高产栽培条件下春玉米—晚稻种植模式产量及经济效益研究
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摘要
为了探索我国南方双季稻田的粮食生产潜力、经济效益和最佳种植模式,于2008年在湖南醴陵市白兔潭镇高产双季稻田,在高产栽培条件下进行了春玉米-晚稻种植模式(模式A)的产量和经济效益研究,以双季水稻(早稻-晚稻)种植模式(模式B)和双季玉米(春玉米-秋玉米)种植模式(模式C)为对照,主要研究结果如下：
(1)模式A双季全年总产量为21280.8kg/hm2,与模式C (20988.4kg/hm~2)没有显著差异,比模式B(17174.6kg/hm2)显著增产。总成本投入大小亦以模式A>模式C>模式B,最后模式A的纯收益与模式C相当没有显著差异,但显著大于模式B。模式A春玉米产值占该模式总产值的56.8%,晚稻占43.2%,成本投入中春玉米农资产品的投入和晚稻的田间管理费用分别占主要因素。
(2)模式A春玉米高产(12187.7kg/hm2)主要源于高的穗粒数(625粒/穗)和千粒重(423.1g)的增加,晚稻高产(9093.1kg/hm2)主要源于单位面积上较大的有效穗数(259.5万穗/hm2)和穗粒数(161粒/穗)。与此同时,春玉米和晚稻较高的地上部生物产量(分别为2292.3g/m2和1684.5g/m2)是模式A高产的物质基础。
(3)对于春玉米-晚稻高产种植模式下春玉米,充分利用温光水资源,适期早播,选用半紧凑中晚熟杂交品种,合理施肥,采取控湿控倒、增穗(粒)、增(粒)重的“双控、双增”栽培配套技术,是夺取稻田春玉米高产的关键技术措施：选用晚熟大穗杂交品种,培育壮秧,增加本田移栽基数,足穗增粒,抗倒防衰,是夺取玉米茬晚稻高产的重要措施。
In order to explore food yield production potential, economic efficiency and the best crop plant mode in double season paddy fields in southern China, field experiment was conducted with 3 crop cultivation modes, including spring maize-late rice(mode A), double-cropping rice (mode B), and double-cropping maize (mode C), in Liling county of Hunan province in 2008. The study was carried out under high yield cultivation conditions and the main results are as follows:
(1) The production of "spring maize-Late rice" is 21280.8kg/hm~2, the production of "spring maize-autumn maize" (20988.4kg/hm~2) is in second place. However, the difference did not reach significant levels. Production of double-crop rice is the lowest, only 17174.6kg/hm~2, the production of mode B achieved with mode A and mode C to significant differences levels. The total cost of three modes as follows:spring maize-Late rice＞double maize＞double-crop rice, the net incomes of three modes as follows: double maize＞spring maize-Late rice＞double-crop rice, however, net income of mode C and mode A did not meet the significant difference. The output of spring maize accounts for 56.8 percent and late rice accounts for 43.2 percent in the mode A.
(2) The yield of spring maize is12187.7kg/hm~2 in the mode A, the yield of spring maize mainly depends on the grain number per ear (625 grain/ear) and 1000 grain weight (423.1g); the production of late rice is 9093.1kg/hm~2 in the mode A, the yield of late rice mainly depends on the panicle number per hectare (259.5million/ha) and grain number per pan (161 grain/pan). At the same time, the higher biomass production of the spring maize and late rice are 2292.3g/m~2 and 1684.5g/m~2, this is the material basis of mode A.
(3) For the mode A, there is adequate rainfall and rich resources of heart energy during the spring maize growth, appropriate early seeding, selecting semi-compact of late-maturing maize varieties, reasonable fertilization, controlling humidity and lodging of maize and increasing grain number and grain weight, this method referred to as the " dual control and dual-add ". The late rice was selected late-maturing rice varieties, nurturing healthy and robust seedlings, increasing the density of late rice to increase pans and controlling lodging and aging. Only in this way can be high-yielding for late rice.
(1)模式A双季全年总产量为21280.8kg/hm2,与模式C (20988.4kg/hm~2)没有显著差异,比模式B(17174.6kg/hm2)显著增产。总成本投入大小亦以模式A>模式C>模式B,最后模式A的纯收益与模式C相当没有显著差异,但显著大于模式B。模式A春玉米产值占该模式总产值的56.8%,晚稻占43.2%,成本投入中春玉米农资产品的投入和晚稻的田间管理费用分别占主要因素。
(2)模式A春玉米高产(12187.7kg/hm2)主要源于高的穗粒数(625粒/穗)和千粒重(423.1g)的增加,晚稻高产(9093.1kg/hm2)主要源于单位面积上较大的有效穗数(259.5万穗/hm2)和穗粒数(161粒/穗)。与此同时,春玉米和晚稻较高的地上部生物产量(分别为2292.3g/m2和1684.5g/m2)是模式A高产的物质基础。
(3)对于春玉米-晚稻高产种植模式下春玉米,充分利用温光水资源,适期早播,选用半紧凑中晚熟杂交品种,合理施肥,采取控湿控倒、增穗(粒)、增(粒)重的“双控、双增”栽培配套技术,是夺取稻田春玉米高产的关键技术措施：选用晚熟大穗杂交品种,培育壮秧,增加本田移栽基数,足穗增粒,抗倒防衰,是夺取玉米茬晚稻高产的重要措施。
In order to explore food yield production potential, economic efficiency and the best crop plant mode in double season paddy fields in southern China, field experiment was conducted with 3 crop cultivation modes, including spring maize-late rice(mode A), double-cropping rice (mode B), and double-cropping maize (mode C), in Liling county of Hunan province in 2008. The study was carried out under high yield cultivation conditions and the main results are as follows:
(1) The production of "spring maize-Late rice" is 21280.8kg/hm~2, the production of "spring maize-autumn maize" (20988.4kg/hm~2) is in second place. However, the difference did not reach significant levels. Production of double-crop rice is the lowest, only 17174.6kg/hm~2, the production of mode B achieved with mode A and mode C to significant differences levels. The total cost of three modes as follows:spring maize-Late rice＞double maize＞double-crop rice, the net incomes of three modes as follows: double maize＞spring maize-Late rice＞double-crop rice, however, net income of mode C and mode A did not meet the significant difference. The output of spring maize accounts for 56.8 percent and late rice accounts for 43.2 percent in the mode A.
(2) The yield of spring maize is12187.7kg/hm~2 in the mode A, the yield of spring maize mainly depends on the grain number per ear (625 grain/ear) and 1000 grain weight (423.1g); the production of late rice is 9093.1kg/hm~2 in the mode A, the yield of late rice mainly depends on the panicle number per hectare (259.5million/ha) and grain number per pan (161 grain/pan). At the same time, the higher biomass production of the spring maize and late rice are 2292.3g/m~2 and 1684.5g/m~2, this is the material basis of mode A.
(3) For the mode A, there is adequate rainfall and rich resources of heart energy during the spring maize growth, appropriate early seeding, selecting semi-compact of late-maturing maize varieties, reasonable fertilization, controlling humidity and lodging of maize and increasing grain number and grain weight, this method referred to as the " dual control and dual-add ". The late rice was selected late-maturing rice varieties, nurturing healthy and robust seedlings, increasing the density of late rice to increase pans and controlling lodging and aging. Only in this way can be high-yielding for late rice.
引文
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[2]庞良玉,曾祖俊,孙禄鉴,等.成都平原稻田增种秋玉米配套栽培技术[J].四川农业科技,1992,(4)：6
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[4]佟屏亚.亩产吨粮技术[M].北京：金盾出版社,1990,1-53
[5]赵强基,郑建初,袁从玮,等.中国南方稻区玉米-稻种植模式的建立和实践[J].江苏农业学报,1997,13(4)：215-219
[6]元生朝.合理的复种轮作与湖北省稻田耕作制度改革[J].作物学报,1981,7(3)：211-216
[7]Hamid A,Gary M,Paulsen,Zandstra H G.Performance of rice grown after upland crops and fallow in the humid tropics[J].Tropical Agric.,1984,61(4):305-310
[8]Mahapatra P K,Bhol B B,Patnaik R N.Rice based crop rotation for upland fields [J].IRRN,1987,12(4):64
[9]黄冲平.连作稻田水旱轮作对土壤物理性状和后作产量的影响[J].浙江农业大学学报增刊,1990(5)：72-74
[10]叶方,黄国勤,刘隆旺,等.红壤旱地不同种植模式杂草群落的初步分析[J].中国集约型农作制可持续发展,2000：248-252
[11]王淑彬,黄国勤,黄海泉,等.稻田水旱轮作的生态经济效应研究[J].江西农业大学学报(自然科学版),2002(6)：758-761
[12]张志罡,孙继英,付秀芹,等.稻田不同种植模式对蜘蛛群落的影响[J].中国植保导刊,2007(6)：5-7
[13]杨天使，彭爱民.水早轮作对土壤性状的影响[J].湖北农业科学,1983,3(1)：16-18
[14]王家玉.平原稻田的水旱轮作与地力保持[J].国外科技,1984(6)：24-27
[15]方兆登,张益农.杭嘉湖平原水稻土物理性状的探讨[J].土壤,1987,19(5)：253-258
[16]李实烨,王家五,孔繁根,等.稻田连年种植大麦双季稻三熟制对作物产量和土壤肥力的影响[J].中国农业科学,1987,20(1)：56-65
[17]刘元昌.双三制下水稻土性质的变化及其防治[J].土壤通报,1980,(3)：46-48
[18]方兆登,张益农.杭嘉湖平原水稻土物理性状的探讨[J].土壤,1987,19(5)：253-258
[19]王家玉.多熟制条件下稻田土壤肥力演变及其管理[J].中国农业科学,1987,20(3)：73-80
[20]王子芳,高明,秦建成,等.稻田长期水旱轮作对土壤肥力的影响研究[J].西南农业大学学报(自然科学版),2003,12(6)：514-517
[21]黄伟生,彭佩钦,苏以荣,等.洞庭湖区耕地利用方式对土壤活性有机碳的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2006,25(3)：756-760
[22]蔡燕飞,章家恩,张杨珠,等.稻作制度对红壤性水稻土有机质特征的影响[J].土壤,2006,38(4)：396-399
[23]Smith J L, Paul E A.The significance of soil microbial biomass estimations. Jean-Marc Blooag and GStotzky eds[J].Soil Biochemistry. INC,1991,6:359-396
[24]高云超,朱文珊,陈文新.土壤微生物生物量周转的估算[J].生态学杂志,1993,12(6)：6-10
[25]姚槐应,何振立,陈国潮,等.红壤微生物量在土壤-黑麦草系统中的肥力意义[J].应用生态学报,1999,10(6)：725-728
[26]王淑彬,黄国勤,李年龙,等.稻田水旱轮作的土壤微生物效应[J].西农业大学学报(自然科学版),2002,6(30)：321-323
[27]高明,周保同,魏朝富,等.不同耕作方式对稻田土壤动物、微生物及酶活性的影响研究[J].应用生态学报,2004,7(7)：1177-1181
[28]崔读昌.中国粮食作物气候资源利用效率及其提高的途径[J].中国农业气象,2001,5(2)：25-31
[29]谢林中.光温资源利用与双季稻熟型搭配初探[J].作物研究,2000,(2)：60-62
[30]黄国勤,熊云明,钱海燕,等.稻田轮作系统的生态学分析[J].土壤学报,2006,1(1)：69-77
[31]段红平.中国南方耕作制度面临的主要问题与研究现状[J].耕作与栽培,2000(6)：1-4
[32]钟武云.湖南稻田耕作制度改革的形势与对策.作物研究,2003,17(3)：114-116
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