合成孔径雷达干涉（InSAR）测量技术测量地表变形的理论与算法研究
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摘要
合成孔径雷达干涉测量(InSAR)技术是由Graham首先提出的一项对地测量技术。由于这一新技术具有全天候、全天时的工作特点和高精度定量对地测量的技术优势，目前已经发展成为对地观测和开展地球物理研究的重要工具。InSAR技术通过挖掘SAR遥感器在不同时间或空间位置针对地面同一区域所采集的SAR数据的相位差信息对地表高程和地表变形进行计算，其中的相位差信息就保存在应用干涉技术获得的干涉图中，干涉图本质上就是关于雷达与地面散射点之间距离变化的等值线图。因此，实现InSAR对地测量的关键就是要解决如何获取高质量的干涉图和如何通过对干涉图解释获取精确的地表高程和地表变形信息这两个基本问题。
研究工作紧紧围绕上述基本问题，对应用InSAR技术进行地表变形测量的基本理论与数据处理算法进行了系统而全面的研究。主要研究工作包括：
(1)SAR数据成像和SAR影像的几何处理是合成孔径雷达干涉处理的基础，因此，我们对SAR数据成像的基础理论与算法以及SAR影像几何纠正的基本原理及实现算法进行了深入的综合研究，为项目研究的开展奠定基础，并对黄河三角洲地区ESR-2原始数据进行了成像处理，取得了较好成像效果。
(2)在对合成孔径雷达干涉测量(InSAR)的基本原理进行研究的基础上分析了InSAR数据处理的过程，并对影响干涉成像质量的影像配准算法和在对干涉图解释中具有关键作用的相位解缠算法进行了深入研究，选取典型SAR影像数据进行了干涉处理，取得了较好的干涉成像结果。
(3)在研究差分合成孔径雷达干涉测量(D-InSAR)测量地表变形的基本原理的基础上，对双轨和三轨D-InSAR数据处理的技术过程进行了讨论，特别对影响D-InSAR测量精度的去相关和大气影响进行了定量分析，结合实际数据处理讨论了时间去相关问题。
(4)在永久散射体合成孔径雷达干涉测量(PS-InSAR)测量地表变形的基本原理进行深入分析的基础上提出了PS-InSAR处理过程，并对应用时间序列分析进行永久散射点识别算法进行了分析研究，讨论了大量不规则分布永久散射点的存储问题，提出了基于图的永久散射点存储结构。
(5)详细研究了多基线永久散射点相位解缠算法，提出了基于周期图和谱分析的计算机实现算法，并针对线性和非线性两种地表变形模型，讨论了永久散射点变形的反演技术。
以上研究工作为开展InSAR基础研究和应用研究平台建设创造了条件，从而为这一重要科技领域相关关键技术的自主创新研发奠定了基础。
Synthetic aperture radar interferometry (InSAR) firstly proposed by Graham is a new imaging technique for earth observation. Since this new technique can acquire information independently of meteorological conditions and sun illumination and possesses characteristics of measuring the earth quantificationally with high accuracy, it is becoming a very important tool for earth observation and geophysical research. InSAR geodetic technique can calculate the topography of a surface and its changes over time by exploiting the phase differences exited in an interferogram formed by at least two complex-valued SAR images acquired from different orbit position and/or at different times. In fact, the interferogram is in essence the contour map of the change in distance between the ground and SAR instrument. Therefore, the key points inside InSAR technique are two basic problems: how to acquire a high quality interferogram and how to extract the information about topography and land deformation from this interferogram.
This project aims at theses basic problems, and launches a systemic and all-around research work about basic theory and data processing algorithms of InSAR land deformation measurement techniques. Some main works include:
(1) SAR data imaging and SAR image geometrical processing are very basic for InSAR data analysis, therefore the basic theory and algorithms about SAR imaging and SAR image geometrical correction, and a foundation is lay for further research. At the same time, we apply theses algorithms on the SAR raw data acquired at Huanghe delta area, and get a good imaging effect.
(2) Based on analysis about the basic theory of InSAR, the flowchart for InSAR data processing is discussed, and the coregistration algorithm which can influence the quality of interferogram and the phase unwrapping algorithm which is very important for extracting information from the interferogram are further investigated. We also choose SAR data about some typical areas to do InSAR data processing work and acquire some high quality interferograms.
(3) The basic principle of differential InSAR (D-InSAR) is discussed in detail, and the D-InSAR data processing flowcharts for two-pass and three-pass respectively are further investigated, especially the effects posed by deccorelation and atmosphere are analyzed quantificationally. We also discussed the temporal decorrelation problem integrating with real SAR data.
(4) The flowchart for permanent scatterers InSAR (PS-InSAR) data processing is carefully studied based upon detailed analysis about the basic principle of PS-InSAR. An algorithm for PS identified from SAR data is investigated in detail by SAR image time series analysis. The data structure for saving large quantities of irregular PSs in computer memory is discussed and a graph structure is proposed for this purpose.
(5) an algorithm based on periodgram and spectrum analysis is introduced to solve multi-baseline phase unwrapping problem about each PS. Deformation inverse techniques for PS are carefully discussed aim at linear and non-linear deformation models respectively.
By these research works, not only some preconditions for setting up a platform to do basic theory and application research work are created, but also a foundation is laid for further research about key InSAR techniques.
研究工作紧紧围绕上述基本问题，对应用InSAR技术进行地表变形测量的基本理论与数据处理算法进行了系统而全面的研究。主要研究工作包括：
(1)SAR数据成像和SAR影像的几何处理是合成孔径雷达干涉处理的基础，因此，我们对SAR数据成像的基础理论与算法以及SAR影像几何纠正的基本原理及实现算法进行了深入的综合研究，为项目研究的开展奠定基础，并对黄河三角洲地区ESR-2原始数据进行了成像处理，取得了较好成像效果。
(2)在对合成孔径雷达干涉测量(InSAR)的基本原理进行研究的基础上分析了InSAR数据处理的过程，并对影响干涉成像质量的影像配准算法和在对干涉图解释中具有关键作用的相位解缠算法进行了深入研究，选取典型SAR影像数据进行了干涉处理，取得了较好的干涉成像结果。
(3)在研究差分合成孔径雷达干涉测量(D-InSAR)测量地表变形的基本原理的基础上，对双轨和三轨D-InSAR数据处理的技术过程进行了讨论，特别对影响D-InSAR测量精度的去相关和大气影响进行了定量分析，结合实际数据处理讨论了时间去相关问题。
(4)在永久散射体合成孔径雷达干涉测量(PS-InSAR)测量地表变形的基本原理进行深入分析的基础上提出了PS-InSAR处理过程，并对应用时间序列分析进行永久散射点识别算法进行了分析研究，讨论了大量不规则分布永久散射点的存储问题，提出了基于图的永久散射点存储结构。
(5)详细研究了多基线永久散射点相位解缠算法，提出了基于周期图和谱分析的计算机实现算法，并针对线性和非线性两种地表变形模型，讨论了永久散射点变形的反演技术。
以上研究工作为开展InSAR基础研究和应用研究平台建设创造了条件，从而为这一重要科技领域相关关键技术的自主创新研发奠定了基础。
Synthetic aperture radar interferometry (InSAR) firstly proposed by Graham is a new imaging technique for earth observation. Since this new technique can acquire information independently of meteorological conditions and sun illumination and possesses characteristics of measuring the earth quantificationally with high accuracy, it is becoming a very important tool for earth observation and geophysical research. InSAR geodetic technique can calculate the topography of a surface and its changes over time by exploiting the phase differences exited in an interferogram formed by at least two complex-valued SAR images acquired from different orbit position and/or at different times. In fact, the interferogram is in essence the contour map of the change in distance between the ground and SAR instrument. Therefore, the key points inside InSAR technique are two basic problems: how to acquire a high quality interferogram and how to extract the information about topography and land deformation from this interferogram.
This project aims at theses basic problems, and launches a systemic and all-around research work about basic theory and data processing algorithms of InSAR land deformation measurement techniques. Some main works include:
(1) SAR data imaging and SAR image geometrical processing are very basic for InSAR data analysis, therefore the basic theory and algorithms about SAR imaging and SAR image geometrical correction, and a foundation is lay for further research. At the same time, we apply theses algorithms on the SAR raw data acquired at Huanghe delta area, and get a good imaging effect.
(2) Based on analysis about the basic theory of InSAR, the flowchart for InSAR data processing is discussed, and the coregistration algorithm which can influence the quality of interferogram and the phase unwrapping algorithm which is very important for extracting information from the interferogram are further investigated. We also choose SAR data about some typical areas to do InSAR data processing work and acquire some high quality interferograms.
(3) The basic principle of differential InSAR (D-InSAR) is discussed in detail, and the D-InSAR data processing flowcharts for two-pass and three-pass respectively are further investigated, especially the effects posed by deccorelation and atmosphere are analyzed quantificationally. We also discussed the temporal decorrelation problem integrating with real SAR data.
(4) The flowchart for permanent scatterers InSAR (PS-InSAR) data processing is carefully studied based upon detailed analysis about the basic principle of PS-InSAR. An algorithm for PS identified from SAR data is investigated in detail by SAR image time series analysis. The data structure for saving large quantities of irregular PSs in computer memory is discussed and a graph structure is proposed for this purpose.
(5) an algorithm based on periodgram and spectrum analysis is introduced to solve multi-baseline phase unwrapping problem about each PS. Deformation inverse techniques for PS are carefully discussed aim at linear and non-linear deformation models respectively.
By these research works, not only some preconditions for setting up a platform to do basic theory and application research work are created, but also a foundation is laid for further research about key InSAR techniques.
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2. Bamler R, A comparison of range-Doppler and wavenumbcr domain SAR focusing algorithms, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 30: 706-13, 1992
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