水肥耦合对草莓生长、产量品质及水肥利用效率的影响
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摘要
本研究以“全明星”草莓(Fragaria ananassa Duch cv.“All star”)为试材,系统探讨了不同的肥料种类、灌溉方式以及水肥组合对草莓生长、产量品质和水肥利用效率的影响。目的是找到适合温室草莓生长的灌溉方式和肥料种类,及合适的灌水和施肥量,为节水节肥农业的发展提供理论依据和技术支持。试验结果表明:
1.通过对等量肥效的控释肥和化肥处理的草莓生长、产量品质以及肥料的农学利用效率的研究表明,控释肥处理都要优于化肥处理,控释肥处理的草莓收入比化肥有较大提高。
2.分根灌溉(PRD)处理在保持产量和植株的水分状态以及节水等方面具有一定的优势。PRD1和PDR2处理的叶水势相应地比DI1和DI2处理叶水势高,产量和水分利用效率均显著提高,而气孔导度较低;PRD2、DI1和DI2等处理下的产量却比FI处理的明显降低,因此,PRD2不适宜在设施草莓生产上应用。然而适当增加PRD灌溉量(如相当于全灌灌水量的70%),在草莓产量不明显下降的前提下,仍能节约大量的灌溉水。
3.不同水肥处理间草莓的各个生长指标都存在显著性差异,总体看各指标在75%水分处理条件下较好。75%水分与任一肥料处理组合(T6、T7和T8)和施肥条件下完全灌水处理组合(T10和T11)的植株的生长势较强,说明在完全灌水条件下,在一定施肥限度内,肥料越多,植株的生长势就越强,肥料对作物的促进作用越大;在水分亏缺的条件下,施控释肥多少对草莓植株生长势的影响不大。
4.不同水肥处理对草莓生育期内生理变化的影响为:中水高肥处理(T6)的植株各个时期的光合速率在所有处理中均最大,其次是高水高肥(T10)和高水中肥(T11)处理。干物质含量的最大值出现在(中水中肥)T7处理中,比T6处理仅高2.9%;75%肥料处理比100%肥料处理的还要高,但差异不显著。T6和T7的叶片叶绿素含量相对较高,而且变化较稳定。根系活力在75%水分灌溉下达到最大值,T6和T7处理的根系活力的最大,两者的差异性不显著。不同时期叶片中SOD、POD、CAT活性,都是T6处理各时期的活性最高,MDA含量在各处理中相差不大。土壤水势在T2(低水高肥组合)、T7和T10处理中变化幅度最大。说明从生理指标看,T6和T7处理是草莓生长的最优组合。
5.水肥耦合能显著改变草莓的品质和产量,但是产量和品质都不是随水分和肥料的增加无限制的提高的。T1(低水空白)、T7和T10处理的草莓的内在品质较好;T7处理的草莓产量在所有处理中最高;T11处理的草莓的单果重最大,其次是T6和T7处理;毛收入是T6处理的最大,纯收入是T7处理的最大,T7和T6组合在增加草莓经济效益上较好,因此处理T6和T7是最优组合。
6.不同水肥组合对水肥利用效率的影响:T7处理肥料的农学利用效率显著高于其他处理;叶片中的氮含量在T2、T3、T6和T7处理的变化不大;T7处理叶片磷的含量最高,T6处理次之,二者的差异性不显著;钾含量的变化趋势与氮含量的变化趋势相似;T7处理的肥料农学利用效率最高;T6、T7和T11处理组合中叶片中大量元素的含量较高,而且变化也比较平稳,T6和T7处理下差异不大。综上所述,T7处理是低投入高产出的最优水肥组合。
The effect of different fertilizer, irrigation methods and coupling of water and controlled-release fertilizer on the growth potential, fruit yield and quality and use efficiency of water and fertilizer were studied with "All-Star" Strawberry as trial material. The purpose was to find appropriate irrigation methods and types of fertilizer for the growth of strawberry in greenhouse, and amount of water and fertilizer. This study provided theoretical basis and technical support for the development of water-saving and fertilizer-saving agriculture. The results showed that:
1. The strawberry growth potential, yield and quality, and fertilizer use efficiency in agriculture were studied in equal amount of controlled-release fertilizer treatment and chemical fertilizer treatment.The results showed that controlled-release fertilizer treatment was better than chemical fertilizer treatment. Compared with chemical fertilizer treatment, strawberry revenue of controlled-release fertilizer treatment was increased by 80.3%.
2. Partial root-zone drying treatment (PRD) had certain advantages in maintaining production and water status of plant and saving water. The midday leaf water potential(ΨL)in PRD1 (one-half of the root-zone was irrigated to field capacity, and the other half maintained drying; irrigation was shifted from one side to the other side of root-zone when valumetric soil water content (θ) at the drying side decreased to about 10%) and PRD2 (irrigation methods was the same as PRD1, irrigated water was 1/2 of FI) were accordingly higher than in DI1(irrigation methods was the same as FI, irrigated water was the same as PRD1) and DI2 (irrigation methods was the same as FI, irrigated water was the same as PRD2), fresh strawberry yield and water use efficiency significantly increased, but their stomatal conductances (gs) were lower; Compared with FI, yield was significantly decreased in PRD2、DI1and DI2 treatments, therefore, PRD2 was an inappropriate application on strawberry production. However, increasing PRD irrigation properly (such as irrigation amount equal to 70% of FI) could still save a lot of irrigation water without significantly decreasing strawberry yield.
3. Every growth indicator of strawberry in different treatments existed significant differences. Overall the indexes at 75% soil moisture conditions were better. T6, T7, T8, T10 and T11 treatments could enhance growth potential of plants. This explained that the more fertilizer the stronger growth potential under full irrigation conditions within the limits of certain fertilizer and the fertilizer promotion to crop was great; under water deficit conditions, the effect of controlled-release fertilizer applied on the strawberry growth potential was modest.
4. The effect on physiological changes in strawberry growth periods under different water and fertilizer treatments was that: plant photosynthetic rate in T6 was the largest in all treatments, followed by T10 and T11.The maximum of dry matter content appeared in T7 treatment, higher than T6 only by 2.9%; 75% fertilizer treatments was even higher than 100% fertilizer treatments, but the differences were not significant. Chlorophyll content inT6 and T7 was relatively higher, and the changes were stable. Root activity in 75% of the irrigation treatments reached the maximum, and in T6 and T7 were the largest and their differences were not significant. The highest value of SOD activity, POD activity, CAT activity of leaf in different periods appeared in T6; the difference of MDA content in different treatments wasn’t significant. The soil water potential changes in T2, T7 and T10 were the most. Noting from the physiological view, T6 and T7 treatments were the optimal combination for strawberry growing.
5. Coupling of water and fertilizer could change quality and yield of strawberry significantly, but not the more the better. The quality of strawberry in T1, T7 and T10 treatments was better. Yield reached maximum in T7 treatment of all the processing; Strawberry fruit weight in T11 was largest, followed by the T6 and T7 treatments; T6 was the best treatment for gross income, net income in T7 was the largest, T7 and T6 treatments were better for increasing strawberry economic returns, therefore, T6 and T7 were the better combination.
6. Different combinations of water and fertilizer could impact the water and fertilizer use efficiency: The fertilizer use efficiency in T7 treatment was significantly higher than other treatments; The changes of nitrogen content of leaf in T2, T3, T6 and T7 were small; The phosphorus content of leaf in T7 was the highest, followed by T6 treatment, and the difference between two treatments was not significant; The trend of potassium content was similar to nitrogen content; agricultural Fertilizer use efficiency in T7 was higher than others; The large-element content of leaf in T6, T7 and T11 was higher, and changes were relatively stable. The difference between T6 and T7 was similar. In summary, T6 and T7 were the optimal combinations for strawberry growth, but input of T6 was more, so T7 was the best combination of water and fertilizer within low-input and high-output.
1.通过对等量肥效的控释肥和化肥处理的草莓生长、产量品质以及肥料的农学利用效率的研究表明,控释肥处理都要优于化肥处理,控释肥处理的草莓收入比化肥有较大提高。
2.分根灌溉(PRD)处理在保持产量和植株的水分状态以及节水等方面具有一定的优势。PRD1和PDR2处理的叶水势相应地比DI1和DI2处理叶水势高,产量和水分利用效率均显著提高,而气孔导度较低;PRD2、DI1和DI2等处理下的产量却比FI处理的明显降低,因此,PRD2不适宜在设施草莓生产上应用。然而适当增加PRD灌溉量(如相当于全灌灌水量的70%),在草莓产量不明显下降的前提下,仍能节约大量的灌溉水。
3.不同水肥处理间草莓的各个生长指标都存在显著性差异,总体看各指标在75%水分处理条件下较好。75%水分与任一肥料处理组合(T6、T7和T8)和施肥条件下完全灌水处理组合(T10和T11)的植株的生长势较强,说明在完全灌水条件下,在一定施肥限度内,肥料越多,植株的生长势就越强,肥料对作物的促进作用越大;在水分亏缺的条件下,施控释肥多少对草莓植株生长势的影响不大。
4.不同水肥处理对草莓生育期内生理变化的影响为:中水高肥处理(T6)的植株各个时期的光合速率在所有处理中均最大,其次是高水高肥(T10)和高水中肥(T11)处理。干物质含量的最大值出现在(中水中肥)T7处理中,比T6处理仅高2.9%;75%肥料处理比100%肥料处理的还要高,但差异不显著。T6和T7的叶片叶绿素含量相对较高,而且变化较稳定。根系活力在75%水分灌溉下达到最大值,T6和T7处理的根系活力的最大,两者的差异性不显著。不同时期叶片中SOD、POD、CAT活性,都是T6处理各时期的活性最高,MDA含量在各处理中相差不大。土壤水势在T2(低水高肥组合)、T7和T10处理中变化幅度最大。说明从生理指标看,T6和T7处理是草莓生长的最优组合。
5.水肥耦合能显著改变草莓的品质和产量,但是产量和品质都不是随水分和肥料的增加无限制的提高的。T1(低水空白)、T7和T10处理的草莓的内在品质较好;T7处理的草莓产量在所有处理中最高;T11处理的草莓的单果重最大,其次是T6和T7处理;毛收入是T6处理的最大,纯收入是T7处理的最大,T7和T6组合在增加草莓经济效益上较好,因此处理T6和T7是最优组合。
6.不同水肥组合对水肥利用效率的影响:T7处理肥料的农学利用效率显著高于其他处理;叶片中的氮含量在T2、T3、T6和T7处理的变化不大;T7处理叶片磷的含量最高,T6处理次之,二者的差异性不显著;钾含量的变化趋势与氮含量的变化趋势相似;T7处理的肥料农学利用效率最高;T6、T7和T11处理组合中叶片中大量元素的含量较高,而且变化也比较平稳,T6和T7处理下差异不大。综上所述,T7处理是低投入高产出的最优水肥组合。
The effect of different fertilizer, irrigation methods and coupling of water and controlled-release fertilizer on the growth potential, fruit yield and quality and use efficiency of water and fertilizer were studied with "All-Star" Strawberry as trial material. The purpose was to find appropriate irrigation methods and types of fertilizer for the growth of strawberry in greenhouse, and amount of water and fertilizer. This study provided theoretical basis and technical support for the development of water-saving and fertilizer-saving agriculture. The results showed that:
1. The strawberry growth potential, yield and quality, and fertilizer use efficiency in agriculture were studied in equal amount of controlled-release fertilizer treatment and chemical fertilizer treatment.The results showed that controlled-release fertilizer treatment was better than chemical fertilizer treatment. Compared with chemical fertilizer treatment, strawberry revenue of controlled-release fertilizer treatment was increased by 80.3%.
2. Partial root-zone drying treatment (PRD) had certain advantages in maintaining production and water status of plant and saving water. The midday leaf water potential(ΨL)in PRD1 (one-half of the root-zone was irrigated to field capacity, and the other half maintained drying; irrigation was shifted from one side to the other side of root-zone when valumetric soil water content (θ) at the drying side decreased to about 10%) and PRD2 (irrigation methods was the same as PRD1, irrigated water was 1/2 of FI) were accordingly higher than in DI1(irrigation methods was the same as FI, irrigated water was the same as PRD1) and DI2 (irrigation methods was the same as FI, irrigated water was the same as PRD2), fresh strawberry yield and water use efficiency significantly increased, but their stomatal conductances (gs) were lower; Compared with FI, yield was significantly decreased in PRD2、DI1and DI2 treatments, therefore, PRD2 was an inappropriate application on strawberry production. However, increasing PRD irrigation properly (such as irrigation amount equal to 70% of FI) could still save a lot of irrigation water without significantly decreasing strawberry yield.
3. Every growth indicator of strawberry in different treatments existed significant differences. Overall the indexes at 75% soil moisture conditions were better. T6, T7, T8, T10 and T11 treatments could enhance growth potential of plants. This explained that the more fertilizer the stronger growth potential under full irrigation conditions within the limits of certain fertilizer and the fertilizer promotion to crop was great; under water deficit conditions, the effect of controlled-release fertilizer applied on the strawberry growth potential was modest.
4. The effect on physiological changes in strawberry growth periods under different water and fertilizer treatments was that: plant photosynthetic rate in T6 was the largest in all treatments, followed by T10 and T11.The maximum of dry matter content appeared in T7 treatment, higher than T6 only by 2.9%; 75% fertilizer treatments was even higher than 100% fertilizer treatments, but the differences were not significant. Chlorophyll content inT6 and T7 was relatively higher, and the changes were stable. Root activity in 75% of the irrigation treatments reached the maximum, and in T6 and T7 were the largest and their differences were not significant. The highest value of SOD activity, POD activity, CAT activity of leaf in different periods appeared in T6; the difference of MDA content in different treatments wasn’t significant. The soil water potential changes in T2, T7 and T10 were the most. Noting from the physiological view, T6 and T7 treatments were the optimal combination for strawberry growing.
5. Coupling of water and fertilizer could change quality and yield of strawberry significantly, but not the more the better. The quality of strawberry in T1, T7 and T10 treatments was better. Yield reached maximum in T7 treatment of all the processing; Strawberry fruit weight in T11 was largest, followed by the T6 and T7 treatments; T6 was the best treatment for gross income, net income in T7 was the largest, T7 and T6 treatments were better for increasing strawberry economic returns, therefore, T6 and T7 were the better combination.
6. Different combinations of water and fertilizer could impact the water and fertilizer use efficiency: The fertilizer use efficiency in T7 treatment was significantly higher than other treatments; The changes of nitrogen content of leaf in T2, T3, T6 and T7 were small; The phosphorus content of leaf in T7 was the highest, followed by T6 treatment, and the difference between two treatments was not significant; The trend of potassium content was similar to nitrogen content; agricultural Fertilizer use efficiency in T7 was higher than others; The large-element content of leaf in T6, T7 and T11 was higher, and changes were relatively stable. The difference between T6 and T7 was similar. In summary, T6 and T7 were the optimal combinations for strawberry growth, but input of T6 was more, so T7 was the best combination of water and fertilizer within low-input and high-output.
引文
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