我国南方大棚作物需水规律及灌溉制度研究
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摘要
近年来我国的设施蔬菜产业发展迅速,从规模到产量均位居世界首位,但关于其需水量计算及灌溉制度的推求,国内外至今还没有成熟和可靠的方法,因此开展大棚作物需水规律及灌溉制度研究,具有十分重要的意义。2005-2007年在湖北省水利厅节水灌溉试验示范基地进行了“大棚作物需水规律及其节水灌溉制度研究”的试验和理论研究,取得以下成果：
结合试验基地实际情况和大棚作物生长特点,设计并改进了大棚作物需水量田间试验方案,对大棚内外气象及田间试验进行系统观测。通过全面深入分析大棚作物的生长环境及影响作物的需水量因素,建立了以外部气象参数为输入量,以大棚内气象参数为输出量的BP神经网络预测模型；建立了以大棚温度系统为参数的需水量温度综合模型。利用外部气候参数,结合大棚作物修正系数,改进了辐射法和P-M模型,其结论具有广泛意义。探讨作物需水量与水面蒸发量的相关性,得出经验模型。
通过分析影响大棚作物的灌溉因素,给出了大棚作物灌溉制度定义。探讨灌溉制度的制定方法,并制定了大棚茄子灌溉制度。首次依据大棚作物需水量特性划分其生育期。建立了灌溉预报模型,将同时段作物需水量与水面蒸发量建立起量化关系,实现用水面蒸发累积量来预报大棚作物的灌溉信息。
The greenhouse is a kind of efficient and saving energy cultivating facilities for vegetables which are suitable for the natural conditions of our country. However, there are no mature and credible method regarding calculating of greenhouse crops water requirement and irrigation program both at home and abroad. The error of general methods is comparatively large for it base on the rough estimation of open computational method, and therefore can not meet the requirements of the exactness and accurateness of irrigation and water-saving. With the situation of rapid increasing of installed agriculture area in our contury in the recent years, carrying out the research on the law of vegetable water requirement under greenhouse is of great practical value and scientific importance, because it can not only provide datas for the development of installed agriculture and management of irrigation water, but provide guidance for the implement of irrigation water-saving mode of greenhouse crops and the formulation of water-saving irrigation program. The experiment of "Study on the law of water requirement and irrigation program of greenhouse crops" sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation project is carried out in the Water-saving Irrigation Experiment Station of Hubei Province Water Resources Department during 2005 to 2007. Through the field testing method, the continuous observation and systematic study of the major affect factors of the law of water requirement and water demand of sourthen greenhouse are carried out, the relevance of climate inside and outside of the greenhouse is analyzed, the model of prediction of the climate inside of the greenhouse is established, the applicability of different measurements of surface evaporation capacity in the estimation of the greenhouse crops water requirement is discussed, the model of the law of crops water requirement base on the parameters of the internal greenhouse meteorological element is established, the computational model of greenhouse crops water requirement is improved base on the parameters of the external nautral meteorological element, and the irrigation program of greenhouse crops is studied. Regional practical results are acquired base on the experimental study, laying the foundation for the further applied research.
All aspects of research results of the law of greenhouse crops water requirement, the computational model of water requirement and the irrigation methods both at home and abroad are summarized in the thesis. Throught out the study of the two years experimental data of year 2005 to 2006 and year 2006 to 2007, the main research results obtained are as follows:
Combined with the actual situation of test site and the base characteristics of greenhouse crops, the field trials program of greenhouse crops water requirement is designed. After summing up the work of the 2005-2006 trial, by laying underground pipe in the greenhouse, installation of automatic drainage, set test pits and other measures to improve the field test program. Greenhouse climate parameters, natural climate parameters and the parameters of the field trials have been systematic observation. Through these works, the field test methods have been exploring on the crop water requirement.
By analyzing the greenhouse climate parameters and natural climate parameters, the results show that they follow the same trend and their associated high. Closed characteristics of greenhouse, so the greenhouse climate parameters are different from natural parameters, such as high temperature, high humidity and wind speed. It has the characteristics of mall micro-climate. Accordingly, take the outside meteorological factors as the input vector and take the inside meteorological factors as the output vector to build the BP neural network model, the predicted results of the model is comparatively ideal. The model can not only solve the greenhouse problem the lack of climate data but also predict the greenhouse climate.It can play a guiding role on controlling the greenhouse environment.
Analyzing the correlativity between the physiological parameters and environmental parameters measured by the crops growth monitor, namely, through exploring the response of the crops'major organs to VPD, TIR and SM,crops water status is determined in order to find the possible constraints. The results show that the degree of coerce crops water can be reasonable regulated through improving the adjustable environmental factors.
Soil moisture data measured by TDR were analyzed according to field water balance principle. The evapo-traspiration of greenhouse crops during the period of duration is calculated and the greenhouse soil moisture change and water requirement is studied.By comparing the surface evaporation data, that meased by E601 method and mass method,with the greenhouse crop water demand data, analysis of correlation between them. The results show that E601 method is not suitable for greenhouse, but quality method does not apply to all greenhouse crops.
The relevance of the crops water requirement and the greenhouse temperature system is discussed and temperature model is built.The model has high precision and ts stable,so it can be general.The radiation method and Penman-Monteith model is improved base on the outside climatic factors and the concept of greenhouse crops coefficient is presented, and its conclusion has a wide applicability.
The definition of irrigation program of greenhouse crops is derived from the irrigation program of field crops. Based on the growth characteristics of greenhouse crops, the growing period of greenhouse crops is devided and the concept of crops growing season is proposed.The irrigation program of greenhouse is discussed and the test plot's irrigation program of eggplant in greenhouse is formulated.
Using the characteristics of surface evaporation that meased by mass method, summed up the trend model.Crop water demand and water evaporation are established quantitative relationship,achieved with water evaporation accumulation of information to predict crop irrigation.The method of quality irrigation which is applied in the production management is concluded. The method is simple and easy to use, having a good practicability.
结合试验基地实际情况和大棚作物生长特点,设计并改进了大棚作物需水量田间试验方案,对大棚内外气象及田间试验进行系统观测。通过全面深入分析大棚作物的生长环境及影响作物的需水量因素,建立了以外部气象参数为输入量,以大棚内气象参数为输出量的BP神经网络预测模型；建立了以大棚温度系统为参数的需水量温度综合模型。利用外部气候参数,结合大棚作物修正系数,改进了辐射法和P-M模型,其结论具有广泛意义。探讨作物需水量与水面蒸发量的相关性,得出经验模型。
通过分析影响大棚作物的灌溉因素,给出了大棚作物灌溉制度定义。探讨灌溉制度的制定方法,并制定了大棚茄子灌溉制度。首次依据大棚作物需水量特性划分其生育期。建立了灌溉预报模型,将同时段作物需水量与水面蒸发量建立起量化关系,实现用水面蒸发累积量来预报大棚作物的灌溉信息。
The greenhouse is a kind of efficient and saving energy cultivating facilities for vegetables which are suitable for the natural conditions of our country. However, there are no mature and credible method regarding calculating of greenhouse crops water requirement and irrigation program both at home and abroad. The error of general methods is comparatively large for it base on the rough estimation of open computational method, and therefore can not meet the requirements of the exactness and accurateness of irrigation and water-saving. With the situation of rapid increasing of installed agriculture area in our contury in the recent years, carrying out the research on the law of vegetable water requirement under greenhouse is of great practical value and scientific importance, because it can not only provide datas for the development of installed agriculture and management of irrigation water, but provide guidance for the implement of irrigation water-saving mode of greenhouse crops and the formulation of water-saving irrigation program. The experiment of "Study on the law of water requirement and irrigation program of greenhouse crops" sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation project is carried out in the Water-saving Irrigation Experiment Station of Hubei Province Water Resources Department during 2005 to 2007. Through the field testing method, the continuous observation and systematic study of the major affect factors of the law of water requirement and water demand of sourthen greenhouse are carried out, the relevance of climate inside and outside of the greenhouse is analyzed, the model of prediction of the climate inside of the greenhouse is established, the applicability of different measurements of surface evaporation capacity in the estimation of the greenhouse crops water requirement is discussed, the model of the law of crops water requirement base on the parameters of the internal greenhouse meteorological element is established, the computational model of greenhouse crops water requirement is improved base on the parameters of the external nautral meteorological element, and the irrigation program of greenhouse crops is studied. Regional practical results are acquired base on the experimental study, laying the foundation for the further applied research.
All aspects of research results of the law of greenhouse crops water requirement, the computational model of water requirement and the irrigation methods both at home and abroad are summarized in the thesis. Throught out the study of the two years experimental data of year 2005 to 2006 and year 2006 to 2007, the main research results obtained are as follows:
Combined with the actual situation of test site and the base characteristics of greenhouse crops, the field trials program of greenhouse crops water requirement is designed. After summing up the work of the 2005-2006 trial, by laying underground pipe in the greenhouse, installation of automatic drainage, set test pits and other measures to improve the field test program. Greenhouse climate parameters, natural climate parameters and the parameters of the field trials have been systematic observation. Through these works, the field test methods have been exploring on the crop water requirement.
By analyzing the greenhouse climate parameters and natural climate parameters, the results show that they follow the same trend and their associated high. Closed characteristics of greenhouse, so the greenhouse climate parameters are different from natural parameters, such as high temperature, high humidity and wind speed. It has the characteristics of mall micro-climate. Accordingly, take the outside meteorological factors as the input vector and take the inside meteorological factors as the output vector to build the BP neural network model, the predicted results of the model is comparatively ideal. The model can not only solve the greenhouse problem the lack of climate data but also predict the greenhouse climate.It can play a guiding role on controlling the greenhouse environment.
Analyzing the correlativity between the physiological parameters and environmental parameters measured by the crops growth monitor, namely, through exploring the response of the crops'major organs to VPD, TIR and SM,crops water status is determined in order to find the possible constraints. The results show that the degree of coerce crops water can be reasonable regulated through improving the adjustable environmental factors.
Soil moisture data measured by TDR were analyzed according to field water balance principle. The evapo-traspiration of greenhouse crops during the period of duration is calculated and the greenhouse soil moisture change and water requirement is studied.By comparing the surface evaporation data, that meased by E601 method and mass method,with the greenhouse crop water demand data, analysis of correlation between them. The results show that E601 method is not suitable for greenhouse, but quality method does not apply to all greenhouse crops.
The relevance of the crops water requirement and the greenhouse temperature system is discussed and temperature model is built.The model has high precision and ts stable,so it can be general.The radiation method and Penman-Monteith model is improved base on the outside climatic factors and the concept of greenhouse crops coefficient is presented, and its conclusion has a wide applicability.
The definition of irrigation program of greenhouse crops is derived from the irrigation program of field crops. Based on the growth characteristics of greenhouse crops, the growing period of greenhouse crops is devided and the concept of crops growing season is proposed.The irrigation program of greenhouse is discussed and the test plot's irrigation program of eggplant in greenhouse is formulated.
Using the characteristics of surface evaporation that meased by mass method, summed up the trend model.Crop water demand and water evaporation are established quantitative relationship,achieved with water evaporation accumulation of information to predict crop irrigation.The method of quality irrigation which is applied in the production management is concluded. The method is simple and easy to use, having a good practicability.
引文
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