城市流域雨水多设施与建成环境一体化系统设计与应用
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摘要
通过城市流域尺度的综合调控、管理实现地表水文生态健康是当前雨水管理研究的发展方向。目前,在流域尺度下对雨水设施的研究多以控制水量为目的,模拟某单一设施的优化数量与规模;水质研究受制于流域尺度的空间复杂性,尚处于管理方法的探索阶段,鲜有对流域综合水质管理效果的研究结果,多设施的空间布局及其与城市建成环境的空间一体化设计研究则更为罕见。为此,本文构建了城市流域雨水多设施与建成环境一体化系统设计(Integrated Stormwater Management,iSWM系统)方法,其主要模块包括:1)雨水多设施优化布局与城市空间规划模块;2)雨水多设施形态与建成环境一体化设计模块(渐进式设计模块); 3)适用于从集水单元至中小流域的雨水水质管理模块。该系统设计被应用于海河次流域内36.77km2的城市流域中,得出了适宜于该流域的多设施系统与优化环境的一体化雨水管理方案。该优化方案以控制流域面源污染为首要目标,使末端集中式雨水设施所处理的流域污染物总负荷最大化;源头分散式雨水设施的占地面积最小化;并合理布局、运用源头分散式设施承担了雨水的空间运移。此外,本文以MUSIC4.0作为水质评价手段,以具体设计单元为案例,对渐进式设计模块进行了详细阐释和应用。设计结果反映了流域建成空间对雨水设施的空间约束。并给出在典型污染物水质处理目标下,在分散式雨水设施汇水区内,若ICR值为80~85%之间,则设施总面积占汇水区面积的约5%~6%;若ICR值为70~80%之间,则设施总面积占汇水区面积的约4%~5%;而对于集中式处理设施间接汇水区,在ICR值为80%的情况下,分散式和集中式设施的总面积至少占汇水区面积的6.5%。由此,最终形成了用于指导不同用地性质的地块建设改造的雨水多设施与环境一体化设计引导。
The watershed-based approach for improving the surface water hydrological condition is the trend of the current stormwater management research. Up to now, compared to the enormous researches focusing on the methods using the optimal quantity and scale of mono-facility to simulate target peak flow, very few concern about the treatment objective in view of the spatial restriction on the urban watershed. Other than the exploration of the regulation frame, there is no further research upon the efficiency of the management program from a watershed scale perspective. None of the design principles for the appropriate facilities have been integrated with the environment layout. This paper describes a watershed model of the optimal integration of the facilities and environment, which contains:1) the general-planning model for the sub-watershed; 2)the definite-design model for the catchmen(titerative-design model); 3)the water quality management model suitable for any scale. The design strategy has been applied to 36.77km2 urban watershed system of Haihe River to optimize facility planning, the objective of which are maximizing the processing capability of concentration facilities and minimizing the land usage of the distributed facilities while utilizing the stormwater transmission feature of the scattered allocation ones. Moreover, taking a specific layout-unit-design as an example, this paper introduces the iterative-design module whose water-quality is valued by MUSIC4.0. The design result not only reflects the constraints on the stormwater facilities, which are enforced by the space of the constructed watershed, but also reveals the ratio of the occupation area to the contributing drainage area of the facilities under the goal of optimizing water quality along the watershed. Eventually, this paper proposes an integrated design guideline capable of directing construction and alteration of environment and stormwater facilities under different land usage type.
The watershed-based approach for improving the surface water hydrological condition is the trend of the current stormwater management research. Up to now, compared to the enormous researches focusing on the methods using the optimal quantity and scale of mono-facility to simulate target peak flow, very few concern about the treatment objective in view of the spatial restriction on the urban watershed. Other than the exploration of the regulation frame, there is no further research upon the efficiency of the management program from a watershed scale perspective. None of the design principles for the appropriate facilities have been integrated with the environment layout. This paper describes a watershed model of the optimal integration of the facilities and environment, which contains:1) the general-planning model for the sub-watershed; 2)the definite-design model for the catchmen(titerative-design model); 3)the water quality management model suitable for any scale. The design strategy has been applied to 36.77km2 urban watershed system of Haihe River to optimize facility planning, the objective of which are maximizing the processing capability of concentration facilities and minimizing the land usage of the distributed facilities while utilizing the stormwater transmission feature of the scattered allocation ones. Moreover, taking a specific layout-unit-design as an example, this paper introduces the iterative-design module whose water-quality is valued by MUSIC4.0. The design result not only reflects the constraints on the stormwater facilities, which are enforced by the space of the constructed watershed, but also reveals the ratio of the occupation area to the contributing drainage area of the facilities under the goal of optimizing water quality along the watershed. Eventually, this paper proposes an integrated design guideline capable of directing construction and alteration of environment and stormwater facilities under different land usage type.
引文
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[18] Are best-management-practice criteria really environmentally friendly?
[19] Emerson,C.H, ASCE,M, Welty,C. Watershed-Scale Evaluation of a system of storm water detention basins [J] Journal of Hydrologic Engineeringt,2005,10(3):237-242
[20] Willian.G Watershed management: slogan or solution? [J] Jthe 29th Annual Conference of the American Water Resources Association in Tucson,1993,8(30)
[21]http://www.gdrc.org/uem/water/watershed/introduction.html
[22] USEPA1997 State source water assessment and protection programs guidance
[23] Roy,A.H, Wenger,S.J, Fletcher,T.D Impediments and solution to sustainable,watershed-scale urban storm water management:lessons from Australia and the United States[J] Environment Management,2008, (42):344-359
[24] Zheng,J.H, Nanbakhsh,H, Scholz,M Case study: design and operation of sustainable urban infiltration ponds treating storm runoff[J] Journal of Urban Planning and Development,2006.132(1):36-41
[25] Davis,A.P, Shokouhian,M. laboratory study of biological retention for urban stormwater management [J] Water Environment Research 2001,73(5):5-14
[26] Wu,J, Yu,S.L, Zou,R A water quality-based approach for watershed wide BMP strategy[J] Journal of the American Water Resources Association,2006,42(5):1193-1204
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