1): 1-11.
[120] Román R R.Caballero and A.Bustos.Field water Drainage under Traditional and improved irrigation chedules for corn in Ccntral Spain[J].Soil Sci Am J,1999,63(6): 1811-1817
[121]王树安,兰林旺,周殿玺,等.冬小麦节水高产技术体系研究[J].中国农业大学学报, 2007,12(6):44.
[122]谭军利,王林权,王西娜,等.不同灌水模式对土壤水分和硝态氮分布的影响[J].灌溉排水学报, 2008,27(5):29-33.
[123] Alva A K,Paramasivam S,Graham W D,et al.Best nitrogen and irrigation management practices for citrus production in sandy soils[J].Water,Air,and Soil Pollution,2003,143(114):139-154.
[124] Lathwal O P,Rathore D N.Effect of nitrogen and irrigation levels on NUE in wheat[J].Haryana Agric Univ J of Res,1992,22(2): 113-124.
[125]汤丽玲,陈清,张宏彦,等.不同灌溉与施氮措施对露地菜田土壤无机氮残留的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2002,8(3):282-287.
[126]曹巧红,龚元石.降水影响冬小麦灌溉农田水分渗漏和氮淋失模拟分析[J].中国农业大学学报,2003,8(1):37-42.
[127]范凤翠,李志宏,张立峰,等.华北平原区设施番茄不同灌溉方式下灌溉润湿层研究[A].中国园艺学会设施园艺分会.全国现代设施园艺技术交流会论文集[C].昆明,中国园艺学会设施园艺分会,2008.103–105
[128]范凤翠,张立峰,李志宏,等.日光温室番茄控制土壤深层渗漏的灌水量指标[J].农业工程学报,2010,26(10):83-89.
[129]范凤翠李志宏张立峰,等.日光温室番茄灌水量与根层硝态氮淋溶特征及渗漏关系研究[J].植物营养与肥料学报2010年16(05):1161-1169
[130] Blum A,Johnson J W.Wheat cultivars respond differently to drying top soil and a possible nonhydraulic root signal[J].J Exp Bot,1993,44:1149-1153.
[131] Motzo RK.Genotypic variation in durum Wheat root Systems at different stages of development in a Mediterranean environment[J].Euphytica,1993,66:197-206.
[132]潘英华,康绍忠.交替隔沟灌溉水分入渗规律及其对作物水分利用的影响[J].农业工程学报,2000,16(5):38-41.
[133]杨方人.旱作大豆高产综合技术对根系发育及生理功能影响的研究[J].大豆科学,1987,6(3):225-230.
[134]郝晓玲,苗果园.小麦不同根群对产量形成的作用[A].中国小麦栽培研究新进展[C].农业出版社,1993,473-479.
[135]王法宏,王旭清,李松坚,等.高产小麦生育后期不同层次土壤中根系活性的研究[J].作物学报,2001,27(6):891-895.
[136]王法宏,任德昌,王旭清,等.施肥对小麦根系活性、延缓旗叶衰老及产量的效应[J].麦类作物学报,2001,27(3):51-54.
[137]王法宏,王旭清,李松坚,等.小麦根系扩展深度对旗叶衰老及光合产物分配的影响[J].麦类作物学报,2003,23(1):53-57
[138]单志杰,日光温室番茄根区局部控水无压地下灌溉技术参数研究[D].西北农林科技大学;2007
[139]安顺清,刘庚山,吕厚荃,林日暖,白月明,郭安红.冬小麦底墒供水特征研究[J].应用气象学报,2000,(S1):119-126
[140]李风民,郭安红,雒梅,等.土壤深层供水对冬小麦干物质生产的影响[J].应用生态学报,1997,8 (6): 575-579.
[141]张玉铭,张佳宝,胡春胜,等.华北太行山前平原农田土壤水分动态与氮素的淋溶损失[J].土壤通报,2006,43(1): 17–25.
[142]梁艳萍,许迪,李益农,白美健.冬小麦不同畦灌施肥模式水氮分布田间试验[J].农业工程学报,2009,25(3):22-27.马雪姣水氮藕合对蔬菜–土壤系统中硝酸盐积累规律的影响[D].保定:河北农业大学硕士学位论文,2008.
[143]马雪姣水氮藕合对蔬菜–土壤系统中硝酸盐积累规律的影响[D].保定:河北农业大学硕士学位论文,2008.于红梅,李子忠,龚元石.传统和优化水氮管理对蔬菜地土壤氮素损失与利用效率的影响[J].农业工程学报,2007,23 (02) :54-58.
[144]于红梅,李子忠,龚元石.不同水氮管理对蔬菜地硝态氮淋洗的影响[J].中国农业科学,2005,38(9):1849–1855.
[145]于红梅,李子忠,龚元石.传统和优化水氮管理对蔬菜地土壤氮素损失与利用效率的影响[J].农业工程学报,2007,23 (02) :54-58.
[146]张贵龙,任天志,李志宏,等.施氮量对白萝卜硝酸盐含量和土壤硝态氮淋溶的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2009,15(4):877– 883.
[147] Lathwal O P,Rathore D N.Effect of nitrogen and irrigation levels on NUE in wheat [J].Haryana Agric.Univ.J.Res.,1992,22(2): 113–124.
[148]张宏彦,陈清,汤丽玲,等.不同水氮管理对菠菜生长和水氮利用的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2002,8(1):48-53.
[149]巨晓棠.冬小麦/夏玉米轮作体系中土壤一肥料氮的转化及去向[D].北京:中国农业大学博士学位论文,2000.
[150]杨丽娟,张玉龙,李晓安,等.灌水方法对塑料大棚土壤一植株硝酸盐分配影响[[J).土壤通报,2000,31(2): 63–65.
[151]樊军,郝明德,党廷辉.旱地长期定位施肥对土壤剖面硝态氮分布与累积的影响[J ] .土壤与环境,2000,9(1):23–26.
[152]范丙全,胡春芳,王建立.灌溉施肥对壤质潮土硝态氮淋溶的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,1998,4(1):6–21.
[153]周顺利,张福锁,王兴仁.土壤NO3––N时空变异与土壤氮素表观盈亏研究Ⅰ.冬小麦[J].生态学报,2001,21 (11):1782–1789.
[154]龚元石,李保国.应用农田水量平衡模型估算土壤水渗漏量[J].水科学进展,1995,6(1):16-21.
[155] White R E,Magesan G N.Astochastic–empirical approach to modelling nitrate leaching [J].Soil Use Manag.,1991,7: 85–94.
[2]薛志士,罗其友,宫连英,等.节水农业宏观决策基础研究[M].北京:气象出版社,1998.
[3]吴景社,李英能.我国21世纪农业用水危机与节水农业[J].农业工程学报,1998,14(3):95-101.
[4]杨培岭,任树梅.发展我国设施农业节水灌溉技术的对策研究[J].节水灌溉,2002,2:7-9.
[5]黄修桥,高峰,王宪杰.节水灌溉与21世纪水资源的持续利用[J].灌溉排水,2001,20(3):1-5.
[6]康绍忠,许迪.我国现代农业节水高新技术发展战略的思考[J].中国农村水利水电,2001,10: 25-29.
[7] Chu S T,Green-Ampt analysis of wetting patterns for surface emitters [J] J.of Irrig.and Drain Engrg,1994,120: 414-421.
[8] Charles B,Improving water use efficiency as part of integrated catchment management [J].Agricultural Water Management,1999,40: 249-263.
[9] Olien M E.Effects of a rapid water stress and a low water stress On the growth of Redhaven peach tree [J].Fruit Var,1990,44:4-7.
[10]李里特.节水农业是我国农业发展的必由之路-以色列节水农业发展的启示[J].农业工程学报,1999,3: 11-15.
[11]山仑.借鉴以色列节水经验发展我国节水农业.水土保持研究[J],1999,117-120.
[12]许一飞.国外农业高效用水的研究及发展趋势[J].节水灌溉,1998,02:30-31.
[13]黄占斌.以色利节水高效农业简介田.水土保持通报,1996,16(6): 73-75.
[14]康绍忠,张建华,梁宗锁.控制性交替灌溉―一种新的农田节水调控思路.干旱地区农业研究,1997,15(1):1-6.
[15]张学军.节水控氮对宁夏不同土壤–蔬菜体系中氮素平衡及N03 -N淋溶的影响[D].武汉:华中农业大学博士学位论文,2008
[16]马忠明.有限灌溉条件下作物水分关系的研究[J].干早地区农业研究.1998,2(16): 75-79.
[17]姚邦松,董成森.作物非充分灌溉研究进展[J].湖南农业科学,2003,(4): 42-44.
[18]作物根系分区交替灌溉和调亏灌溉的理论与实践[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2002.
[19]陈亚新,康绍忠.非充分灌溉原理[M].北京:水利电力出版社,1995.
[20]曹琦,王树忠,高丽红,任华中等.交替隔沟灌溉对温室黄瓜生长及水分利用效率的影响[J].农业工程学报,2010,(01)
[21]康绍忠主编,农业水土工程概论[M].中国农业出版社,2007.
[22]程建峰,潘晓云,刘宜柏,等.作物根系研究法最新进展[J].江西农业学报,1999,11(4):55-59.
[23] Jackson R D,Reginato R J,Idso S B.Wheat canopy temperature:a practical tool for evaluating water requirements[J].Water Resour.Res.1997,13: 651-656.
[24] Kiniry J R,Blanchet R,Gassman P W,et al.A general,Processoriented model for two competing plant species[J].Trans.ASAE,1992,35:801-801.
[25] Koeijer T J.Environmental-economic analysis of mixed crop-livestock farming [J].Agricultural Systems,1995 ,48(5):515-530.
[26] Lubana P S,Narda N K.Soil water dynamics model for trickle irrigated tomatoes [J].Agric.Wat Manage. 1998,37:145-161.Lynch
[27] Lloret F,Casanovas C,Penuelas J.Seeding survival of Mediterranean shrubland species in relation to root:shoot ratio seed size and water and nitrogen use[J].Functional Ecology,1999,13:210-216.
[28] Li J.Modeling crop yield as affected by uniformity of sprinkler irrigation system [J].Agric.Wat.Manage,1998,38:135-146.
[29]苗果园等.黄土高原旱地冬小麦根系生长规律的研究[J].作物学报,1989,2,(15):104-115.
[30]王法宏.夏大豆根系生长规律的初步研究[J].莱阳农学院学报,1990,7,(1):24-27.
[31] GALE M R,GRIGAL D E.Vertical root distribution of northern tree species in relation to successional status[J].Can J For For,1987,(17): 829-834.
[32] Jastrow J D,MiUer R M.Neighbor influences on root morphology and mycorrhizal fungus colonization in tallgrass prairie plants [J].Ecology,1993,72:561-569.
[33] Janden U,Danielle V.Mechenieal resistance by an ectorganic soil layer on root development of seeding Pinus sylvestris [J].Plant and Soil,1997,197:209-217.
[34]苗果园等.黄土高原旱地冬小麦根系生长规律的研究[J].作物学报,1989,2,(15):104-115.
[35] Chang Y,Corapcioglu M Y.Effect of roots on water flow in unsaturated soil[J].Irrig.And Drain.Engrg.,1997,123(3):202-209.
[36]刘殿英,石立岩,董庆裕.不同时期施肥水对冬小麦根系活性和植株性状的影响[J].作物学报,1993,19(2):149-155.
[37] Boland A M,Jerie P H,Mitchell P D.The effect of a saline and non-saline water table on peach tree water use,growth,productivity and ion uptake[J].Australian Journal of Agricultural Research,1996.
[38]汤章城.植物对水分胁迫的反应和适应性[J].Ⅱ.植物对干旱的反应和适应性,植物生理学通讯,1983,(4):1-7.
[39]冯广龙,刘昌明.人工控制土壤水分剖面调控根系分布的研究[J].地理学报,1997,(05):461-468
[40] Sharma B R,Chaudhary T N.Wheat root growth,grain yield and water uptakeas influenced by water regime and depth of nitrogen placement in a sand soil[J].Agriculture water management,1983,6:365-373.
[41] Carefoot J M,Major D J.Effect of irrigation application depth on cereal production in the semi-arid climate of southern[J].Alberta.brig.Sci.,1994,15:9-16.
[42] Nobel P S,Quero E-,Lxrtares H.-Root versus shoot biomass:responses to water,nitrogen and phosphorus appli-canon[J].Oar.agave Jechuguilla.dot.Gaz.,1989 ,150: 411-416
[43] Hodgson A S,Constable G A,Duddy G R,Daniells IG.A comparision of drip and furrow irrigated cottonnn acracking clay soil,2.water use efficiency,waterlogging,root distribution and soil structure[J].brig.Sci,1990,11:143-148.
[44] Phene C J.Davis K P,Hutmacher R B.Effect of high frequency surface and subsurface drip irrigation on root distribution of sweet corn[J].brig.Sci,1991,12:135-140.
[45]齐广平,张恩和.膜下滴灌条件下不同灌溉量对番茄根系分布和产量的影响[J].中国沙漠,2009,29,(3)467-467.
[46]单立山.塔里木沙漠公路防护林植物幼苗根系分布特征对灌溉量的响应[C].硕士论文,2007,5-8.
[47]杨培岭,罗远培,石元普.土壤―植物系统的水分运输(综述)[J].北京农业大学学报,1993,19,(2):25-30.
[48] Dalsgaard J P T,Official R T.A.quantitative approach for assessing the productive performance and ecological contributions of smallholder farms [J].Agricultural Systems,1997,55,(4): 503-533.
[49] Doorembos J Pruitt W O.Crop water requirements [R].Irrigation and Drainage Paper,1997,24:1-4.
[50]张爱良,苗果园.作物根系与水分的关系[J].作物研究,1997,3,(2):4-6.
[51] Ehlers W,Hamblin AP,Tennant D. Root system parameters determining water uptake of field crops[J].brig.Sci.,1991,12:115-124.
[52] Jordan W R.and Miller F R..Genetic variability in sorghum root systems:Implications for drought resistence [J].Adaption of plants to Water and High Temperature Stress.N.C.Turner and P.J.Kramer,(Editors),Wiley-InterScience,New York,N.Y,383-399、
[53]郑景生,李义珍,朱睦兵.水稻根系形态发育研究进展[J]福建稻麦科技,1998,(03) .
[54]凌启鸿,张国平,朱庆森,等.水稻根系对水分和养分的反应[J].江苏农学院学报.1990,11 (1): 23-27.
[55]马瑞昆等.供水深度与冬小麦根系发育关系[J].干旱地区农业研究,1991,(3):l-9.
[56]侯琼,沈建国,乌兰巴特尔.典型草原区土壤水分变化特征及影响因素分析[J].自然资源学报,2005,(06)
[57]陈新明,蔡焕杰,单志杰,王燕,王军海.无压地下灌溉对番茄根系分布特征的调控效应[J].农业工程学报,2009,(03)
[58]冯广龙,刘昌明.人工控制土壤水分剖面调控根系分布的研究[J].地理学报,1997,(05)
[59]南京农业大学.蔬菜保护地栽培(北方本)[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1987.
[60]李百凤,冯浩,吴普特等.作物非充分灌溉适宜土壤水分下限指标研究进展[J].干旱地区农业研究,200 7 ,25 (3) :227-231.
[61]山仑,张岁岐.节水农业及其生物学基础[J] .水土保持研究,1999 ,6 (1) :2-6.
[62]王修贵,张祖莲,等.作物产量对水分亏缺敏感性指标的初步研究[J].灌溉排水,1998 ,17 (2) :25-30.
[63]张振贤,程智慧高级蔬菜生理学[M].北京:科学出版社,2008.10,59-60 .
[64]钱胜国.田间持水量与土壤容重机械组成的相关特性[J] .土壤通报,1981,(5) :12-14.
[65]冯金朝,黄子琛.春小麦蒸发蒸腾的调控[J] .作物学报,1995 ,21 (5) :544-550.
[66]马忠明.河西地区节水潜力分析[J] .甘肃农业科技,1993 ,(5) :31-32.
[67]康定明.不同灌溉量对小麦生长的影响[J] .石河子农学院学报,1996 ,14 (2) :19-22.
[68]陆帼一.蔬菜水分生理与灌溉指标的研究进展[J].长江蔬菜,1989,(2):1-4.
[69]柏成寿.水分胁迫对番茄幼苗影响的研究[D].西北农业大学硕士研究生毕业论文,1988.
[70]李建明,邹志荣,付建芬.温室番茄节水灌溉指标的研究[J].沈阳农业大学学报2000,31(1):110-112.
[71]邹志荣,李清明,贺忠群.不同灌溉上限对温室黄瓜结瓜期生长动态、产量及品质的影响[J].农业工程学报,200,12:77-81.
[72]罗家雄,魏一谦.塑料大栩滴灌蔬菜的耗水量及灌溉制度[J].新疆农业科学,1981,4:42-52.
[73]贺忠群,邹志荣,陈小红等.温室黄瓜节水灌溉指标的研究[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2003,31(3):77-80.
[74]王绍辉,任理,张福坦.日光温室黄瓜栽培条件下土坡水分动态的数值模拟[J].农业工程学报,2000,16(4):110-114.
[75]魏恒文,杨培岭.日光温室黄瓜智能灌溉控制指标研究[J].灌溉排水学报,2008,27,(3),63-65.
[76]栾时雨.塑料大棚黄瓜的灌水始点[J].灌溉排水,1990,9(1):62-63.
[77]王新元,李登顺,张喜英.日光温室冬春茬黄瓜产量与灌水量的关系[J].中国蔬菜,1999,(01)
[78]李建明等.番茄苗期灌溉最佳土坡含水量上限指标的研究[J].河北农业技术师范学院学报,1998,12(4):26-29.
[79]李建明,邹志荣.灌溉土壤水分上限对温室番茄开花坐果期生理指标的影响[J].西北农业学报,2000,9(4):71-74.
[80]诸葛玉平等.保护地番茄栽培渗灌灌水指标的研究[J].农业工程学报,2002,18(2):53-57.
[81]曾向辉等.温室西红柿滴灌灌水制度试验研究[J].灌溉排水,1999,18(4):23-26.
[82] Borin M.Irrigation management of proceesing tomato and cucumber inenvironments with different water tabledepths[J].Acta Horticulture,1990,267:85-92.
[83]张书函,丁跃元,戴建平等.日光温室樱桃西红柿滴灌适宜土壤水分控制指标研究[J].中国农村水利水电,2002,1:23-25.
[84]唐雅莹,黄丹枫.不同灌水上限对番茄穴盘苗生长的影响.上海农业学报,2005,21(2):33-36
[85] Georges T Dodds,Leif Trenholm,Ali Rajabipour,et al.Yield and quality of tomato fruit under water-table management[J].Amer Soc Hort Sci,1997,122(4):491-498.
[86] Bleyaer T D.A study of plant water reations in tomato (LycopersiconescllientllmMill). A contribution to the optimization of irrigation[D]. Faculteit van de land bodwwetenshappen, Rijksunivesitent Gent,1991, Belgium;Doctoral thesis Horticllltural Abstraets, 1993, 63 (3):254.
[87] Chouphury E N.Effect of irrigation levels on productivity of processing tomatos[J].Horticultura Abstraets 1980,50(8): 512.
[88]熊亚梅,梁银丽.土壤水分对日光温室西葫芦耗水量及产量的影响[J].西北农业学报2007 ,16 (3) :141-144.
[89]黄兴学等.温室辣椒节水灌溉指标的研究[J].陕西农业科学,2002,2:8-10.
[90]高庆芳.大棚辣椒需水量及灌溉技术研究[J].江苏农业科学,1992,(1):46-47.
[91]日本农山渔村文化协会,北京农业大学译.蔬菜生态生理学基础[M].北京:农业出版社,1985.
[92]罗家雄,魏一谦.塑料大拥滴灌蔬菜的耗水量及灌溉制度[J],新疆农业科学,1981(4):42-52.
[93]王贺辉,赵恒,高强等.温室番茄滴灌灌水指标试验研究[J].节水灌溉,2005(4):22-23,25.
[94]邹志荣,饶景萍,陈红武.设施园艺学[M].西安:西安地图出版社,1997.
[95] Georges T Dodds,Leif Trenholm,Ali Rajabipour,et al.Yield and quality of tomato fruit under water-table management[J].Amer Soc Hort Sci,1997,122(4):491-498.
[96] Bleyaer T D.A study of plant water reations in tomato (LycopersiconescllientllmMill).Acontribution to the optimization of irrigation[D].Faculteit van de land bodwwetenshappen, Rijksunivesitent Gent,1991,Belgium;Doctoral thesis Horticllltural Abstraets,1993,63 (3):254.
[97] Tan C S.Water uptake and root distribution by corn and tomato at different depth[J].Horticulture Science,1985,20(4):686.
[98]王立祥,李军.农作学[M ]北京:科学出版社,2003.
[99] Van Genuchten R M T.A closed form equation for predicting the hydraulicconductivity of unsaturated soils [J].Soil Sci.Soc.Am.J.,1980,40:892-898.
[100]毛学森,李登顺.日光温室黄瓜节水灌溉指标的研究[J].灌溉排水,2000,19(2):45-47.
[101]许贵民,姜竣业.塑料大棚黄瓜节水灌溉的研究[J].农业工程学报,1990,6(2):55-63.
[102]贺忠群,邹志荣,陈小红,等.温室黄瓜节水灌溉指标的研究[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2003,31(3):77-80.
[103]诸葛玉平,保护地渗灌土壤水分调控技术及作物增产节水机理的研究[D]沈阳农业大学(2001)
[104] Hartz TK,Water management in drip-irrigated vegetable production.Using plasticulture seminar,Lexington,Kentucky,USA,28-29 Sep.1994.1994,12-15.
[105] Hartz TK,Water management in drip-irrigated vegetable production.HortTechnology. 1996,6(3):165-167.
[106] Momii K,Water requirements of drip-irrigated cabbage at the coastal arid lands in the California peninsula,Mexico.Transactions of the Japanese Society of Irrigation Drainage and Reclamation Engineering.1995,No.177,99-104.
[107] May DM,Water management differences between drip-and furrow-irrigated processing tomatoes to maximize yield and fruit quality on California.Proceedings of the 1stInternational conference on the proceedings tomato,Recife,Pernambuco,Brazil,18-21 November 1996,and the 1stInternationalsymposium on tropical tomato diseases,Recife,pernambuco,Brazil,21-22 November 1996.1997,54-58.
[108] Andrade junior AS de,and et al,Yield of lettuce as a function of soil water matric potential and irrigation levels.Horticultura Brasilerira.1996,14(1):17-31.
[109] EL Adl M,and et al,Drip irrigation and water distribution in the soil.17th ICID European Regional Conference on Irrigation and Drianage,Varna,Bulgaria,16-22 May,1994.Volume 2:modification of irrigation schedule of crops due to scarcity of water.1994,29-38.
[110] Slavik L,Efficiency of drip irrigation and microirrigation in summer cauliflower and spring lettuce.Rostlinna Vyroba.1996,42(8):381-384.
[111]李彩霞,陈晓飞,王铁良,等.控制性交替灌溉对玉米根系层水分再分布与产量的影响[J].农业工程学报,2007,23(11):59-64.
[112]张学军.节水控氮对宁夏不同土壤–蔬菜体系中氮素平衡及NO3-N淋溶的影响[D].武汉:华中农业大学,2008.
[113]于红梅.不同水氮管理下蔬菜地水分渗漏和硝态氮淋洗特征的研究[D].北京:中国农业大学,2005.
[114]康绍忠,蔡焕杰.农业水管理学[M ].北京:中国农业出版社,1996.
[115]李志宏,张福锁,郭素英.菜田土壤有效氮的动态研究[J].土壤通报,2001,32(1):19-21.
[116]孙丽萍,王树忠,赵景文,等.灌溉频率对日光温室黄瓜水分利用规律的影响[J].上海交通大学学报:农业科学版,2008,26(5):477-490
[117] Arming Zhu,Jiabao Zhang,Bingzi Zhao,et al.Water balance and nitrate leaching losses under intensive crop productionwith Ochric Aquic Cambosols in North China P1ain[J].Environment International,2005,31(6): 904-912.
[118] Moreno F,Cayuela J A,Ferna'ndez J E,et al.Water balance and nitrate leaching in an irrigated maize crop in SWSpain[J].AgricWater Manag,1996,32(1): 71-83.
[119] Munir Jamil Mohammad.Utilization of applied fertilizer nitrogen and irrigation water by drip-fertigated squash as determined by nuclear and traditional techniques[J].Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems,2004,68(1): 1-11.
[120] Román R R.Caballero and A.Bustos.Field water Drainage under Traditional and improved irrigation chedules for corn in Ccntral Spain[J].Soil Sci Am J,1999,63(6): 1811-1817
[121]王树安,兰林旺,周殿玺,等.冬小麦节水高产技术体系研究[J].中国农业大学学报, 2007,12(6):44.
[122]谭军利,王林权,王西娜,等.不同灌水模式对土壤水分和硝态氮分布的影响[J].灌溉排水学报, 2008,27(5):29-33.
[123] Alva A K,Paramasivam S,Graham W D,et al.Best nitrogen and irrigation management practices for citrus production in sandy soils[J].Water,Air,and Soil Pollution,2003,143(114):139-154.
[124] Lathwal O P,Rathore D N.Effect of nitrogen and irrigation levels on NUE in wheat[J].Haryana Agric Univ J of Res,1992,22(2): 113-124.
[125]汤丽玲,陈清,张宏彦,等.不同灌溉与施氮措施对露地菜田土壤无机氮残留的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2002,8(3):282-287.
[126]曹巧红,龚元石.降水影响冬小麦灌溉农田水分渗漏和氮淋失模拟分析[J].中国农业大学学报,2003,8(1):37-42.
[127]范凤翠,李志宏,张立峰,等.华北平原区设施番茄不同灌溉方式下灌溉润湿层研究[A].中国园艺学会设施园艺分会.全国现代设施园艺技术交流会论文集[C].昆明,中国园艺学会设施园艺分会,2008.103–105
[128]范凤翠,张立峰,李志宏,等.日光温室番茄控制土壤深层渗漏的灌水量指标[J].农业工程学报,2010,26(10):83-89.
[129]范凤翠李志宏张立峰,等.日光温室番茄灌水量与根层硝态氮淋溶特征及渗漏关系研究[J].植物营养与肥料学报2010年16(05):1161-1169
[130] Blum A,Johnson J W.Wheat cultivars respond differently to drying top soil and a possible nonhydraulic root signal[J].J Exp Bot,1993,44:1149-1153.
[131] Motzo RK.Genotypic variation in durum Wheat root Systems at different stages of development in a Mediterranean environment[J].Euphytica,1993,66:197-206.
[132]潘英华,康绍忠.交替隔沟灌溉水分入渗规律及其对作物水分利用的影响[J].农业工程学报,2000,16(5):38-41.
[133]杨方人.旱作大豆高产综合技术对根系发育及生理功能影响的研究[J].大豆科学,1987,6(3):225-230.
[134]郝晓玲,苗果园.小麦不同根群对产量形成的作用[A].中国小麦栽培研究新进展[C].农业出版社,1993,473-479.
[135]王法宏,王旭清,李松坚,等.高产小麦生育后期不同层次土壤中根系活性的研究[J].作物学报,2001,27(6):891-895.
[136]王法宏,任德昌,王旭清,等.施肥对小麦根系活性、延缓旗叶衰老及产量的效应[J].麦类作物学报,2001,27(3):51-54.
[137]王法宏,王旭清,李松坚,等.小麦根系扩展深度对旗叶衰老及光合产物分配的影响[J].麦类作物学报,2003,23(1):53-57
[138]单志杰,日光温室番茄根区局部控水无压地下灌溉技术参数研究[D].西北农林科技大学;2007
[139]安顺清,刘庚山,吕厚荃,林日暖,白月明,郭安红.冬小麦底墒供水特征研究[J].应用气象学报,2000,(S1):119-126
[140]李风民,郭安红,雒梅,等.土壤深层供水对冬小麦干物质生产的影响[J].应用生态学报,1997,8 (6): 575-579.
[141]张玉铭,张佳宝,胡春胜,等.华北太行山前平原农田土壤水分动态与氮素的淋溶损失[J].土壤通报,2006,43(1): 17–25.
[142]梁艳萍,许迪,李益农,白美健.冬小麦不同畦灌施肥模式水氮分布田间试验[J].农业工程学报,2009,25(3):22-27.马雪姣水氮藕合对蔬菜–土壤系统中硝酸盐积累规律的影响[D].保定:河北农业大学硕士学位论文,2008.
[143]马雪姣水氮藕合对蔬菜–土壤系统中硝酸盐积累规律的影响[D].保定:河北农业大学硕士学位论文,2008.于红梅,李子忠,龚元石.传统和优化水氮管理对蔬菜地土壤氮素损失与利用效率的影响[J].农业工程学报,2007,23 (02) :54-58.
[144]于红梅,李子忠,龚元石.不同水氮管理对蔬菜地硝态氮淋洗的影响[J].中国农业科学,2005,38(9):1849–1855.
[145]于红梅,李子忠,龚元石.传统和优化水氮管理对蔬菜地土壤氮素损失与利用效率的影响[J].农业工程学报,2007,23 (02) :54-58.
[146]张贵龙,任天志,李志宏,等.施氮量对白萝卜硝酸盐含量和土壤硝态氮淋溶的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2009,15(4):877– 883.
[147] Lathwal O P,Rathore D N.Effect of nitrogen and irrigation levels on NUE in wheat [J].Haryana Agric.Univ.J.Res.,1992,22(2): 113–124.
[148]张宏彦,陈清,汤丽玲,等.不同水氮管理对菠菜生长和水氮利用的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2002,8(1):48-53.
[149]巨晓棠.冬小麦/夏玉米轮作体系中土壤一肥料氮的转化及去向[D].北京:中国农业大学博士学位论文,2000.
[150]杨丽娟,张玉龙,李晓安,等.灌水方法对塑料大棚土壤一植株硝酸盐分配影响[[J).土壤通报,2000,31(2): 63–65.
[151]樊军,郝明德,党廷辉.旱地长期定位施肥对土壤剖面硝态氮分布与累积的影响[J ] .土壤与环境,2000,9(1):23–26.
[152]范丙全,胡春芳,王建立.灌溉施肥对壤质潮土硝态氮淋溶的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,1998,4(1):6–21.
[153]周顺利,张福锁,王兴仁.土壤NO3––N时空变异与土壤氮素表观盈亏研究Ⅰ.冬小麦[J].生态学报,2001,21 (11):1782–1789.
[154]龚元石,李保国.应用农田水量平衡模型估算土壤水渗漏量[J].水科学进展,1995,6(1):16-21.
[155] White R E,Magesan G N.Astochastic–empirical approach to modelling nitrate leaching [J].Soil Use Manag.,1991,7: 85–94.