城市供水管网水质预警系统的研究
|
摘要
随着城市供水水质问题的日益突出,人们对城市自来水安全饮用保障问题越加关注。城市供水管网存在由管道检修、管道腐蚀、管道渗入、消毒副产物和恐怖袭击等影响供水水质的问题,同时管网具有分布复杂、范围广、地下隐蔽等特点,供水企业在没有建立有效的监测预警体系时,很难发现事故已经出现以及确定污染源和危及区域,从而进行有效的处理和修复,以致造成重大的影响。针对管网中水质保障问题,本文提出应当建立城市供水管网水质预警系统。
通过需求分析,提出城市供水管网水质预警系统的构架和各子系统功能,认为系统应以管网水质监控系统和管网水质管理信息系统作为日常运行管理基础,同时配套建设应急处置体系。指出供水企业应该加强在线监测能力和应急检测能力,完善应对水质突发事件的应急预案。
管网水力水质动态模拟技术是提高供水企业管理和服务水平的有效技术手段,同时也是实现供水管网水质预警功能的一个关键基础。在阐述管网水力水质计算原理的基础上,深入分析了EPANET软件包中采用的水力水质模拟算法,认为其算法先进,计算精度较高且管网建模方法完善。特别是其提供的二次开发工具EPANET TOOLKIT,功能丰富,简单易用,能够适用于多种管网方面的计算研究工作。利用此工具进行了实例二次开发,完成了管网余氯的模拟计算工作。
根据水质在线监测点既能用于常规监测水质状况,同时又能保证水质突发事件发生后快速监测确定污染事件的目标,提出了基于最大监测用水量的水质监测点优化布置算方法。利用Lingo软件对一个较大管网实例进行求解。其结果符合提出监测范围大、监测重要位置和监测响应时间快的要求。
最后,以Visual Basic为开发平台,利用数据交互技术开发了管网水质监测数据管理与预警报警系统。系统具有历史监测数据查询、历史数据趋势图显示、实时监测数据列表和预警报警功能。历史数据可以进行统计分析操作;预警报警功能可以采用声音提示和信息提示方式发布警报信息。
With the quality of urban water supply problems have become increasingly prominent, People increasingly concerned about the security issues of city tap water. Urban water supply networks existing pipeline maintenance, pipeline corrosion, pipeline infiltration, disinfection by-products and terrorist attacks affected the quality of water supplies, and other issues. At the same time, networks have features such as the complex of distribution, wide range and hidden underground. It is difficult to find the accident has occurred and to identify sources of pollution and endanger the region then carry out effective treatment and rehabilitation when absence of water supply enterprises to establish an effective early warning monitoring system, resulting in a significant impact. For the protection of water quality in the network, this thesis put forward establish early warning systems of water quality for urban water supply network .
By requirement analysis, proposed the frame of early warning systems of water quality for urban water supply network and subsystems functional framework, The system should take network quality monitoring system and network quality of management information systems as a basis for day-to-day operation and management, At the same time supporting the building of emergency system. Pointed out that enterprises should strengthen the supply capacity of on-line monitoring and emergency detection capabilities to improve the quality of the contingency plans for emergencies.
The hydraulics and water quality dynamic simulate technology of water pipe network is an effective technical means to improve water management and service level. It is also a key basis to achieve the water supply network’s early warning function. In the basis of exoatiate on the principle of the pipe network’s hydraulics and water quality, depth analysis the hydraulics and water quality simulate technology in EPANET software, consider the arithmetic is advanced , high computational accuracy and perfect network modeling,in particular its second development tools provided by the EPANET TOOLKIT, It is feature-rich, easy to use and can be applied to a variety of network computing research. Using EPANET TOOLK example of a secondary development to solve simulation calculation work of network’s residual chlorine.
According to online water quality monitoring sites not only for the conventional monitor the situation of water supplies’quality, but also ensure monitoring the incident quickly and set the goal of pollution incidents after water quality sudden affair. Proposed the monitoring node optimal layout algorithm that based on the largest monitor water consumption. Use Lingo software to a larger network for example. The results for the proposed of monitoring large scope, monitoring important position and monitoring response fast.
Finally, on Visual Basic as the development platform, use interactive data technology developed water quality monitoring data and early warning alarm management software. Software has feature such as historical data for monitoring, historical data trends show, real-time data monitoring and early warning alarm feature list. Historical data for statistical analysis operate, early-warning alarm feature can be used under certain alarm mechanism tips and information voice prompts warning information release form.
通过需求分析,提出城市供水管网水质预警系统的构架和各子系统功能,认为系统应以管网水质监控系统和管网水质管理信息系统作为日常运行管理基础,同时配套建设应急处置体系。指出供水企业应该加强在线监测能力和应急检测能力,完善应对水质突发事件的应急预案。
管网水力水质动态模拟技术是提高供水企业管理和服务水平的有效技术手段,同时也是实现供水管网水质预警功能的一个关键基础。在阐述管网水力水质计算原理的基础上,深入分析了EPANET软件包中采用的水力水质模拟算法,认为其算法先进,计算精度较高且管网建模方法完善。特别是其提供的二次开发工具EPANET TOOLKIT,功能丰富,简单易用,能够适用于多种管网方面的计算研究工作。利用此工具进行了实例二次开发,完成了管网余氯的模拟计算工作。
根据水质在线监测点既能用于常规监测水质状况,同时又能保证水质突发事件发生后快速监测确定污染事件的目标,提出了基于最大监测用水量的水质监测点优化布置算方法。利用Lingo软件对一个较大管网实例进行求解。其结果符合提出监测范围大、监测重要位置和监测响应时间快的要求。
最后,以Visual Basic为开发平台,利用数据交互技术开发了管网水质监测数据管理与预警报警系统。系统具有历史监测数据查询、历史数据趋势图显示、实时监测数据列表和预警报警功能。历史数据可以进行统计分析操作;预警报警功能可以采用声音提示和信息提示方式发布警报信息。
With the quality of urban water supply problems have become increasingly prominent, People increasingly concerned about the security issues of city tap water. Urban water supply networks existing pipeline maintenance, pipeline corrosion, pipeline infiltration, disinfection by-products and terrorist attacks affected the quality of water supplies, and other issues. At the same time, networks have features such as the complex of distribution, wide range and hidden underground. It is difficult to find the accident has occurred and to identify sources of pollution and endanger the region then carry out effective treatment and rehabilitation when absence of water supply enterprises to establish an effective early warning monitoring system, resulting in a significant impact. For the protection of water quality in the network, this thesis put forward establish early warning systems of water quality for urban water supply network .
By requirement analysis, proposed the frame of early warning systems of water quality for urban water supply network and subsystems functional framework, The system should take network quality monitoring system and network quality of management information systems as a basis for day-to-day operation and management, At the same time supporting the building of emergency system. Pointed out that enterprises should strengthen the supply capacity of on-line monitoring and emergency detection capabilities to improve the quality of the contingency plans for emergencies.
The hydraulics and water quality dynamic simulate technology of water pipe network is an effective technical means to improve water management and service level. It is also a key basis to achieve the water supply network’s early warning function. In the basis of exoatiate on the principle of the pipe network’s hydraulics and water quality, depth analysis the hydraulics and water quality simulate technology in EPANET software, consider the arithmetic is advanced , high computational accuracy and perfect network modeling,in particular its second development tools provided by the EPANET TOOLKIT, It is feature-rich, easy to use and can be applied to a variety of network computing research. Using EPANET TOOLK example of a secondary development to solve simulation calculation work of network’s residual chlorine.
According to online water quality monitoring sites not only for the conventional monitor the situation of water supplies’quality, but also ensure monitoring the incident quickly and set the goal of pollution incidents after water quality sudden affair. Proposed the monitoring node optimal layout algorithm that based on the largest monitor water consumption. Use Lingo software to a larger network for example. The results for the proposed of monitoring large scope, monitoring important position and monitoring response fast.
Finally, on Visual Basic as the development platform, use interactive data technology developed water quality monitoring data and early warning alarm management software. Software has feature such as historical data for monitoring, historical data trends show, real-time data monitoring and early warning alarm feature list. Historical data for statistical analysis operate, early-warning alarm feature can be used under certain alarm mechanism tips and information voice prompts warning information release form.
引文
[1] Howard B Glasgow, JoAnn M Burkholder, Robert E Reed, et al. Real-time remote monitoring of water quality: a review of current applications, and advancements in sensor, telemetry, and computing technologies.Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology,2004,300(1): 409-448
[2] 李俊红,刘树枫.浅谈环境预警指标体系的建立.西安建筑科技大学学报, 2000,32(1):78-81
[3] 董志颖,李兵.水质预警理论初探.水资源研究,2002,23(1):36-38
[4] 魏文达.江河水污染预警预报系统建设模式的探讨.广西水利水电,2000,25(3): 4-8
[5] 冉圣宏,陈吉宁.区域水环境污染预警系统的建立.上海环境科学,2002,21(9): 541-544
[6] 张锡辉,郑振华,欧阳二明等.水源水质在线监测预警系统的建设.中国给水排水,2005,21(11):14-17
[7] 周密,王秋,吕升奇.长江饮用水源地水质监测保障系统研究.人民长江,2006, 37(8):12-14
[8] 刘丽君,黄晓东,尤作亮等.水源水质在线预警监测系统的建设与应用.城镇供水, 2006,6(4):2-4
[9] 马放,邱珊.完善饮用水水源保护预警应急机制.环境保护,2007,14(1):30-33
[10] 乐林生,陈国光,康兰英等.上海市城市管网水水质研究及对策措施.见:饮用水安全保障技术与管理国际研讨会论文集,北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2005,243-248
[11] Lee B H, Deininger R A. Optimal Locations of Monitoring Stations in Water Distribution System. Journal of Environmental Engineering,1992,118(1):4-16
[12] Kumar A, Kansal M L. Identification of monitoring stations in water distribution systems. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 1997,123(6):746-752
[13] 张怀宇,赵洪宾.市政给水管网水质监测点的优化选址.给水排水,1996,22(10): 5-8
[14] 李斌.城市输配水管网水质变化的动态模拟:[湖南大学硕士学位论文].长沙:湖南大学土木工程学院,2002,16-18
[15] 许仕荣,周书葵.基于节点水龄的供水管网水质监测点的优化布置.南华大学学报(理工版),2003,17(3):13-16
[16] Harmant P, Nace A, Kiene L, et al. Optimal Supervision of Drinking Water Distribution Network. In: 26th Annual Water Resources Planning and Management conf. Reston: ASCE, 1999,251-259
[17] 张土乔,黄亚东,吴小刚.供水管网水质监测点选址风险研究.自然灾害学报, 2006,15(1):149-154
[18] Kessler A, Ostfeld A, Sinai G. Detecting Accidental Contaminations in Municipal Water Networks. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management,1998,124(4):192-198
[19] Kumar A, Kansal M, Arora G. Discussion of Detecting Accidental Contaminations in Municipal Water Networks. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management,1999,125(5):308-310
[20] Jonathan W Berry, Fleischer L, Hart W E, et al. Sensor Placement in Municipal Water Networks. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, 2005,131(3):237-243
[21] Watson J P, Greenberg H J, Hart W H. A Multiple-Objective Analysis of Sensor Placement Optimization in Water Networks. In: Proceedings of the World Water and Environmental Resources Congress. Salt Lake City:ASCE,2004,267-281
[22] 方海恩,吕谋,毕继胜.预警监测站优化布置方法的探讨.青岛理工大学学报, 2006,27(3):71-73
[23] Ostfeld A, Salomons E. Optimal Layout of Early Warning Detection Stations for Water Distribution Systems Security. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management,2004,130(5):377-385
[24] Jonathan W Berry, Hart W E, Phillips C A, et al. Sensor Placement in Municipal Water Networks with Temporal Integer Programming Models. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management,2006,132(4):218-224
[25] James R Chastain, Jr A. Heuristic Methodology for Locating Monitoring Stations To Detect Contamination in Water Distribution Systems. In: Proceedings of the world water and environmental resources conference. Anchorage: ASCE,2004, 678-693
[26] Propato M. Contamination warning in water networks: General mixed-integer linear models for sensor location design. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management,2006,132(4):225-233
[27] Grayman W M, Ostfeld A, Salomons E. Locating Monitors in Water Distribution Systems: Red Team–Blue Team Exercise. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management,2006,132(4):300-304
[28] 张土乔,黄亚东.基于污染物侵入模拟的供水管网水质监测点优化选址方法.系统工程理论与实践,2007,27(8):146-151
[29] 郭娇,刘遂庆,信昆仑.供水管网水质监测点优化布置方法.见:供水行业 2010年技术进步发展规划研讨会论文集.成都:中国城镇供水排水协会,2006,327-331
[30] Clark R M, Adam N R, Atluri V, et al. Development of a Consortium for Water Security and Safety: Planning for an Early Warning System. In: Proceedings of the World Water and Environmental Resources Congress. Salt Lake City: ASCE,2004,534-546
[31] 许阳,祝建平.杭州管网水质实时监测系统.给水排水,2002,28(2):91-93
[32] 孙瑛.管网水质的在线监测.净水技术,2004,23(6):34-36
[33] 谭水成.基于 MapX 的给水管网地理信息系统开发:[湖南大学硕士学位论文].长沙:湖南大学土木工程学院,2006,14-21
[34] 王超,佘廉.社会重大突发事件的预警管理模式研究.武汉理工大学学报(社会科学版),2005,18(1):26-29
[35] 李明强,张凯,岳晓.突发事件的复杂科学理论研究.中南财经政法大学学报, 2005,13(6):23-26
[36] 彭及坤.一种可靠实用的 GSM 在线仪表监测系统.中国计量,2005,11(4):76-76
[37] 肖贤明,傅家谟.逆渗透组合工艺法去除自来水中重金属有放射性核素.净水技术,2002,21(1):18-20
[38] Karl L King, Ziyi Wang, Dan J Kroll. Classification of deviations in a process. USA. 6999898,2006-2-14
[39] 张俊强,魏建军,张杨等.Microtox 毒性检测系统与给水水质预警.中国给水排水,2007,23(16):79-80
[40] 赵洪宾.给水管网系统与分析.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2003,112-114
[41] 陶建科.建立上海市计算机给水管网动态水力模型研究.中国给水排水,1999, 15(4):11-13
[42] Hamam Y M, Brameller A. Hybrid method for the solution of piping networks. IEE Proceedings,1971,113(11):1607-1612
[43] Osiadacz A. Simulation and analysis of gas networks. Houston: Gulf Publishing Company, 1987,112-143
[44] Todini E, Pilati S. A gradient method for the analysis of pipe networks. In: International Conference on Computer Applications for Water Supply and Distribution. Leicester Polytechnic,1987,1134-1149
[45] 许仕荣,邱振华.给水管网的计算理论与电算应用.长沙:湖南大学出版社,1997, 52-104
[46] Rossman L A. EPANET2 users manual. Cincinnati: Water Supply and Water Resources Division National Risk Management Research Laboratory,2000, 193-199
[47] 徐洪福,赵洪宾,张金松等.输配水系统中水体余氯的衰减规律研究.中国给水排水,2003,19(8):15-18
[48] Uber J, Shang F, Rossman L A. Extensions to EPANET for Fate and Transport of Multiple Interacting Chemical or Biological Components. In: Proceedings of the World Water and Environmental Resources Congress. Salt Lake City,2004, 125-138
[49] 李欣,宋学峰.配水管网水质变化的研究(Ⅱ):余氯消耗动力学机制的研究.哈尔滨建筑大学学报,1999,32(3):52-56
[50] 徐洪福.配水管网系统水质变化规律与水质模型研究:[哈尔滨工业大学博士学位论文].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学市政与环境学院,2003,47-65
[51] Chaudhry M H, Islam M R. Water quality modeling in pipe networks. In: Proceedings of Congress on Improving Efficiency and Reliability in Water Distribution. Valencia,1994,721-735
[52] Grayman W M, Clark R M, RM Males. Modeling Distribution-System Water Quality: Dynamic Approach. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management,1988,114(3):295-312
[53] Rossman L A, Boulos P F. Discrete volume-element method for network water-quality models, Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, 1993, 119(5):505-517
[54] 许仕荣,李斌,李黎武.事件驱动法模拟输配水管网中余氯浓度变化.湖南大学学报(自然科学版),2003,30(5):61-64
[55] Rossman L A, Boulos P F. Numerical methods for modeling water quality in distribution systems: A comparison, Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, 1996,122(2):137-146
[56] 中华人民共和国卫生部.生活饮用水卫生标准(GB5749-2006).北京: 中国标准出版社,2006,2-3
[57] 中华人民共和国建设部.城市供水水质标准(CJ/T206-2005).北京:中国标准出版社,2005,5-6
[58] Lee B H, Deininger R A. Locating monitoring stations in water distribution systems. American Water Works Association,1991,83(7):60-66
[59] 《运筹学》教材编写组.运筹学.北京:清华大学出版社,2000,112-143
[60] 《现代应用数学手册》编委会.现代应用数学手册-运筹学与最优化理论卷.北京:清华大学出版社,1998,231-278
[61] 袁新生,廖大庆.用 LINGO6.0 求解大型数学规划.工科数学,2001,17(5):73-77
[62] 方军,张秀明.基于 Lingo 软件的消防站布局优化.消防科学与技术,2006,25(6): 809-812
[63] 四维科技,赵斯思.Visual Basic 数据库编程技术与实例.北京:人民邮电出版社, 2004,2-10
[64] 隋永强.基于 OPC 技术的分布式控制系统研究及应用:[武汉理工大学硕士学位论文].武汉:武汉理工大学自动化学院,2006,16-19
[65] 黄康铭.基于 OPC/DDE 技术的监控软件的研究开发:[中南大学硕士学位论文].长沙:中南大学计算机学院,2006,16-18
[66] 卢秋红,张国伟.动态数据交换在工业自动控制组态系统中的应用.工业仪表与自动化装置,2001,24(6):17-19
[2] 李俊红,刘树枫.浅谈环境预警指标体系的建立.西安建筑科技大学学报, 2000,32(1):78-81
[3] 董志颖,李兵.水质预警理论初探.水资源研究,2002,23(1):36-38
[4] 魏文达.江河水污染预警预报系统建设模式的探讨.广西水利水电,2000,25(3): 4-8
[5] 冉圣宏,陈吉宁.区域水环境污染预警系统的建立.上海环境科学,2002,21(9): 541-544
[6] 张锡辉,郑振华,欧阳二明等.水源水质在线监测预警系统的建设.中国给水排水,2005,21(11):14-17
[7] 周密,王秋,吕升奇.长江饮用水源地水质监测保障系统研究.人民长江,2006, 37(8):12-14
[8] 刘丽君,黄晓东,尤作亮等.水源水质在线预警监测系统的建设与应用.城镇供水, 2006,6(4):2-4
[9] 马放,邱珊.完善饮用水水源保护预警应急机制.环境保护,2007,14(1):30-33
[10] 乐林生,陈国光,康兰英等.上海市城市管网水水质研究及对策措施.见:饮用水安全保障技术与管理国际研讨会论文集,北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2005,243-248
[11] Lee B H, Deininger R A. Optimal Locations of Monitoring Stations in Water Distribution System. Journal of Environmental Engineering,1992,118(1):4-16
[12] Kumar A, Kansal M L. Identification of monitoring stations in water distribution systems. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 1997,123(6):746-752
[13] 张怀宇,赵洪宾.市政给水管网水质监测点的优化选址.给水排水,1996,22(10): 5-8
[14] 李斌.城市输配水管网水质变化的动态模拟:[湖南大学硕士学位论文].长沙:湖南大学土木工程学院,2002,16-18
[15] 许仕荣,周书葵.基于节点水龄的供水管网水质监测点的优化布置.南华大学学报(理工版),2003,17(3):13-16
[16] Harmant P, Nace A, Kiene L, et al. Optimal Supervision of Drinking Water Distribution Network. In: 26th Annual Water Resources Planning and Management conf. Reston: ASCE, 1999,251-259
[17] 张土乔,黄亚东,吴小刚.供水管网水质监测点选址风险研究.自然灾害学报, 2006,15(1):149-154
[18] Kessler A, Ostfeld A, Sinai G. Detecting Accidental Contaminations in Municipal Water Networks. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management,1998,124(4):192-198
[19] Kumar A, Kansal M, Arora G. Discussion of Detecting Accidental Contaminations in Municipal Water Networks. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management,1999,125(5):308-310
[20] Jonathan W Berry, Fleischer L, Hart W E, et al. Sensor Placement in Municipal Water Networks. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, 2005,131(3):237-243
[21] Watson J P, Greenberg H J, Hart W H. A Multiple-Objective Analysis of Sensor Placement Optimization in Water Networks. In: Proceedings of the World Water and Environmental Resources Congress. Salt Lake City:ASCE,2004,267-281
[22] 方海恩,吕谋,毕继胜.预警监测站优化布置方法的探讨.青岛理工大学学报, 2006,27(3):71-73
[23] Ostfeld A, Salomons E. Optimal Layout of Early Warning Detection Stations for Water Distribution Systems Security. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management,2004,130(5):377-385
[24] Jonathan W Berry, Hart W E, Phillips C A, et al. Sensor Placement in Municipal Water Networks with Temporal Integer Programming Models. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management,2006,132(4):218-224
[25] James R Chastain, Jr A. Heuristic Methodology for Locating Monitoring Stations To Detect Contamination in Water Distribution Systems. In: Proceedings of the world water and environmental resources conference. Anchorage: ASCE,2004, 678-693
[26] Propato M. Contamination warning in water networks: General mixed-integer linear models for sensor location design. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management,2006,132(4):225-233
[27] Grayman W M, Ostfeld A, Salomons E. Locating Monitors in Water Distribution Systems: Red Team–Blue Team Exercise. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management,2006,132(4):300-304
[28] 张土乔,黄亚东.基于污染物侵入模拟的供水管网水质监测点优化选址方法.系统工程理论与实践,2007,27(8):146-151
[29] 郭娇,刘遂庆,信昆仑.供水管网水质监测点优化布置方法.见:供水行业 2010年技术进步发展规划研讨会论文集.成都:中国城镇供水排水协会,2006,327-331
[30] Clark R M, Adam N R, Atluri V, et al. Development of a Consortium for Water Security and Safety: Planning for an Early Warning System. In: Proceedings of the World Water and Environmental Resources Congress. Salt Lake City: ASCE,2004,534-546
[31] 许阳,祝建平.杭州管网水质实时监测系统.给水排水,2002,28(2):91-93
[32] 孙瑛.管网水质的在线监测.净水技术,2004,23(6):34-36
[33] 谭水成.基于 MapX 的给水管网地理信息系统开发:[湖南大学硕士学位论文].长沙:湖南大学土木工程学院,2006,14-21
[34] 王超,佘廉.社会重大突发事件的预警管理模式研究.武汉理工大学学报(社会科学版),2005,18(1):26-29
[35] 李明强,张凯,岳晓.突发事件的复杂科学理论研究.中南财经政法大学学报, 2005,13(6):23-26
[36] 彭及坤.一种可靠实用的 GSM 在线仪表监测系统.中国计量,2005,11(4):76-76
[37] 肖贤明,傅家谟.逆渗透组合工艺法去除自来水中重金属有放射性核素.净水技术,2002,21(1):18-20
[38] Karl L King, Ziyi Wang, Dan J Kroll. Classification of deviations in a process. USA. 6999898,2006-2-14
[39] 张俊强,魏建军,张杨等.Microtox 毒性检测系统与给水水质预警.中国给水排水,2007,23(16):79-80
[40] 赵洪宾.给水管网系统与分析.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2003,112-114
[41] 陶建科.建立上海市计算机给水管网动态水力模型研究.中国给水排水,1999, 15(4):11-13
[42] Hamam Y M, Brameller A. Hybrid method for the solution of piping networks. IEE Proceedings,1971,113(11):1607-1612
[43] Osiadacz A. Simulation and analysis of gas networks. Houston: Gulf Publishing Company, 1987,112-143
[44] Todini E, Pilati S. A gradient method for the analysis of pipe networks. In: International Conference on Computer Applications for Water Supply and Distribution. Leicester Polytechnic,1987,1134-1149
[45] 许仕荣,邱振华.给水管网的计算理论与电算应用.长沙:湖南大学出版社,1997, 52-104
[46] Rossman L A. EPANET2 users manual. Cincinnati: Water Supply and Water Resources Division National Risk Management Research Laboratory,2000, 193-199
[47] 徐洪福,赵洪宾,张金松等.输配水系统中水体余氯的衰减规律研究.中国给水排水,2003,19(8):15-18
[48] Uber J, Shang F, Rossman L A. Extensions to EPANET for Fate and Transport of Multiple Interacting Chemical or Biological Components. In: Proceedings of the World Water and Environmental Resources Congress. Salt Lake City,2004, 125-138
[49] 李欣,宋学峰.配水管网水质变化的研究(Ⅱ):余氯消耗动力学机制的研究.哈尔滨建筑大学学报,1999,32(3):52-56
[50] 徐洪福.配水管网系统水质变化规律与水质模型研究:[哈尔滨工业大学博士学位论文].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学市政与环境学院,2003,47-65
[51] Chaudhry M H, Islam M R. Water quality modeling in pipe networks. In: Proceedings of Congress on Improving Efficiency and Reliability in Water Distribution. Valencia,1994,721-735
[52] Grayman W M, Clark R M, RM Males. Modeling Distribution-System Water Quality: Dynamic Approach. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management,1988,114(3):295-312
[53] Rossman L A, Boulos P F. Discrete volume-element method for network water-quality models, Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, 1993, 119(5):505-517
[54] 许仕荣,李斌,李黎武.事件驱动法模拟输配水管网中余氯浓度变化.湖南大学学报(自然科学版),2003,30(5):61-64
[55] Rossman L A, Boulos P F. Numerical methods for modeling water quality in distribution systems: A comparison, Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, 1996,122(2):137-146
[56] 中华人民共和国卫生部.生活饮用水卫生标准(GB5749-2006).北京: 中国标准出版社,2006,2-3
[57] 中华人民共和国建设部.城市供水水质标准(CJ/T206-2005).北京:中国标准出版社,2005,5-6
[58] Lee B H, Deininger R A. Locating monitoring stations in water distribution systems. American Water Works Association,1991,83(7):60-66
[59] 《运筹学》教材编写组.运筹学.北京:清华大学出版社,2000,112-143
[60] 《现代应用数学手册》编委会.现代应用数学手册-运筹学与最优化理论卷.北京:清华大学出版社,1998,231-278
[61] 袁新生,廖大庆.用 LINGO6.0 求解大型数学规划.工科数学,2001,17(5):73-77
[62] 方军,张秀明.基于 Lingo 软件的消防站布局优化.消防科学与技术,2006,25(6): 809-812
[63] 四维科技,赵斯思.Visual Basic 数据库编程技术与实例.北京:人民邮电出版社, 2004,2-10
[64] 隋永强.基于 OPC 技术的分布式控制系统研究及应用:[武汉理工大学硕士学位论文].武汉:武汉理工大学自动化学院,2006,16-19
[65] 黄康铭.基于 OPC/DDE 技术的监控软件的研究开发:[中南大学硕士学位论文].长沙:中南大学计算机学院,2006,16-18
[66] 卢秋红,张国伟.动态数据交换在工业自动控制组态系统中的应用.工业仪表与自动化装置,2001,24(6):17-19