施氮策略对土壤环境及棉株生物学特性的影响
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摘要
本文选择在新疆库尔勒典型棉区,进行1年的田间试验,研究膜下滴灌棉花在施肥总量相同的情况下采用不同的氮肥追施策略对土壤环境、棉花生物学特性的影响,为改进膜下滴灌棉花水肥运筹技术、提高水肥利用效率提供参考。主要结论有:
(1)不同水氮耦合下各处理的单株铃数、产量存在显著差异。以低灌溉量、追肥比例为5.96%、4.47%、18.63%、16.4%、4.47%、9.69%处理的产量最高,达6782kg·hm~(-2)。
(2)在氮肥追施策略相同时,追肥比例依次为3.73%、6.71%、15.28%、19.75%、12.3%、1.86%和追肥比例依次为5.96%、4.47%、18.63%、16.4%、4.47%、9.69%的处理在低灌溉量下土壤含水量低,电导率值低;追肥比例依次为4.47%、5.96%、16.4%、18.63%、9.69%、4.47%处理在高灌溉量下土壤含水量低,电导率值低;而追肥比例依次为5.22%、5.22%、23.5%、23.5%、9.5%、9.5%的处理在两种灌溉量下土壤含水量、电导率值变化均不明显。
(3)灌溉量一定时,垂直方向上在0～60cm土层深度,土壤含水量是随着土层深度的增加而呈增大趋势;而土壤电导率值是随着土层深度的增加而呈下降趋势。
(4)采用不同的氮肥追施策略,全生育期棉花叶绿素SPAD值变化的趋势、峰值出现的时间和峰值大小都会不同。棉花各个处理的倒四叶叶面积值在整个生育期均呈单峰曲线,峰值出现在花铃期,氮肥追施策略、灌水以及氮肥追施策略与灌水交互作用下各处理的叶面积存在极显著差异性。用Logistic生长函数对各处理的棉花干物质积累总量进行拟合,拟合效果较好。以低灌溉量、追肥比例为5.96%、4.47%、18.63%、16.4%、4.47%、9.69%处理的干物质积累量最大。
(5)土壤电导率与含水量、土层深度成极显著的负相关,而与照度存在极显著的正相关性;同时土壤含水量与土层深度、照度也存在极显著的线性相关性。叶片叶绿素SPAD值、叶面积以及干物质积累量与产量都存在显著的相关性。
(6)干旱区棉花生产中,在满足水分需要的前提下,可以将生育期基追氮肥比例优化为:基肥40%,追肥60%,分6次追施,追1(蕾期):5.63%～6%,追2(初花期):4.5%～4.97%,追3(盛花期):16.38%～18.75%,追4(花铃期):16.5%～18.87%,追5(盛铃期):4.5%～8.36%,追6(盛铃期):5.89%～9.75%。
This study forcused on the different nitrogen application strategies on soil environment and biological characteristics of cotton in the same total quantity of nitrogen at each growth stage of dressing cases which done at the typical arid area in Xinjiang Korla cotton, for 1-year field experiment to. The results are as follows:
(1)There were significant differences in the single stub boll’s quantity and the cotton yield, because of different nitrogen application strategies.The yield 6782kg·hm-2 is the highest which the proportion of nitrogen is5.96%、4.47%、18.63%、16.4%、4.47%、9.69%.
(2)At the same nitrogen application strategy,the proportion of nitrogen on3.73%、6.71%、15.28%、19.75%、12.3%、1.86% and the proportion of nitrogen on5.96%、4.47%、18.63%、16.4%、4.47%、9.69% treatments are low soil water quantity and low soil conductivity under low irrigation quantity,the proportion of nitrogen on 4.47%、5.96%、16.4%、18.63%、9.69%、4.47% treatment is low soil water quantity and low conductivity under high irrigation, but the soil water quantity,and the soil conductivity were no significant change which the proportion of nitrogen on5.22%、5.22%、23.5%、23.5%、9.5%、9.5% treatment under two irrigation.
(3)At the same nitrogen application strategy,the soil water quantity increased with the soil depth in 0～60cm, when the soil conductivity value went down with the soil depth.
(4)At the full growing period,the variety trend peak and the accumulation of chlorophyll SPAD value were different under different strategies of nitrogen application.The trend of leaf area are presented single peak curve,the peak value is presented in flowerring stage,the diversity of leaf area are remarkable under water-nitrogen coupling.The dynamic curve of dry matter accumulation of the process can be imitated by the curve of Logistic expression,the dry matter accumulation is the highest which the proportion of nitrogen is5.96%、4.47%、18.63%、16.4%、4.47%、9.69%.
(5)There were significant negative correlation between the soil conductivity value and water quantity, soil depth, the significant positive correlation between soil conductivity value and illumination. At the same time,there were significant correlation between the water quantity and soil depth, illumination.There were significant positive correlations between chlorophyll SPAD values,the leaf area, dry matter accumulation and yield.
(6)On base of enough irrigation, the appropriate proportion nitrogen are: basal nitrogen(40%),the first nitrogen(in budding stage:5.63%～6%),the second nitrogen(in early flowerring stage:4.5%～4.97%),the third nitrogen(in flourish flowerring stage:16.38%～18.75%),the fouth nitrogen(in early boll stage:16.5%～18.87%),the fifth nitrogen(in boll stage:4.5%～8.36%),the sixth nitrogen(in boll stage: 5.89%～9.75%).
(1)不同水氮耦合下各处理的单株铃数、产量存在显著差异。以低灌溉量、追肥比例为5.96%、4.47%、18.63%、16.4%、4.47%、9.69%处理的产量最高,达6782kg·hm~(-2)。
(2)在氮肥追施策略相同时,追肥比例依次为3.73%、6.71%、15.28%、19.75%、12.3%、1.86%和追肥比例依次为5.96%、4.47%、18.63%、16.4%、4.47%、9.69%的处理在低灌溉量下土壤含水量低,电导率值低;追肥比例依次为4.47%、5.96%、16.4%、18.63%、9.69%、4.47%处理在高灌溉量下土壤含水量低,电导率值低;而追肥比例依次为5.22%、5.22%、23.5%、23.5%、9.5%、9.5%的处理在两种灌溉量下土壤含水量、电导率值变化均不明显。
(3)灌溉量一定时,垂直方向上在0～60cm土层深度,土壤含水量是随着土层深度的增加而呈增大趋势;而土壤电导率值是随着土层深度的增加而呈下降趋势。
(4)采用不同的氮肥追施策略,全生育期棉花叶绿素SPAD值变化的趋势、峰值出现的时间和峰值大小都会不同。棉花各个处理的倒四叶叶面积值在整个生育期均呈单峰曲线,峰值出现在花铃期,氮肥追施策略、灌水以及氮肥追施策略与灌水交互作用下各处理的叶面积存在极显著差异性。用Logistic生长函数对各处理的棉花干物质积累总量进行拟合,拟合效果较好。以低灌溉量、追肥比例为5.96%、4.47%、18.63%、16.4%、4.47%、9.69%处理的干物质积累量最大。
(5)土壤电导率与含水量、土层深度成极显著的负相关,而与照度存在极显著的正相关性;同时土壤含水量与土层深度、照度也存在极显著的线性相关性。叶片叶绿素SPAD值、叶面积以及干物质积累量与产量都存在显著的相关性。
(6)干旱区棉花生产中,在满足水分需要的前提下,可以将生育期基追氮肥比例优化为:基肥40%,追肥60%,分6次追施,追1(蕾期):5.63%～6%,追2(初花期):4.5%～4.97%,追3(盛花期):16.38%～18.75%,追4(花铃期):16.5%～18.87%,追5(盛铃期):4.5%～8.36%,追6(盛铃期):5.89%～9.75%。
This study forcused on the different nitrogen application strategies on soil environment and biological characteristics of cotton in the same total quantity of nitrogen at each growth stage of dressing cases which done at the typical arid area in Xinjiang Korla cotton, for 1-year field experiment to. The results are as follows:
(1)There were significant differences in the single stub boll’s quantity and the cotton yield, because of different nitrogen application strategies.The yield 6782kg·hm-2 is the highest which the proportion of nitrogen is5.96%、4.47%、18.63%、16.4%、4.47%、9.69%.
(2)At the same nitrogen application strategy,the proportion of nitrogen on3.73%、6.71%、15.28%、19.75%、12.3%、1.86% and the proportion of nitrogen on5.96%、4.47%、18.63%、16.4%、4.47%、9.69% treatments are low soil water quantity and low soil conductivity under low irrigation quantity,the proportion of nitrogen on 4.47%、5.96%、16.4%、18.63%、9.69%、4.47% treatment is low soil water quantity and low conductivity under high irrigation, but the soil water quantity,and the soil conductivity were no significant change which the proportion of nitrogen on5.22%、5.22%、23.5%、23.5%、9.5%、9.5% treatment under two irrigation.
(3)At the same nitrogen application strategy,the soil water quantity increased with the soil depth in 0～60cm, when the soil conductivity value went down with the soil depth.
(4)At the full growing period,the variety trend peak and the accumulation of chlorophyll SPAD value were different under different strategies of nitrogen application.The trend of leaf area are presented single peak curve,the peak value is presented in flowerring stage,the diversity of leaf area are remarkable under water-nitrogen coupling.The dynamic curve of dry matter accumulation of the process can be imitated by the curve of Logistic expression,the dry matter accumulation is the highest which the proportion of nitrogen is5.96%、4.47%、18.63%、16.4%、4.47%、9.69%.
(5)There were significant negative correlation between the soil conductivity value and water quantity, soil depth, the significant positive correlation between soil conductivity value and illumination. At the same time,there were significant correlation between the water quantity and soil depth, illumination.There were significant positive correlations between chlorophyll SPAD values,the leaf area, dry matter accumulation and yield.
(6)On base of enough irrigation, the appropriate proportion nitrogen are: basal nitrogen(40%),the first nitrogen(in budding stage:5.63%～6%),the second nitrogen(in early flowerring stage:4.5%～4.97%),the third nitrogen(in flourish flowerring stage:16.38%～18.75%),the fouth nitrogen(in early boll stage:16.5%～18.87%),the fifth nitrogen(in boll stage:4.5%～8.36%),the sixth nitrogen(in boll stage: 5.89%～9.75%).
引文
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