城市水系统水量平衡模型与计算
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摘要
城市水系统是城市化地区为水资源开发、利用、治理、配置、节约、防洪等进行的取水、供水、输水、用水、排水、污水处理与回用，以及跨区域调水等涉水事务的总称。随着经济发展、城市化进程加快和气候变化异常等，城市面临着水资源供需矛盾突出、水环境恶化、洪涝灾害频繁等紧迫问题，社会经济可持续发展受到制约。因此，对城市水系统进行深入研究，寻找解决城市水问题的途径，是支撑城市可持续发展的重要内容。
本课题旨在建立综合的城市水系统水量平衡计算模型，作为开发利用新水源、降低城市用水量、提高水系统效率解决城市水资源供需矛盾提供参考依据。
首先，分析了国内外城市水系统水量平衡模型研究进展，指出目前国际上已出现水量平衡模型，并在此基础上加入氮、磷、悬浮固体等污染物质流动的分析，指导对城市水系统的管理。国内在这方面仍以城市给水供需平衡、工业水量平衡、流域水资源平衡模型研究与应用为主，而以城市区域为对象探讨综合水系统的水量平衡模型还不多见。
其次，结合城市水系统特点，利用水量平衡理论分层次建立了城市水系统模型，主要包括：
(1)分析了城市水系统中各个组分单元及其特征，从整体上把握各单元组分间的联系，为城市水系统管理提供依据。
(2)基于水量平衡理论，分层次建立了“室内”、“室外”和“管网”等子系统分析模型，其中定义了子系统目标，设定了各子系统时空界限，最终将各个子系统单元量统一到城市整体研究之中。在构造的模型中，通过调整水量参数，判断工程方案对系统水量的影响，以指导城市水系统设计和管理。
(3)在城市水量平衡模型的基础上，利用Excel开发了城市水系统水量平衡综合计算软件，实现了城市水系统模型的计算和用户界面表达。
最后，以SH市作为计算实例，运用模型软件得出了水量指标，并结合模型方案提出了对该市水系统的改进办法，同时也证明了模型软件的实用性。
Urban water system is an important infrastructure that built for water resource exploitation, water utility, water and waste water treatment, water distribution, water conservation and flood protection. The challenges are recognized as high population density, economic surge against resource shortage, there is a critical subject of studying about urban water system.
By far, economic development, urbanization and climate change have led to an increase imbalance between water requirement and supply, environmental degradation, flooding disaster, etc. Therefore, analyzing the surplus amount within the gap in urban water system is necessary.
The thesis aims at building an integrated urban water system model to analysis the alternative methods to solve the imbalance problem, methods refer to explore water resources, reduce consumption, improve the efficiency of distribution, etc. the study is developed as follows,
Studies on urban water system model reviewed. Though advanced model had been built and applied largely abroad, even models of mass flow, asset analysis and sustainable assessment is built, integrated water model is still rare in domestic study.
With a full understanding of urban water system and water balance theory, models of water system in different levels are developed, which includes indoor, outdoor and networks system. The main study consists of the following aspects,
(1) Water balance method and theory are analyzed. Since the components of urban water activities are complex to meet a new water resource requirement, systematic analysis method is presented here.
(2) Objectives and their corresponding boundaries of urban water balance are set in model study, where there are three sub-systems named as indoor, outdoor and pipe networks respectively. Within each model, several potential structure projects are suggested for eliminating the imbalance lays in different levels. Then, system units are quantified by employing water balance theory and an integrated system has been built, which would express the system water flow and usage situation in urban area. Additionally, in order to quantify system units, corresponding equations and alternatives are analyzed in sub-system.
(3) To release calculation burden of urban water balance model, Excel software is employed as the platform of system model.
With a case study, it proved that the model and software developed in this research is useful, and finally, the water problem tackled indicates assessment procedure and some suggestion for improvement is given.
The model presented in the paper can be used for integrated urban water system management. Therefore it is worth for urban water system sustainable development.
本课题旨在建立综合的城市水系统水量平衡计算模型，作为开发利用新水源、降低城市用水量、提高水系统效率解决城市水资源供需矛盾提供参考依据。
首先，分析了国内外城市水系统水量平衡模型研究进展，指出目前国际上已出现水量平衡模型，并在此基础上加入氮、磷、悬浮固体等污染物质流动的分析，指导对城市水系统的管理。国内在这方面仍以城市给水供需平衡、工业水量平衡、流域水资源平衡模型研究与应用为主，而以城市区域为对象探讨综合水系统的水量平衡模型还不多见。
其次，结合城市水系统特点，利用水量平衡理论分层次建立了城市水系统模型，主要包括：
(1)分析了城市水系统中各个组分单元及其特征，从整体上把握各单元组分间的联系，为城市水系统管理提供依据。
(2)基于水量平衡理论，分层次建立了“室内”、“室外”和“管网”等子系统分析模型，其中定义了子系统目标，设定了各子系统时空界限，最终将各个子系统单元量统一到城市整体研究之中。在构造的模型中，通过调整水量参数，判断工程方案对系统水量的影响，以指导城市水系统设计和管理。
(3)在城市水量平衡模型的基础上，利用Excel开发了城市水系统水量平衡综合计算软件，实现了城市水系统模型的计算和用户界面表达。
最后，以SH市作为计算实例，运用模型软件得出了水量指标，并结合模型方案提出了对该市水系统的改进办法，同时也证明了模型软件的实用性。
Urban water system is an important infrastructure that built for water resource exploitation, water utility, water and waste water treatment, water distribution, water conservation and flood protection. The challenges are recognized as high population density, economic surge against resource shortage, there is a critical subject of studying about urban water system.
By far, economic development, urbanization and climate change have led to an increase imbalance between water requirement and supply, environmental degradation, flooding disaster, etc. Therefore, analyzing the surplus amount within the gap in urban water system is necessary.
The thesis aims at building an integrated urban water system model to analysis the alternative methods to solve the imbalance problem, methods refer to explore water resources, reduce consumption, improve the efficiency of distribution, etc. the study is developed as follows,
Studies on urban water system model reviewed. Though advanced model had been built and applied largely abroad, even models of mass flow, asset analysis and sustainable assessment is built, integrated water model is still rare in domestic study.
With a full understanding of urban water system and water balance theory, models of water system in different levels are developed, which includes indoor, outdoor and networks system. The main study consists of the following aspects,
(1) Water balance method and theory are analyzed. Since the components of urban water activities are complex to meet a new water resource requirement, systematic analysis method is presented here.
(2) Objectives and their corresponding boundaries of urban water balance are set in model study, where there are three sub-systems named as indoor, outdoor and pipe networks respectively. Within each model, several potential structure projects are suggested for eliminating the imbalance lays in different levels. Then, system units are quantified by employing water balance theory and an integrated system has been built, which would express the system water flow and usage situation in urban area. Additionally, in order to quantify system units, corresponding equations and alternatives are analyzed in sub-system.
(3) To release calculation burden of urban water balance model, Excel software is employed as the platform of system model.
With a case study, it proved that the model and software developed in this research is useful, and finally, the water problem tackled indicates assessment procedure and some suggestion for improvement is given.
The model presented in the paper can be used for integrated urban water system management. Therefore it is worth for urban water system sustainable development.
引文
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[3]刘昌明，陈志恺．中国水资源现状评价和供需发展趋势分析．中国可持续发展水资源战略研究报告集．北京：中国水利水电出版社，2001，42～45
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[5]Phillis Y A and Andriantiatsaholiniaina L A．Sustainability：an ill-defined concept and its assessment using fuzzy logic．Ecological Economics，2001，37：435～456
[6]UNFPA．Global population and water．Access and Sustainability．New York，2003，74
[7]钱正英，张光斗主编．中国可持续发展水资源战略研究综合报告及各专题报告．中国可持续发展水资源战略研究报告集．北京：中国水利水电出版社，2001
[8]Zimmer D and Renault D．Virtual water in food production and global trade：Review of methodological issues and preliminary results．Hoekstra,2003
[9]Adger N，et al．Intergovemmental panel on climate change：fourth assessment report．In Climate Change 2007：Impacts，Adaptation and Vulnerability,the 8th Session of Working Group Ⅱ of the IPCC．Brussels，2007
[10]姜大膀，王会军，郎咸梅．SRES A2情景下中国气候未来变化的多模式集合预测结果．地球物理学报，2004，47(5)：778～784
[11]Qian Y，Liu C M and Shao Y S．Urban water resource sustainable development in China．Water resource strategy studying report．Beijing：China water conservancy and electricity publisher,2002
[12]Stauffer J．The water crisis－construction solution to freshwater pollution．London：Earth scanpublication Ltd，1998
[13][苏]A．A．索科洛夫，[澳]T．G查普曼编著．水量平衡计算方法．用于研究和实践的国际指南．北京：科学出版社，1988
[14]McPherson M B．Need for Metropolitan Water Balance Inventories．Hydraulics Div,1973，99(10)：1837～1848
[15]Brothers K J．Practical approach initiatives to water loss reduction．In International Conference and Workshops on Efficient management of Water Systems．Italy：Water 21 Magazine，May 2006
[16]Guibentif M H．Applying the IWA methodology to non revenue water in Geneva．In the IWA World Water Congress．Beijing：Liemberger,September 2006
[17]Grigg N S．Systemic analysis of urban water supply and growth management．Journal of urban planning and development，1997，123(2)：22～33
[18]Nasr A and Bruen M．Comparison of Physically Based Catchment Models for Estimating
？？Phosphorus Losses．in Diffuse Pollution Conference．Dublin．2003
[19]Crawford N H．Digital Simulation in Hydrology：the Stanford Watershed Model IV,1966
[20]Simon M，Podger G and Cooke R．IQQM-a hydrologic modeling tool for water resource and salinity management．Environmental Software，1996，11(1～3)：185～192
[21]Mitchell V G and Diaper C．Simulating the urban water and contaminant cycle．Environmental Modeling &Software，2005
[22]Mitchell V G，Mein R G and McMahon T A．Modelling the urban water cycle．Environmental Modelling & Software，2001，16(7)：615～629
[23]Sahely H R and Kennedy C A．Water use model for quantifying environmental and economic sustainability indicators．Water Resources Planning and Management，2007，133(6)：550～559
[24]Elias D and Ierotheos Z．Quantifying the rainfall-water level fluctuation process in a geologically complex lake catchment．Environmental monitoring and assessment，2006，119：491～506
[25]Eiswirh M，et al．Contaminant loads within the urban water system-Scenario analyses and new strategies．New approaches to characterizing groundwater flow,2001，1：493～498
[26]Boughton W．Catchment water balance modeling in Australia 1960～2004．Agricultural Water Management，2005，71：91～116
[27]常明旺等编著．工业企业水平衡测试、计算、分析．北京：化学工业出版社，2007
[28]郭生练，王国庆．半干旱地区月水量平衡模型．人民黄河，1994，(12)：13～16
[29]黄显峰，邵东国，魏小华．基于水量平衡的城市雨水利用潜力分析模型．武汉大学学报(工学版)，2007，40(2)：17～20
[30]赵风伟．宝鸡峡灌区耗水量变化对水量平衡要素的影响研究：[硕士论文]．杨凌：西北农林科技大学，2006
[31]秦克景，李敏强．城市供水系统管网调度决策模型的研究．自动化与仪表，2006，(4)：15～18
[32]李树平，刘遂庆．城市水系统可持续管理理论的研究进展．给水排水，2007，33(11)：159～163
[33]李树平，刘遂庆．城市水系统的可持续管理．城市问题，2007，(8)：71～74
[34]严煦世，刘遂庆主编．给排水管网系统．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2002
[35]建设部标准定额研究所编．城镇水务标准规范汇编．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2005
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