汾河灌区作物生产力模拟及流域水平衡模型之研究
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摘要
本文通过汾河灌区主要农作物水肥试验研究及不同地下水位试验,探讨了水肥管理改进模式和农田水分转化的关系。通过WOFOST作物模型本地化分析了汾河灌区作物生产潜力和水肥限制条件下的作物产量。在基础地理数据、灌溉排水数据、水肥试验和WOFOST模型模拟结果的基础上,建立了汾河灌区水资源平衡数据库模型和流域水资源平衡模型,利用Arcview地理信息系统分析了水资源空间分布特征。主要结果如下:
1灌区冬小麦全生育期需水量一般为390～400mm,灌水时间和灌水量应按当年降水量确定。总耗水量和水分利用效率的关系可以用负对数曲线,总耗水量与籽粒产量的关系可以用正对数曲线来描述,施肥可提高水分利用效率和籽粒产量;春玉米全生育期需水量一般为400～450mm,一般旱年补一次水基本能满足生长发育需要;油葵旱年应灌两水,最佳灌水定额为105～110mm,丰水年则不应再灌溉,否则产量反而会下降。
2灌区地下水埋深对春玉米和冬小麦土壤水分季节变化的影响主要在表层和主要根层,地下水位越浅,这种影响显得越大。地下水埋深对农田土壤水分垂直变化的影响主要在0～100cm土层,地下水位越深,同层土壤含水量的差异越大。冬小麦和春玉米农田累计地下水补给量变化规律可分为稳定增长期、缓慢增长期、快速增长期和趋于稳定期;累计土壤排水主要与灌水和降水有关,地下水位越高土壤排水量越多。较大量灌水和降水后,土壤开始排水的日期随地下水埋埋深加深而滞后。玉米地下水埋深以1.0m产量最高,过浅产量和水分利用效率均下降。地下水埋深1.5m时冬小麦产量最高,1.0m时水分利用效率最高,低于此水位水分利用效率下降。地下水埋深超过2m,补给水分甚微或无。
3通过参数调整后的WOFOST模型能很好的模拟汾河灌区的气候生产潜力和水分生产潜力。WOFOST模型对汾河灌区冬小麦和春玉米籽粒产量和根层土壤含水量模拟结果与试验观测结果拟合良好(R大于0.9)。该灌区冬小麦、春玉米和油葵光温生产潜力(籽粒干重)分别为10.5t·hm-~(-2)、14.1t·hm~(-2)和5.99t·hm~(-2);汾河灌区光温生产潜力与现实可达到的最高产量差异很小,但全灌区平均产量与现实可达到的最高产量差异仍然很大,必须对水肥管理、病虫害管理进行改进。
4以小网格为单元的Splash!模型不仅是一个水资源平衡模型,而且是数据量很大的空间数据库系统。模型模拟结果可以直接与ArcView地理信息系统连接,模型对地表系统、非饱和系统和地下水系统水分平衡模拟结果较合理。汾河流域模型平原地区灌溉量和表层土壤入渗水量大,蒸发蒸腾量也比山区多。但由于作物耗水等原因导致地下水存储量比山区少。汾河河边灌溉区域入渗量最高,东北部旱地地区入渗量均比汾河灌区小,而比山区大。山区地下水位较浅(或没有地下水资源)。过渡带地下水位在85～120m变动。平原地区地下水位较高,其中汾河河沿线地下水位最高在0～5m变化。在东北部高原地区地下水埋深较低,有些地块地下水位200m(或没有地下水资源)。
5本研究是作物生长发育模型与水资源平衡模型相结合改进流域水资源分配的一次尝试。
Experimental data related to irrigation, nutrient management and cropping pattern of main crops carried out in Central Experimental Station (CES) of Water Management, Shanxi Province, North China, were analysed according to experiments from 1992 to 2004. Experimental results of Main crops as winter wheat, spring maize and sunflower about irrigation and nutrient management were analysed. Soil water dynamics under shallow water table were discussed. Irrigation management on different water table management (0.5 m, 1.0 m, 1.5 m, 2.0 m, 2.5 m, 3.0 m) was also discussed. After calibration for main crops WOFOST crop simulation model were used for simulation of potential under water-limited condition. A tile-based (1 km*l km) regional water balance model be built, and the results were analyzed directly linked with AricView GIS.The main results and conclusion from the study are:1. Water requirements of winter wheat and spring maize for whole growing season are 390~400 mm and 400-500 mm respectively, the relation between water requirement and WUE could be expressed by a negative logarithm curve, the relation between water requirement and gTain yield could be expressed by a positive logarithm curve, increasing in fertilizer application results higher grain yield and WUE. For the reason of growing in rainy season spring maize need one time of irrigation, sunflower need twice (105-110mm each) in dry years, but no need in rainy years.2. Soil water dynamics are influenced by capillary rise under shallow water table, mainly in the soil layer of 0-100 cm for both winter wheat and spring maize. Soil water content varies more obviously under shallower water table, and it lead to more ground water uptake and more water use. The start day of percolation after irrigation or rainfall lagged under deeper water table. Crop growth and yield were influenced by shallow water table, mainly by effect on individual seedlings, the amount of tillering, spikes, but little on grain weight . It has less influence under deeper groundwater table. The higher crop yield and WUE occurs when water table set at 1.0m and 1.5 m for spring maize and winter wheat, respectively. WUE decrease when water table increase or decreased from 1.0 m for winter wheat.3. After calibration of parameters, WOFOST model could simulate potential and water-limited crop production in Fen River Irrigation District. The results show an average total grain yield production under potential conditions of 10 500 kg·hm~-2 14 500 kg·hm~-2 and 5900 kg·hm~-2 for winter wheat, spring maize, and sunflower, respectively. Crop production under water-limited (rainfed) conditions is extremely low. The situation was still acceptable for spring maize and sunflower that grows in the rainy season. For sunflower, simulated water-limited grain yields are direct correlated with precipitation, and could be expressed by a logarithmic curve. Simulated potential leaf area index and harvest index are somewhat higher than the actual value. The relationships between simulated grain yield and precipitation plus irrigation could be expressed by logarithmic curve for winter wheat, spring maize and sunflower (correlation coefficiency is higher than 0.7). Simulated grain yield was overestimated 8.75%
and 22.3% for spring maize and winter wheat, respectively, compared to measured yield under irrigated condition.4. Splash! model is not only a water balance model but also a database with enough spatial data. Simulated results could directly link with ArcView GIS and well expressed the water balance between surface system, unsaturated system and groundwater system. Compared to hilly region more irrigation water, infiltration and evapo-transpiration occurred in Fen River Irrigation District (FRID). Groundwater table is high in hilly region (or no ground water) and in FRID. Groundwater table within intermediate zone (between hilly region and FRID) changes between 85-120 m. Groundwater table in some areas of the north east part of the watershed is very deep (or no groundwater).5. Water
1灌区冬小麦全生育期需水量一般为390～400mm,灌水时间和灌水量应按当年降水量确定。总耗水量和水分利用效率的关系可以用负对数曲线,总耗水量与籽粒产量的关系可以用正对数曲线来描述,施肥可提高水分利用效率和籽粒产量;春玉米全生育期需水量一般为400～450mm,一般旱年补一次水基本能满足生长发育需要;油葵旱年应灌两水,最佳灌水定额为105～110mm,丰水年则不应再灌溉,否则产量反而会下降。
2灌区地下水埋深对春玉米和冬小麦土壤水分季节变化的影响主要在表层和主要根层,地下水位越浅,这种影响显得越大。地下水埋深对农田土壤水分垂直变化的影响主要在0～100cm土层,地下水位越深,同层土壤含水量的差异越大。冬小麦和春玉米农田累计地下水补给量变化规律可分为稳定增长期、缓慢增长期、快速增长期和趋于稳定期;累计土壤排水主要与灌水和降水有关,地下水位越高土壤排水量越多。较大量灌水和降水后,土壤开始排水的日期随地下水埋埋深加深而滞后。玉米地下水埋深以1.0m产量最高,过浅产量和水分利用效率均下降。地下水埋深1.5m时冬小麦产量最高,1.0m时水分利用效率最高,低于此水位水分利用效率下降。地下水埋深超过2m,补给水分甚微或无。
3通过参数调整后的WOFOST模型能很好的模拟汾河灌区的气候生产潜力和水分生产潜力。WOFOST模型对汾河灌区冬小麦和春玉米籽粒产量和根层土壤含水量模拟结果与试验观测结果拟合良好(R大于0.9)。该灌区冬小麦、春玉米和油葵光温生产潜力(籽粒干重)分别为10.5t·hm-~(-2)、14.1t·hm~(-2)和5.99t·hm~(-2);汾河灌区光温生产潜力与现实可达到的最高产量差异很小,但全灌区平均产量与现实可达到的最高产量差异仍然很大,必须对水肥管理、病虫害管理进行改进。
4以小网格为单元的Splash!模型不仅是一个水资源平衡模型,而且是数据量很大的空间数据库系统。模型模拟结果可以直接与ArcView地理信息系统连接,模型对地表系统、非饱和系统和地下水系统水分平衡模拟结果较合理。汾河流域模型平原地区灌溉量和表层土壤入渗水量大,蒸发蒸腾量也比山区多。但由于作物耗水等原因导致地下水存储量比山区少。汾河河边灌溉区域入渗量最高,东北部旱地地区入渗量均比汾河灌区小,而比山区大。山区地下水位较浅(或没有地下水资源)。过渡带地下水位在85～120m变动。平原地区地下水位较高,其中汾河河沿线地下水位最高在0～5m变化。在东北部高原地区地下水埋深较低,有些地块地下水位200m(或没有地下水资源)。
5本研究是作物生长发育模型与水资源平衡模型相结合改进流域水资源分配的一次尝试。
Experimental data related to irrigation, nutrient management and cropping pattern of main crops carried out in Central Experimental Station (CES) of Water Management, Shanxi Province, North China, were analysed according to experiments from 1992 to 2004. Experimental results of Main crops as winter wheat, spring maize and sunflower about irrigation and nutrient management were analysed. Soil water dynamics under shallow water table were discussed. Irrigation management on different water table management (0.5 m, 1.0 m, 1.5 m, 2.0 m, 2.5 m, 3.0 m) was also discussed. After calibration for main crops WOFOST crop simulation model were used for simulation of potential under water-limited condition. A tile-based (1 km*l km) regional water balance model be built, and the results were analyzed directly linked with AricView GIS.The main results and conclusion from the study are:1. Water requirements of winter wheat and spring maize for whole growing season are 390~400 mm and 400-500 mm respectively, the relation between water requirement and WUE could be expressed by a negative logarithm curve, the relation between water requirement and gTain yield could be expressed by a positive logarithm curve, increasing in fertilizer application results higher grain yield and WUE. For the reason of growing in rainy season spring maize need one time of irrigation, sunflower need twice (105-110mm each) in dry years, but no need in rainy years.2. Soil water dynamics are influenced by capillary rise under shallow water table, mainly in the soil layer of 0-100 cm for both winter wheat and spring maize. Soil water content varies more obviously under shallower water table, and it lead to more ground water uptake and more water use. The start day of percolation after irrigation or rainfall lagged under deeper water table. Crop growth and yield were influenced by shallow water table, mainly by effect on individual seedlings, the amount of tillering, spikes, but little on grain weight . It has less influence under deeper groundwater table. The higher crop yield and WUE occurs when water table set at 1.0m and 1.5 m for spring maize and winter wheat, respectively. WUE decrease when water table increase or decreased from 1.0 m for winter wheat.3. After calibration of parameters, WOFOST model could simulate potential and water-limited crop production in Fen River Irrigation District. The results show an average total grain yield production under potential conditions of 10 500 kg·hm~-2 14 500 kg·hm~-2 and 5900 kg·hm~-2 for winter wheat, spring maize, and sunflower, respectively. Crop production under water-limited (rainfed) conditions is extremely low. The situation was still acceptable for spring maize and sunflower that grows in the rainy season. For sunflower, simulated water-limited grain yields are direct correlated with precipitation, and could be expressed by a logarithmic curve. Simulated potential leaf area index and harvest index are somewhat higher than the actual value. The relationships between simulated grain yield and precipitation plus irrigation could be expressed by logarithmic curve for winter wheat, spring maize and sunflower (correlation coefficiency is higher than 0.7). Simulated grain yield was overestimated 8.75%
and 22.3% for spring maize and winter wheat, respectively, compared to measured yield under irrigated condition.4. Splash! model is not only a water balance model but also a database with enough spatial data. Simulated results could directly link with ArcView GIS and well expressed the water balance between surface system, unsaturated system and groundwater system. Compared to hilly region more irrigation water, infiltration and evapo-transpiration occurred in Fen River Irrigation District (FRID). Groundwater table is high in hilly region (or no ground water) and in FRID. Groundwater table within intermediate zone (between hilly region and FRID) changes between 85-120 m. Groundwater table in some areas of the north east part of the watershed is very deep (or no groundwater).5. Water
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