固定细胞发酵产纤维素酶及纤维素乙醇的生产应用研究
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摘要
木质纤维素是自然界中最丰富的可再生资源，其生物炼制技术的开发应用极具前景。木质纤维素酶能将木质纤维素转化为可发酵的还原糖，进而转化为生物乙醇等生化产品，在生物炼制过程中起着至关重要的作用。本研究主要围绕制备高活性纤维素酶和高浓度纤维素乙醇而展开。首先通过产高活性纤维素酶菌株的筛选、鉴定，固定细胞共发酵，分泌蛋白分析、鉴定，以及菌丝细胞发酵形态分析等方法，制备一种新型的可高效水解蔗渣的纤维素酶产品。然后进一步研究了纤维素酶在木质纤维素底物生产高浓度乙醇中的实际应用，内容涉及木质纤维素制备乙醇的三个主要过程，即木质纤维素底物的预处理、酶水解以及发酵。主要研究结果如下：
1.采用以蔗渣为唯一碳源的固体培养基，从糖厂蔗渣堆中分离出了40株生长良好的真菌菌株。通过比较发酵液的CMC（羧甲基纤维素）酶活、滤纸酶活、纤维二糖酶活、木聚糖酶活以及蔗渣糖化效率等评价指标，筛选获得了两株高产纤维素酶的菌株SCUT-18和SCUT-20。经18S rDNA测序和菌丝形态鉴定，确定两株菌分别是泡盛曲霉（Aspergillus awamori）和烟曲霉（Aspergillusfumigatus）。
2.利用泡盛曲霉和烟曲霉两株菌进行混菌液态发酵（发酵条件为：28oC，90rpm，初始pH值4.8），发酵液对蔗渣的糖化效率较单菌发酵提高了约30%。在培养基中添加2%麸皮后，发酵液对蔗渣的糖化效率从32.2%提高到42.6%。进而，以聚丙烯纤维布作为细胞固定化基质进行了固定细胞混菌发酵，发酵液对蔗渣的糖化效率进一步提高到48.3%。当酶载量为8FPU/g干蔗渣，于50oC，140rpm，反应48h，固定细胞混菌发酵所得发酵液水解蔗渣效率提高至68.6%，高于Genencor商业酶ACCELLERASE1500在同样酶解条件下的蔗渣水解效率62.1%。
3.一方面，泡盛曲霉和烟曲霉的混菌发酵体系较单菌发酵更加复杂，其相关分析更难深入，另一方面，模式菌株相关的基因序列以及蛋白分析等信息较为丰富，因此，模式菌株单菌发酵更有利于菌株细胞形态以及分泌蛋白等研究的深入进行。本研究继而采用高产木质纤维素酶的模式菌株——绿色木霉（Trichoderma viride QM9414）作为发酵菌株，以蔗渣和麸皮为碳源，在7L传统发酵罐和7L旋转纤维床生物反应器Rotating Fibrous Bed Bioreactor（RFBB）中分别进行绿色木霉游离细胞和固定细胞单菌发酵。对发酵液酶活性、蔗渣水解效率以及菌丝形态进行分析，结果表明，与游离细胞发酵相比，固定细胞发酵所得发酵液的滤纸酶活性提高了35.4%，糖化蔗渣的效率则提高了69.7%；菌丝形态的差异则揭示了固定细胞发酵对细胞提供氧气和营养物质方面的优势。
4.利用二维电泳（2-DE）和MALDI-TOF-TOF质谱等技术方法，分析了固定细胞发酵和游离细胞发酵过程中绿色木霉分泌蛋白的差异。结果表明，固定细胞发酵和游离细胞发酵的分泌蛋白存在显著差异，24个表达水平有显著差异的蛋白被成功鉴定，分别为纤维二糖水解酶CBHⅠ和CBHⅡ、内切葡聚糖酶EGⅡ和EGⅣ、α淀粉酶以及膨胀因子（swollenin）。与游离细胞发酵相比，固定细胞发酵促使绿色木霉细胞分泌和表达了更多的CBHⅡ，而游离细胞发酵则促使更多的CBHⅠ分泌和表达。这些结果很可能解释了固定细胞发酵培养液和游离细胞发酵培养液水解蔗渣效率存在差异的原因。
5.为了进一步了解纤维素酶在纤维素乙醇制备中的实际应用情况以及纤维素乙醇制备的整体过程与其中各因素间的相互影响，并制备高浓度纤维素乙醇，开展了一系列研究，包括如何促进酶解效率，如何消除酶解发酵过程中的抑制作用简化发酵工艺等。研究表明，不同预处理方式（稀酸法，碱法，SPORL亚硫酸盐法）所得木质纤维素底物的水解效率随pH变化的曲线存在很大的差异。经SPORL法预处理的木质纤维素黑松在水解体系pH高达6.2时（几乎所有文献报道的最佳酶解pH为4.8-5.2）水解效率最大。以SPORL法预处理的黑松作为底物，在研究所得的最适pH6.2，采用分批加料同时糖化发酵的策略，将预处理后的底物的固体和液体部分一起充分利用，进行19.5%（w/w）的高浓度底物发酵，获得了高达47.4g/L的乙醇浓度，乙醇的转化率为285L/ton干底物。这是一个极具商业潜能的结果。
Lignocellulose is the most abundant renewable resource and its application in biorefineryis potential. Lignocellulases can convert lignocellulose to fermentable sugars for variousbiochemicals, including bioethanol. Thus, lignocellulases play an important role inbiorefinery. The objectives in this study were mainly to obtain a novel cellulase productionwith high activity and a high titer ethanol production. Based on this, two strains producingcellulases with high activity were first screened and identified, and then, coculture andimmobilized cell fermentations were conducted. In order to explore the advantages ofimmobilized cell fermentation, cell morphology and secretory proteins were also investigated.Subsequently, the practical application of cellulases in cellulosic ethanol production wasfurther studied to obtain a high titer ethanol, which involved the main three processes ofproducing cellulosic ethanol, i.e. pretreatment, hydrolysis and fermentation. The detailedcontents are as follows:
(1) In this chapter, forty mycelial isolates were selected and purified from naturallyfermented SCB with the medium in which SCB was the only carbon source. Based on theactivities of CMCase, FPase, cellobiase, and xylanase and the saccharification yield ofsugarcane bagasse, two cellulase-overproducing isolates, SCUT-18and SCUT-20werescreened. By determining18S rDNA sequences and examining mycelial morphologies, thesetwo isolates were identified as Aspergillus awamori and Aspergillus fumigatus, respectively.
(2) In this chapter, the submerged coculture of Aspergillus awamori and Aspergillusfumigatus was studied (culture conditions:28oC,90rpm, initial pH4.8), and the resultsshowed that the saccharification yield of SCB by the coculture broth was~30%higher thanthose by the individual culture broths. Adding2%wheat bran in the cocultured fermentationincreased the saccharification yield of the produced broth from32.2%to42.6%. When usingthe broth produced by the coculture with cells immobilized on a polypropylene cloth, thesaccharification yield further increased to48.3%. A higher saccharification yield of68.6%was obtained when the immobilized-cell fermentation broth was concentrated5-fold toincrease its protein content to a comparable level to that of the commercial lignocellulases,Genencor ACCELLERASE1500, which gave a saccharification yield of62.1%(hydrolysisconditions:50oC,140rpm,48h).
(3) On the one hand, coculture fermentation of A. awamori and A. fumigatus was morecomplex than individual fermentation, which made further analysis on coculture fermentationmore difficult; on the other hand, the information on gene sequences and protein analysis of a model strain is richer than that of an ordinary one. Thus, the individual fermentation of themodel strain is more helpful to the further study on cell morphology and secretory proteins. Inthis chapter, the submerged fermentations with free cells in a7L stirred-tank reactor (STR)and immobilized cells in a7L rotating fibrous-bed bioreactor (RFBB) by the cellulase-overproducing model strain Trichoderma viride were conducted by using sugarcane bagasseand wheat bran as the carbon source. Through the analysis of enzyme activities,saccharification yield of SCB and cell morphology, it was found that immobilized-cellfermentation gave35.5%higher FPase activity and69.7%higher saccharification yield ofSCB compared to free-cell fermentation and the difference in cell morphology between thetwo fermentations demonstrated the advantages of oxygen and nutrients transfer to cells inimmobilized-cell fermentation.
(4) In this chapter, the difference in secretory proteins between the broths of free-cell andimmobilized-cell fermentations by T. viride was analyzed with two-dimensional gelelectrophoresis (2-DE) and MALDI-TOF-TOF mass spectrometry. The results showed thatthe secretory proteins had significant differences between the broths of the two fermentationsand24protein spots with significantly differential expression levels were successfullyidentified, including CBHI, CBHII, EGII, EGIV, α-amylase and swollenin. Among them,cellobiohydrolase CBHIΙ was highly expressed and secreted in the immobilized-cellfermentation, while the free-cell fermentation produced more CBH, and the activity ofCBHII is2-fold higher than that of CBHI, which probably was responsible for explaining thedifference of saccharification of sugarcane bagasse between free-cell fermentation andimmobilized-cell fermentation.
(5) In this chapter, to further (1) learn the practical application of cellulases in cellulosicethanol production,(2) the whole process of producing cellulosic ethanol,(3) the correlationsof factors in production process, and (4) produce a high titer ethanol, a series of studies weredone, including the relationships between lignocellulose pretreatment method and enzymatichydrolysis efficiency, improvement of enzymatic hydrolysis and elimination of inhibitors inhydrolysis and fermentation processes. The results showed that enzymatic saccharificationresponse curves of lignocellulose substrates by various pretreatments (dilute acid, alkaline,and SPORL) were very different based on pH. The maximal saccharification of the lodgepolepine pretreated by SPORL occurred at the substrate suspension of pH6.2which wassignificantly different from pH4.8-5.2reported in literature. Then, the lodgepole pinepretreated by SPORL was used as the substrate, a fed-batch simultaneous saccharification andfermentation with the liquor derived from pretreatment was conducted at up to19.5%total solids loading at the optimal pH6.2. A maximum ethanol titer of47.4g/L was achieved,resulting in a calculated yield of285L/ton of dry substrate. This result is potential incommerce.
1.采用以蔗渣为唯一碳源的固体培养基，从糖厂蔗渣堆中分离出了40株生长良好的真菌菌株。通过比较发酵液的CMC（羧甲基纤维素）酶活、滤纸酶活、纤维二糖酶活、木聚糖酶活以及蔗渣糖化效率等评价指标，筛选获得了两株高产纤维素酶的菌株SCUT-18和SCUT-20。经18S rDNA测序和菌丝形态鉴定，确定两株菌分别是泡盛曲霉（Aspergillus awamori）和烟曲霉（Aspergillusfumigatus）。
2.利用泡盛曲霉和烟曲霉两株菌进行混菌液态发酵（发酵条件为：28oC，90rpm，初始pH值4.8），发酵液对蔗渣的糖化效率较单菌发酵提高了约30%。在培养基中添加2%麸皮后，发酵液对蔗渣的糖化效率从32.2%提高到42.6%。进而，以聚丙烯纤维布作为细胞固定化基质进行了固定细胞混菌发酵，发酵液对蔗渣的糖化效率进一步提高到48.3%。当酶载量为8FPU/g干蔗渣，于50oC，140rpm，反应48h，固定细胞混菌发酵所得发酵液水解蔗渣效率提高至68.6%，高于Genencor商业酶ACCELLERASE1500在同样酶解条件下的蔗渣水解效率62.1%。
3.一方面，泡盛曲霉和烟曲霉的混菌发酵体系较单菌发酵更加复杂，其相关分析更难深入，另一方面，模式菌株相关的基因序列以及蛋白分析等信息较为丰富，因此，模式菌株单菌发酵更有利于菌株细胞形态以及分泌蛋白等研究的深入进行。本研究继而采用高产木质纤维素酶的模式菌株——绿色木霉（Trichoderma viride QM9414）作为发酵菌株，以蔗渣和麸皮为碳源，在7L传统发酵罐和7L旋转纤维床生物反应器Rotating Fibrous Bed Bioreactor（RFBB）中分别进行绿色木霉游离细胞和固定细胞单菌发酵。对发酵液酶活性、蔗渣水解效率以及菌丝形态进行分析，结果表明，与游离细胞发酵相比，固定细胞发酵所得发酵液的滤纸酶活性提高了35.4%，糖化蔗渣的效率则提高了69.7%；菌丝形态的差异则揭示了固定细胞发酵对细胞提供氧气和营养物质方面的优势。
4.利用二维电泳（2-DE）和MALDI-TOF-TOF质谱等技术方法，分析了固定细胞发酵和游离细胞发酵过程中绿色木霉分泌蛋白的差异。结果表明，固定细胞发酵和游离细胞发酵的分泌蛋白存在显著差异，24个表达水平有显著差异的蛋白被成功鉴定，分别为纤维二糖水解酶CBHⅠ和CBHⅡ、内切葡聚糖酶EGⅡ和EGⅣ、α淀粉酶以及膨胀因子（swollenin）。与游离细胞发酵相比，固定细胞发酵促使绿色木霉细胞分泌和表达了更多的CBHⅡ，而游离细胞发酵则促使更多的CBHⅠ分泌和表达。这些结果很可能解释了固定细胞发酵培养液和游离细胞发酵培养液水解蔗渣效率存在差异的原因。
5.为了进一步了解纤维素酶在纤维素乙醇制备中的实际应用情况以及纤维素乙醇制备的整体过程与其中各因素间的相互影响，并制备高浓度纤维素乙醇，开展了一系列研究，包括如何促进酶解效率，如何消除酶解发酵过程中的抑制作用简化发酵工艺等。研究表明，不同预处理方式（稀酸法，碱法，SPORL亚硫酸盐法）所得木质纤维素底物的水解效率随pH变化的曲线存在很大的差异。经SPORL法预处理的木质纤维素黑松在水解体系pH高达6.2时（几乎所有文献报道的最佳酶解pH为4.8-5.2）水解效率最大。以SPORL法预处理的黑松作为底物，在研究所得的最适pH6.2，采用分批加料同时糖化发酵的策略，将预处理后的底物的固体和液体部分一起充分利用，进行19.5%（w/w）的高浓度底物发酵，获得了高达47.4g/L的乙醇浓度，乙醇的转化率为285L/ton干底物。这是一个极具商业潜能的结果。
Lignocellulose is the most abundant renewable resource and its application in biorefineryis potential. Lignocellulases can convert lignocellulose to fermentable sugars for variousbiochemicals, including bioethanol. Thus, lignocellulases play an important role inbiorefinery. The objectives in this study were mainly to obtain a novel cellulase productionwith high activity and a high titer ethanol production. Based on this, two strains producingcellulases with high activity were first screened and identified, and then, coculture andimmobilized cell fermentations were conducted. In order to explore the advantages ofimmobilized cell fermentation, cell morphology and secretory proteins were also investigated.Subsequently, the practical application of cellulases in cellulosic ethanol production wasfurther studied to obtain a high titer ethanol, which involved the main three processes ofproducing cellulosic ethanol, i.e. pretreatment, hydrolysis and fermentation. The detailedcontents are as follows:
(1) In this chapter, forty mycelial isolates were selected and purified from naturallyfermented SCB with the medium in which SCB was the only carbon source. Based on theactivities of CMCase, FPase, cellobiase, and xylanase and the saccharification yield ofsugarcane bagasse, two cellulase-overproducing isolates, SCUT-18and SCUT-20werescreened. By determining18S rDNA sequences and examining mycelial morphologies, thesetwo isolates were identified as Aspergillus awamori and Aspergillus fumigatus, respectively.
(2) In this chapter, the submerged coculture of Aspergillus awamori and Aspergillusfumigatus was studied (culture conditions:28oC,90rpm, initial pH4.8), and the resultsshowed that the saccharification yield of SCB by the coculture broth was~30%higher thanthose by the individual culture broths. Adding2%wheat bran in the cocultured fermentationincreased the saccharification yield of the produced broth from32.2%to42.6%. When usingthe broth produced by the coculture with cells immobilized on a polypropylene cloth, thesaccharification yield further increased to48.3%. A higher saccharification yield of68.6%was obtained when the immobilized-cell fermentation broth was concentrated5-fold toincrease its protein content to a comparable level to that of the commercial lignocellulases,Genencor ACCELLERASE1500, which gave a saccharification yield of62.1%(hydrolysisconditions:50oC,140rpm,48h).
(3) On the one hand, coculture fermentation of A. awamori and A. fumigatus was morecomplex than individual fermentation, which made further analysis on coculture fermentationmore difficult; on the other hand, the information on gene sequences and protein analysis of a model strain is richer than that of an ordinary one. Thus, the individual fermentation of themodel strain is more helpful to the further study on cell morphology and secretory proteins. Inthis chapter, the submerged fermentations with free cells in a7L stirred-tank reactor (STR)and immobilized cells in a7L rotating fibrous-bed bioreactor (RFBB) by the cellulase-overproducing model strain Trichoderma viride were conducted by using sugarcane bagasseand wheat bran as the carbon source. Through the analysis of enzyme activities,saccharification yield of SCB and cell morphology, it was found that immobilized-cellfermentation gave35.5%higher FPase activity and69.7%higher saccharification yield ofSCB compared to free-cell fermentation and the difference in cell morphology between thetwo fermentations demonstrated the advantages of oxygen and nutrients transfer to cells inimmobilized-cell fermentation.
(4) In this chapter, the difference in secretory proteins between the broths of free-cell andimmobilized-cell fermentations by T. viride was analyzed with two-dimensional gelelectrophoresis (2-DE) and MALDI-TOF-TOF mass spectrometry. The results showed thatthe secretory proteins had significant differences between the broths of the two fermentationsand24protein spots with significantly differential expression levels were successfullyidentified, including CBHI, CBHII, EGII, EGIV, α-amylase and swollenin. Among them,cellobiohydrolase CBHIΙ was highly expressed and secreted in the immobilized-cellfermentation, while the free-cell fermentation produced more CBH, and the activity ofCBHII is2-fold higher than that of CBHI, which probably was responsible for explaining thedifference of saccharification of sugarcane bagasse between free-cell fermentation andimmobilized-cell fermentation.
(5) In this chapter, to further (1) learn the practical application of cellulases in cellulosicethanol production,(2) the whole process of producing cellulosic ethanol,(3) the correlationsof factors in production process, and (4) produce a high titer ethanol, a series of studies weredone, including the relationships between lignocellulose pretreatment method and enzymatichydrolysis efficiency, improvement of enzymatic hydrolysis and elimination of inhibitors inhydrolysis and fermentation processes. The results showed that enzymatic saccharificationresponse curves of lignocellulose substrates by various pretreatments (dilute acid, alkaline,and SPORL) were very different based on pH. The maximal saccharification of the lodgepolepine pretreated by SPORL occurred at the substrate suspension of pH6.2which wassignificantly different from pH4.8-5.2reported in literature. Then, the lodgepole pinepretreated by SPORL was used as the substrate, a fed-batch simultaneous saccharification andfermentation with the liquor derived from pretreatment was conducted at up to19.5%total solids loading at the optimal pH6.2. A maximum ethanol titer of47.4g/L was achieved,resulting in a calculated yield of285L/ton of dry substrate. This result is potential incommerce.
引文
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